What Are the Main Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Running-Related Injuries? A Retrospective Survey Based on 3669 Respondents

Background: Despite the many studies on running-related injuries (RRIs), risk factors for injury remain unclear in the literature. Purpose: To investigate the risk factors of RRIs. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: An online survey was conducted among 3669 injured and noninjured runners. Injury was defined as pain of various kinds, without attention to its consequences on running practice. The survey included 41 questions on 5 main categories—personal characteristics, daily lifestyle, training and running characteristics, practice of other sporting activities, and prevention habits—as well as information about the occurrence of RRI over the previous 12 months. Continuous and qualitative variables were analyzed by Student t test and chi-square test, respectively. Sixteen variables were selected for multivariate binary logistic analysis. Results: Among the 3669 runners, 1852 (50.5%) reported at least 1 injury over the previous 12 months. Overuse injuries were largely represented (60.6%). The variables associated with RRIs that remained significant in the fully adjusted model were previous injury (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.42-1.86), higher weight (OR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.00-1.012), competitive running (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.19-1.98), running >2 h/wk (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01-1.62), running >20 km/wk (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.001-1.55), and stretching before running (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.25-1.71). Conclusion: Previous injury remains the most relevant risk factor for RRIs according to the current study and previous data. Many training characteristics seem to be involved but still have to be confirmed in view of conflicting data in the literature. Further research would help clinicians better understand RRIs and how to prevent them.

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Awareness on the Risk factors of Atherosclerosis among adults

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.2905 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽

pp. 145-152

Author(s):

Nandita R ◽

Kavitha S ◽

Sridevi G ◽

Vishnu Priya V ◽

Gayathri R ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Online Survey ◽

Age Groups ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Blacks And Whites ◽

Spss Software ◽

Diabetes Family History ◽

Diabetes Family

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a main source of death for generally racial and ethnic gatherings of United States blacks and whites and represents 1 of every 4 passings. Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease and it involves solidifying and narrowing of arteries. It can put the bloodstream into danger and supply routes get blocked. Self administrated questionnaire was designed based on risk factors of atherosclerosis. The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey link. The questionnaire was completed by 100 participants, and the data were analysed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi square test were done to analyze the results of the survey. Majority of the participants are aware of the term atherosclerosis. Most of the participants were aware that hyper cholesterolemia, diabetes, family history and chronic stress are major risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. The Chi square test showed that the respondents at the age group of 18-25 were more aware of the risk factors than the respondents of other age groups.

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Shoulder MRI Abnormalities in Asymptomatic Little League Baseball Players

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967118756825 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 232596711875682 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrew T. Pennock ◽

Jerry Dwek ◽

Emily Levy ◽

Philip Stearns ◽

John Manning ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Physical Examination ◽

Shoulder Pain ◽

The United States ◽

Mri Findings ◽

Chi Square ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Little League ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Youth baseball is extremely popular in the United States, but it has been associated with shoulder pain and injury. The incidence of shoulder abnormalities in this athletic population has yet to be defined. Purpose: To examine abnormalities noted on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the shoulders of asymptomatic Little League baseball players and to correlate these findings with the players’ throwing history and physical examinations. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 23 Little League baseball players aged 10 to 12 years were recruited. All players underwent a comprehensive physical examination and responded to a questionnaire addressing their playing history and any arm or shoulder pain. Bilateral shoulder MRIs were performed and read in a blinded manner by 2 radiologists. Responses on the questionnaire and physical examination findings were compared between participants with and without positive MRI findings through use of chi-square test and analysis of variance. Results: The dominant arm was 8.5 times more likely to have an abnormality on MRI compared with the nondominant arm. In all, 12 players (52%) had 17 positive MRI findings in their throwing shoulder that were not present in their nondominant shoulder. These findings included edema or widening of the proximal humeral physis (n = 5), labral tear (n = 4), partial rotator thickness tear (n = 4), acromioclavicular joint abnormality (n = 2), subacromial bursitis (n = 1), and cystic change of the greater tuberosity (n = 1). Two primary risk factors were associated with an abnormal MRI: year-round play and single-sport athletes focusing solely on baseball ( P < .05). Players with no risk factors, 1 risk factor, and both risk factors had a 25%, 71%, and 100% chance, respectively, of having an abnormal MRI. A majority of players (61%) had previously experienced shoulder pain, especially pitchers throwing curveballs and sliders ( P < .05), but this was not associated with an abnormal MRI. Conclusion: Abnormalities seen on MRI involving the shoulder are common in Little League baseball players, especially those who are single-sport athletes playing year-round.

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Self-Determination, Deviance, and Risk Factors

IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.22492/ijpbs.7.1.05 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 67-84

Author(s):

Shyanna Albrecht ◽

David Mykota

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Online Survey ◽

Self Determination ◽

Future Research ◽

Physical Damage ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Gender ◽

John Howard

Deviant behaviours are a significant cost to Canadian society and can incur an immeasurable amount of emotional and physical damage every year (Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer, 2018; The John Howard Society of Canada, 2018). There have been numerous studies on the role of risk factors in affecting deviant behaviours, however, few of these have examined the influence of self-determination on deviance (Mann et al., 2010; Murray & Farrington, 2010; Zara & Farrington, 2010). This study intends to fill this gap by investigating the interactions between self-determination, gender, risk factors, and deviance. Participants were invited through the University of Saskatchewan’s PAWS and SONA systems to complete an online survey that asked questions relating to gender, self-determination, risk factors, and deviance. A Chi-square Test for Independence was utilized to explore the explicit relationships between the type of self-determination and gender differences. In addition, a two-way MANOVA was used to compare self-determination and gender together in relation to deviance and risk factors. A Chi-square test found that there was not a significant relationship between gender and self-determination while the two-way MANOVA found a significant interaction effect between self-determination, deviance, and risk factors. However, when the interaction was examined further through univariate ANOVAs, no significant differences were found. Future research that examines and expands on the relationship between self-determination, gender, risk factors and antisocial behavior is suggested.

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Evaluation of the effects of Covid-19 in a dentist’s daily routine - A Survey

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 591-601

Author(s):

Akansha Kishen ◽

Anjali A K ◽

Brundha M P ◽

Muralidharan N P

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Dental Students ◽

Cross Infection ◽

Daily Routine ◽

Significant Extent ◽

Chi Square ◽

Daily Routines ◽

Routine Basis ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Spss Software

Covid 19 is considered to be a pandemic virus infection. SARS-Cov-2 causes it. It is a viral infection that is transmitted through aerosol and droplet contamination, cross-infection, etc. Dentists are at a higher risk due to this corona. It has affected daily routines of dentist's life as they are unavailable to run the clinic and attend to patients. Different search engines like PubMed, and Google Scholar was used. The questionnaire consisting of twenty questions was prepared by using online survey google forms and circulated among the participants. SPSS software was used to evaluate the results and data collection. Statistical analysis was done by chi-square test. Later, results were being tabulated. This survey that is taken among dental students, dentists, and random public, it is seen that the majority of them are well aware of this recent pandemic attack. (COVID-19). It is concluded that dentists are affected to a significant extent due to coronavirus as their daily routine is affected severely. This study aims to identify the effect on dentist life on a routine basis due to the pandemic COVID - 19.

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Blood Donation-Related Adverse Reactions: Results of an Online Survey among Donors in Germany (2018)

Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy ◽

10.1159/000516049 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Stefano Orru’ ◽

Kay Poetzsch ◽

Marcus Hoffelner ◽

Margarethe Heiden ◽

Markus B. Funk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Online Survey ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Age Groups ◽

Female Gender ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Logistic Analysis ◽

German Legislation

Introduction: According to German legislation, reports of suspected serious adverse reactions (AR) associated with the donation of blood and its components are continuously being evaluated by the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut. This survey aimed at providing a more complete picture of the AR associated with the donation of blood and blood components. Materials and Methods: Eligible donors had the opportunity to anonymously report all AR occurring during or after their last donation by completing an online questionnaire. Reported AR were classified according to the Standard for Surveillance of Complications Related to Blood Donation. Donors’ self-assessment of AR seriousness was compared with the official severity classification as laid down by German legislation. Besides a descriptive statistical analysis, a multiple logistic analysis was performed to identify risk factors for AR. Results: A total of 8,138 data records were evaluated. Slightly more males (57.9%) participated in the survey and, except for donors aged ≥60 years, all age groups were equally represented. The majority of participants were whole blood donors (85.4%), repeat donors (97.2%), and stayed under observation in the blood establishment (BE) for more than 5 min (63.1%) after donation. Most participants did not report any reaction (72.5%), whereas 2,237 reported at least one AR (27.5%), 475 of whom underwent apheresis and 1,762 donated whole blood. Most AR occurred after leaving the BE (64.4%). Only a minority of participants required medical treatment (5.1%) or assessed the experienced AR as serious (3.9%). The most frequently reported donor AR were haematoma and other local reactions (57.6%). Vasovagal reactions without and with loss of consciousness were developed in 17 and 2% of the participants, respectively, whilst 7.6% experienced citrate reactions. New AR (i.e., allergic reactions and symptoms associated with iron deficiency) were reported as well. The occurrence of AR was linked to risk factors (i.e., female gender, young age, first-time donation, and thrombocytapheresis). Discussion: This survey yielded a more comprehensive AR spectrum, revealed a prolonged time to symptom onset, and identified risk factors for AR. This novel information could be implemented in an amended informed consent addressing common and rare AR.

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Assessment of Poverty by Municipalities in the Context of Population Ageing—The Case of Małopolskie Voivodeship

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2563

Author(s):

Małgorzata Ćwiek ◽

Katarzyna Maj-Waśniowska ◽

Katarzyna Stabryła-Chudzio

Keyword(s):

The Elderly ◽

Research Problem ◽

Point Of View ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Chi Square ◽

Social Challenge ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Qualitative Variables ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Research Gap

This article undertakes the research problem of the assessment of the significance of poverty as a social challenge for local self-government units, and the differences in the assessment of the incidence of this phenomenon depending on the type of municipality. The authors also analyse the relationships between the ageing of the population and the assessment of the extent of poverty by municipalities. It must be pointed out that the undertaken problem has not been a subject of in-depth analysis thus far. Hence, this article fills the identified research gap in this field. The empirical part is based on the results of our own research, conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method on a sample of 144 municipalities of the Małopolskie Voivodship (Poland). In order to verify whether there is a relationship between the researched qualitative variables, the chi-square test of independence was used. In order to determine the relationships occurring between the categories of variables characterising the scale of the incidence of poverty and the remaining variables, a correspondence analysis was conducted. The research enabled us to find the issue of poverty to be one of the most important social problems from the point of view of municipalities. It is also worth noting that the degree of ageing in the population has an impact on the assessment of poverty among the elderly.

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Prevalence and risk factors of apical periodontitis in endodontically treated teeth in a selected population of Brazilian adults

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402008000100006 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 34-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Carlos Estrela ◽

Cláudio Rodrigues Leles ◽

Augusto César Braz Hollanda ◽

Marcelo Sampaio Moura ◽

Jesus Djalma Pécora

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Apical Periodontitis ◽

Endodontic Treatment ◽

Technical Quality ◽

Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of apical periodontitis in endodontically treated teeth in a selected population of Brazilian adults. A total of 1,372 periapical radiographs of endodontically treated teeth were analyzed based on the quality of root filling, status of coronal restoration and presence of posts associated with apical periodontitis (AP). Data were analyzed statistically using odds ratio, confidence intervals and chi-square test. The prevalence of AP with adequate endodontic treatment was low (16.5%). This percentage dropped to 12.1% in cases with adequate root filling and adequate coronal restoration. Teeth with adequate endodontic treatment and poor coronal restoration had an AP prevalence of 27.9%. AP increased to 71.7% in teeth with poor endodontic treatment associated with poor coronal restoration. When poor endodontic treatment was combined with adequate coronal restoration, AP prevalence was 61.8%. The prevalence of AP was low when associated with high technical quality of root canal treatment. Poor coronal restoration increased the risk of AP even when endodontic treatment was adequate (OR=2.80; 95%CI=1.87-4.22). The presence of intracanal posts had no influence on AP prevalence.

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Bacteriological Safety of Blood Collected for Transfusion at University of Gondar Hospital Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia

ISRN Hematology ◽

10.1155/2013/308204 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hailegebriel Wondimu ◽

Zelalem Addis ◽

Feleke Moges ◽

Yitayal Shiferaw

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Blood Bank ◽

Bacterial Isolation ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Background. Transfusion associated bacterial infection has remained more frequent with a sever risk of morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the bacteriological safety of blood collected for transfusion. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar hospital blood bank from December 2011 to June 2012. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done as per the standard procedure. Chi-square test and P value were used to assess associations between risk factors and the bacterial isolation rate. Results. Twenty-one (15.33%) blood units were found contaminated with bacteria, and 95.24% contamination was due to external sources. The commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococci species, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter species. All of the bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, and Doxycycline. Multiple antimicrobial resistances were observed in 66.7% of the isolates. Not using glove by phlebotomist, touching disinfected phlebotomy site and double puncture at the same hand or both hands of a donor were found to be risk factors for bacterial contamination. Conclusion. Bacterial contamination of blood to be transfused is a common problem in the hospital. So attention should be given to activities performed at the blood bank for safe transfusion practices.

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Relationship between oral habits and spirometry maneuvers, in children

Revista CEFAC ◽

10.1590/1982-0216201820110517 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

Rafaela Coelho Minsky ◽

Tayná Castilho ◽

Roseane Rebelo Silva Meira ◽

Tatiana Godoy Bobbio ◽

Camila Isabel Santos Schivinski

Keyword(s):

Healthy Children ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public And Private ◽

Oral Habits ◽

Qualitative Variables ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽

Thumb Sucking ◽

Smirnov Test

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze whether deleterious oral habits can influence the number of attempts of forced spirometry maneuvers performed by healthy children. Methods: this observational and cross-sectional analytical study included 149 healthy children aged 6-12 years attending public and private schools in Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. A validated protocol was applied for the analysis of deleterious oral habits. The children were grouped according to the number of spirometry maneuvers needed to achieve successful spirometry results, as follows: G1) children who needed 3 maneuvers; G2) 4 maneuvers; G3) 5-8 maneuvers. Data were analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare quantitative variables between the groups. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association between the groups and qualitative variables. Results: there was no association between the number of attempts and the qualitative variables evaluated by the protocol. There was also no difference between the groups regarding quantitative variables for breastfeeding time, breastfeeding occurrence, use of pacifiers, and thumb sucking. Conclusion: the presence of DOH did not influence the number of forced spirometry maneuvers, performed by the healthy children in this study.

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Researchers’ awareness about plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection tools – does awareness effect the actions towards preventing plagiarism?

Digital Library Perspectives ◽

10.1108/dlp-10-2020-0100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Sk. Mamun Mostofa ◽

Mashiat Tabassum ◽

S.M. Zabed Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Structural Model ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Equation Model ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Plagiarism Detection ◽

Chi Square ◽

Content Type ◽

Reported Study ◽

Chi Square Test

Purpose This paper aims to analyse researchers’ awareness about plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection tools on the actions that they take to prevent plagiarism. It also employs a structural model that examines whether awareness of plagiarism and anti-plagiarism tools have any significant effect on the actions taken by the researchers to avoid plagiarism. Design/methodology/approach A survey questionnaire was distributed to researchers at a large public university in Bangladesh. The survey accumulated 184 valid responses. Descriptive statistics were obtained to assess researchers’ awareness about plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection tools and the actions taken by them. The reasons that may cause plagiarism were also identified. The awareness of the availability of the anti-plagiarism software that was being used by the university and its actual use by the researchers was gathered through the survey. Non-parametric Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted to investigate the differences in awareness levels and actions in terms of gender, age, discipline and current level of research. The chi-square test was carried out to examine the relationship between awareness about the availability of the anti-plagiarism software and its use by the researchers. Finally, the survey data were analysed using structural equation modeling to examine the effects of awareness of plagiarism and anti-plagiarism software on the actions taken by the researchers. Findings The study revealed that the level of awareness regarding plagiarism and impact of plagiarism detection software is generally high among the researchers. There are some significant differences between researchers’ demographic and personal characteristics and their awareness levels and actions with regard to plagiarism. The findings indicate that almost three-quarters of the researchers were aware about the anti-plagiarism tool that is being used, whereas more than half of the researchers indicated that they used the software to assess their works. The results of the structural equation model do not show a good fit, although there is strong statistical evidence that awareness about plagiarism and anti-plagiarism software has significantly impacted researchers’ actions towards preventing plagiarism. Originality/value There is no reported study on researchers’ awareness of plagiarism and its affiliated issues in Bangladesh. The findings of this study will not only provide useful insights regarding awareness about plagiarism but also assist university authorities to formulate relevant policy and take necessary actions against plagiarism in higher education institutions.

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