Measuring and Resolving LGBTQ Disparities in STEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Occupational Interests ◽  
Diversity Programs ◽  
Workforce Policy ◽  
Minority Retention ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Key Barrier ◽  
Definition Of

LGBTQ people have pioneered major scientific advances, but they face challenges in STEM that ultimately waste human talent and hinder scientific progress. Growing evidence suggests that LGBTQ people in STEM are statistically underrepresented, encounter non-supportive environments, and leave STEM at an alarming rate. Potential factors driving LGBTQ disparities in STEM include bias and discrimination, misalignments of occupational interests with STEM stereotypes, and STEM norms of impersonality that isolate LGBTQ people. LGBTQ retention shares common psychological processes with female and racial minority retention such as STEM identification and belonging. The key barrier to better understanding and addressing LGBTQ challenges in STEM is the lack of sexual orientation or gender identity (SO/GI) demographic data on the U.S. STEM workforce. Policy recommendations include (a) adding SO/GI measures to federal STEM-census surveys; (b) broadening agencies’ definition of underrepresented groups to include LGBTQ people; and (c) incorporating LGBTQ identity into accountability systems and diversity programs at STEM institutions.

scholarly journals U.S. AI Workforce: Policy Recommendations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Gehlhaus ◽  
◽  
Luke Koslosky ◽  
Kayla Goode ◽  
Claire Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Workforce Policy ◽  
Equity In Access ◽  
Intelligence Education ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Training ◽  
The U.S

This policy brief addresses the need for a clearly defined artificial intelligence education and workforce policy by providing recommendations designed to grow, sustain, and diversify the U.S. AI workforce. The authors employ a comprehensive definition of the AI workforce—technical and nontechnical occupations—and provide data-driven policy goals. Their recommendations are designed to leverage opportunities within the U.S. education and training system while mitigating its challenges, and prioritize equity in access and opportunity to AI education and AI careers.

The State of Asian American Businesses

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Diem Tran ◽  
OiYan Poon
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Asian American ◽  
The State ◽  
Business Success ◽  
American Business ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Business Ownership ◽  
Careful Scrutiny ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Business success is a dominant theme in the Asian American narrative. However, Asian American entrepreneurship is more complex and multilayered than commonly believed and requires careful scrutiny. This brief examines the state of Asian American business ownership between 2005 and 2007. Findings suggest that although Asian Americans form businesses at higher rates than other racial/ethnic minorities, Asian American business ownership and outcomes continue to trail those of non-Hispanic whites. Potential factors contributing to racial/ethnic gaps and policy recommendations are discussed.

Performance of Automated Telemetry in Diagnosing QT Prolongation in Critically Ill Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 466-470
Author(s):  
Enrique Calvo-Ayala ◽  
Vince Procopio ◽  
Hayk Papukhyan ◽  
Girish B. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Qt Prolongation ◽  
Altman Analysis ◽  
Poor Agreement ◽  
Bland Altman Analysis ◽  
Prolonged Qt ◽  
Definition Of

Background QT prolongation increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and is common among critically ill patients. The gold standard for QT measurement is electrocardiography. Automated measurement of corrected QT (QTc) by cardiac telemetry has been developed, but this method has not been compared with electrocardiography in critically ill patients. Objective To compare the diagnostic performance of QTc values obtained with cardiac telemetry versus electrocardiography. Methods This prospective observational study included patients admitted to intensive care who had an electrocardiogram ordered simultaneously with cardiac telemetry. Demographic data and QTc determined by electrocardiography and telemetry were recorded. Bland-Altman analysis was done, and correlation coefficient and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) coefficient were calculated. Results Fifty-one data points were obtained from 43 patients (65% men). Bland-Altman analysis revealed poor agreement between telemetry and electrocardiography and evidence of fixed and proportional bias. Area under the ROC curve for QTc determined by telemetry was 0.9 (P < .001) for a definition of prolonged QT as QTc ≥ 450 milliseconds in electrocardiography (sensitivity, 88.89%; specificity, 83.33%; cutoff of 464 milliseconds used). Correlation between the 2 methods was only moderate (r = 0.6, P < .001). Conclusions QTc determination by telemetry has poor agreement and moderate correlation with electrocardiography. However, telemetry has an acceptable area under the curve in ROC analysis with tolerable sensitivity and specificity depending on the cutoff used to define prolonged QT. Cardiac telemetry should be used with caution in critically ill patients.

Community Pharmacists' Knowledge of Antioxidant Vitamins

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra M Offricht ◽  
Margaret Malone
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Telephone Directory ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Adequate Definition ◽  
Antioxidant Supplements ◽  
Definition Of

Objective: The current interest in antioxidant vitamins has led consumers to seek advice from community pharmacists. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate community pharmacists' knowledge of antioxidant vitamins. Design: An interviewer-based questionnaire was developed to represent the questions most frequently asked by consumers in community pharmacies about antioxidant vitamins. Setting: Pharmacies in the Tri-cities area (Albany, Schenectady, and Troy, NY) were identified from the Yellow Pages of the Albany, NY telephone directory, and each was visited by the interviewer (DMO). Main Outcome Measures: Questions were divided into the demographic data and practice setting of the participant; the antioxidant vitamins, knowledge of supplements and foods containing antioxidants, dosage recommendations, and toxicities; and therapeutic claims attributed to their use. Results: Of 75 pharmacists approached, 70 agreed to participate in the study. The number of questions per week received from customers regarding antioxidant vitamins was estimated to be between 0 and 25. All pharmacists had heard of the terms “free radical” and “antioxidant,” but few were able to provide an adequate definition of either term. The majority of pharmacists knew which vitamins are considered to be antioxidants, but were unfamiliar with appropriate dosage recommendations. In keeping with current literature recommendations, the use of antioxidant supplements was generally not advocated. Conclusions: In this study, pharmacists provided inadequate information regarding antioxidant vitamins. Because antioxidants are rarely indicated according to the current literature, pharmacists have a responsibility to base their recommendations to customers on substantiated data.

Invisible Borders

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Kendra Larrisha Blakely ◽  
Chiquita Long Holmes ◽  
Eugenie Joan Looby ◽  
Kevin Merideth ◽  
Alexis M. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Counselors ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Risk Factors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Risk ◽  
Mixed Status Families ◽  
Mixed Status

This chapter focuses on children in mixed-status families. The authors provide demographic data and the definition of a mixed-status family, then outline the challenges experienced by these families. The authors delineate developmental, educational, and psychological risk factors for these children. Intervention and advocacy initiatives in which school counselors can engage are examined. Authors provide practical solutions, suggestions for future research, a glossary of terms, and further readings. Finally, each topic discussed includes application strategies for school counselors.

Computer Simulations

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Paul Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Computational Science ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Mathematical Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Numerical Treatments

The need to solve analytically intractable models has led to the rise of a new kind of science, computational science, of which computer simulations are a special case. It is noted that the development of novel mathematical techniques often drives scientific progress and that even relatively simple models require numerical treatments. A working definition of a computer simulation is given and the relation of simulations to numerical methods is explored. Examples where computational methods are unavoidable are provided. Some epistemological consequences for philosophy of science are suggested and the need to take into account what is possible in practice is emphasized.

Searching for Accountability: The Draft UN International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight, and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Court ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Draft Convention ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Of Canada ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Security Companies

SummaryThe proliferation of private military and security companies has attracted significant public and scholarly attention during the last decade. This comment examines the United Nations Draft International Convention on the Regulation, Oversight and Monitoring of Private Military and Security Companies (Draft Convention). It discusses the significance of the Draft Convention and then describes the approach taken to the regulation of this controversial topic. Several problematic elements of the Draft Convention are identified including the definition of prohibited activities, State responsibility for the conduct of private military and security companies and the proposed International Criminal Court referral mechanism. Finally, specific policy recommendations are made for the government of Canada as a home state and contracting state of private military and security services, irrespective of the progress of negotiations on the Draft Convention.

The survey of parents’ and adults recipients’ satisfaction with cochlear implantation determined by the place of residence

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Maria Gawłowska ◽  
Małgorzata Wierzbicka ◽  
Michał Kida ◽  
Zofia Obrębowska
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Impaired Hearing ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Speech Processor ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Hearing Ability ◽  
Detailed Statistical Analysis ◽  
Definition Of Success ◽  
Definition Of

<b>Introduction:</b> The use of cochlear implants (CI) has been a remarkable success in reducing disabilities in patients with impaired hearing. The definition of success for those patients means improvement of hearing ability for adults, possibility to develop speech and language for children, quality of life improvement and satisfaction with the whole CI implantation procedure. <br><b>The aim:</b> To examine patient satisfaction, determined by their place of residence, with all activities in progress during CI implantation including care in subsequent years. Material and methods: The study was conducted prospectively. Online surveys were sent to 1,906 CI patients, with the response rate reaching 33%; thus 630 surveys were analyzed. Demographic data of the respondents were collected: gender, age of implantation, one- or two-sided implantation, place of residence and implanting clinic. A detailed statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed. <br><b>Results:</b> One of the problems observed was the aspect of waiting time for qualification, implantation and replacement of the speech processor. The second problem was the travel time to the CI center and that was strictly connected with the place of the residence of a patient. Patients’ satisfaction with the control visit was high for majority of them. <br><b>Conclusions:</b> This research highlighted the limitations of the current CI service delivery. Significant differences concerning the CI pathway were found for particular regions of Poland. One of the future goals for healthcare providers should be to level out the differences in access to CI services between different regions of Poland.

Similar Incidence of Typhlitis in Patients Receiving Various Doses of Daunorubicin or Idarubicin As Induction for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 3725-3725
Author(s):  
Amanda N Seddon ◽  
Angela G Michael ◽  
Nelly G. Adel ◽  
Martin S. Tallman ◽  
Oguz Akin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Ileocecal Region ◽  
Concomitant Infection ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Background: The current standard of care for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed AML is an anthracycline plus cytarabine. Both anthracyclines and cytarabine have been associated with the development of typhlitis, a serious adverse event characterized by inflammation of the bowel wall in patients with profound neutropenia, diagnosed via abdominal CT imaging and clinical symptoms. Given the paucity of available data, the aim of our study was to determine the incidence of typhlitis among AML patients receiving induction with either idarubicin 12 mg/m2 (IDA), daunorubicin 60 mg/m2 (DNA60), or daunorubicin 90 mg/m2 (DNA90). Methods: Adult patients with AML or MDS receiving either daunorubicin or idarubicin along with cytarabine as part of their induction regimen between 1/1/2009 and 6/30/2013 were included. A definition of typhlitis required CT confirmation of inflammation of the cecum, according to CTCAE version 4.03 along with clinical symptoms. Two radiologists (OA, JC) blinded to the treatment and outcomes independently reviewed CT scans. Two additional definitions including inflammation of the ileocecal region only and enterocolitis were also evaluated. All statistical analyses were performed on SAS software version 9.3. P values were calculated using Fisher Exact and Wilcoxon tests. Inter-rater reliability was assessed with Cohen’s Kappa. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar among the 3 treatment groups with the exception of age. The median age was lower in the DNA90 arm (79 years, 74 years, and 49 years in the IDA group, DNA60 group, and DNA90 group, respectively). A pre-existing GI disorder was reported in 24.1% IDA, 25.7% DNA60, and 22.4% DNA90 patients. Of the 202 total patients, the two radiologists determined that 40 (20%) and 38 (19%) developed typhlitis, based on the predefined standard. Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the relationship between treatment arm and associated incidence of typhlitis. The incidence in each treatment group did not statistically differ (p=0.23 and p=0.29). When the definition was broadened to include ileocecal region and enterocolitis, the incidence increased (Tables 1 and 2). The inter-reliability ratings of the 2 radiologists’ evaluations for each definition indicated substantial agreement (0.803 cecum, 0.834 ileocecal region only, and 0.752 enterocolitis). Neither the anthracycline chosen, nor the dose had a statistically significant impact on the incidence of typhlitis. Of all patient and treatment specific risk factors assessed for association with development of typhlitis (pre-existing GI disorder, rheumatologic disorder or cancer, prior RT, stem cell transplant or anthracycline exposure, cytarabine regimen or AML risk group), none were found to be statistically significant. In patients that developed typhlitis, approximately 56% and 51% had a concurrent documented infection around the typhlitis episode (Tables 1-2). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the incidence of typhlitis in adult patients receiving idarubicin or daunorubicin for the treatment of AML. While the cumulative incidence of typhlitis was higher than in published literature, the incidence was similar irrespective of the anthracycline chosen or dose. Of the potential factors that may have contributed to the development of typhlitis, none were significantly associated with typhlitis. All patients were managed conservatively with broad-spectrum antibiotics. A more definitive definition of typhlitis may help clinicians identify affected patients sooner and choose appropriate targeted therapy. Abstract 3725. Table 1. Association of treatment to Radiologist 1-rated typhlitis Enterocolitis Ileocecal region only Cecum No Yes P No Yes P No Yes P Treatment 0.52 0.68 0.23 DNA60 58 (78%) 16 (22%) 58 (78%) 16 (22%) 61 (82%) 13 (18%) DNA90 34 (69%) 15 (31%) 35 (71%) 14 (29%) 35 (71%) 14 (29%) IDA 58 (73%) 21 (27%) 60 (76%) 19 (24%) 66 (84%) 13 (16%) Concomitant infection Yes 11 (26%) 32 (74%) 13 (30%) 30 (70%) 19 (44%) 24 (56%) Abstract 3725. Table 2. Association of treatment to Radiologist 2-rated typhlitis Enterocolitis Ileocecal region only Cecum No Yes P No Yes P No Yes P Treatment 0.86 0.98 0.29 DNA60 57 (77%) 17 (23%) 57 (77%) 17 (23%) 62 (84%) 12(16%) DNA90 36 (73%) 13 (27%) 37 (76%) 12 (24%) 36 (73%) 13 (27%) IDA 58 (73%) 21 (27%) 61 (77%) 18 (23%) 66 (84%) 13 (16%) Concomitant infection Yes 11 (26%) 32 (74%) 13 (30%) 30 (70%) 21 (49%) 22 (51%) Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals The Limits of Copyright Office Expertise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Perzanowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Copyright Policy ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
Subject Matter Expertise ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Economic Competence

The mismatch between the expanding administrative and regulatory obligations of the United States Copyright Office and its limited institutional expertise is an emerging problem for the copyright system. The Office’s chief responsibility—registration and recordation of copyright claims—has taken a back seat in recent years to a more ambitious set of substantive rulemakings and policy recommendations. As the triennial rulemaking under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act highlights, the Office is frequently called upon to answer technological questions far beyond its plausible claims of subject matter expertise. This Article traces the Office’s history, identifies its substantial but discrete areas of expertise, and reveals the ways in which the Office has overstepped any reasonable definition of its expert knowledge. The Article concludes with a set ofrecommendations to better align the Office’s agenda with its expertise by, first, reducing the current regulatory burdens on the Office, and second, building greater technological and economic competence within the Office, better equipping it to address contemporary questions of copyright policy.

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