Scientific Racism Attitudes Among Diverse Undergraduate Pre–Health Professions Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Chowdhury ◽  
Erin Fanning Madden
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Racism ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Biological Differences

Scientific racism, or the belief that racial hierarchies are explained by biological differences, among health care professionals may contribute to the oversight of social causes of health problems and result in poor quality of care. This study examines the extent to which scientific racism may permeate undergraduate pre–health professions student worldviews before entering advanced training. Undergraduate students ( n = 251) pursuing training in health professions from The University of Texas at San Antonio completed a survey in 2018 measuring respondent level of agreement with statements about biological differences between U.S. racial and ethnic groups, as well as agreement with statements about cognitive differences, health behaviors, and systemic racism. Analyses showed that the students agreed with false statements regarding biological, behavioral, and cognitive differences among races and agreement was significantly stronger among students at earlier stages of education but did not differ by student race/ethnicity. Adjusted analyses showed that third- and fourth-year undergraduate students exhibited less agreement with false statements about race than first- and second-year students ([Formula: see text] 95% CI [−18.33, −3.39], p < .00). The joint effect of higher class level and public health major ([Formula: see text] 95% CI [−11.98, −1.16], p = .02) was also significantly associated with less agreement with false statements regarding systemic racism. This exploratory study suggests that even among diverse student populations, scientific racism persists but may improve over educational careers. Future research may determine how structural reforms and training can further improve student understandings of race as a social construct and not a biological reality.

Quality of Life for Patients Detained in Hospital

1993 ◽  
Vol 162 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy W. Coid
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The Uk

The quality of life of detained patients has not received adequate attention despite the responsibilities placed on hospital staff and the special problems faced by these patients. Legal principles to ensure quality of life have not been formalised, and the acceptable standards that a patient can expect have not been tested in the UK courts. Contemporary models of ensuring quality are being imposed with increasing pressure on health care professionals, but high-quality management has sometimes lagged behind. This has led to a poor quality of life for certain patients. It is important for future research to overcome difficulties in developing objective measurements and set the appropriate standards of quality of life that detained patients should expect. This would provide a basis against which both appropriate standards of care and the necessary resource allocation could be measured.

Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Fowler ◽  
Rebecca E. Irwin ◽  
Lynn S. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
And Function ◽  
Solitary Species

Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.

Concept–based Analysis of Java Programming Errors among Low, Average and High Achieving Novice Programmers

10.28945/4246 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Classroom Practice ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Practice Volume ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Achievement Level ◽  
Java Programming ◽  
Ability Levels ◽  
Programming Errors

[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, Volume 18.] Aim/Purpose: The study examined types of errors made by novice programmers in different Java concepts with students of different ability levels in programming as well as the perceived causes of such errors. Background: To improve code writing and debugging skills, efforts have been made to taxonomize programming errors and their causes. However, most of the studies employed omnibus approaches, i.e. without consideration of different programing concepts and ability levels of the trainee programmers. Such concepts and ability specific errors identification and classifications are needed to advance appropriate intervention strategy. Methodology: A sequential exploratory mixed method design was adopted. The sample was an intact class of 124 Computer Science and Engineering undergraduate students grouped into three achievement levels based on first semester performance in a Java programming course. The submitted codes in the course of second semester exercises were analyzed for possible errors, categorized and grouped across achievement level. The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as Pearson product correlation coefficient. Qualitative analyses through interviews and focused group discussion (FGD) were also employed to identify reasons for the committed errors. Contribution:The study provides a useful concept-based and achievement level specific error log for the teaching of Java programming for beginners. Findings: The results identified 598 errors with Missing symbols (33%) and Invalid symbols (12%) constituting the highest and least committed errors respec-tively. Method and Classes concept houses the highest number of errors (36%) followed by Other Object Concepts (34%), Decision Making (29%), and Looping (10%). Similar error types were found across ability levels. A significant relationship was found between missing symbols and each of Invalid symbols and Inappropriate Naming. Errors made in Methods and Classes were also found to significantly predict that of Other Object concepts. Recommendations for Practitioners: To promote better classroom practice in the teaching of Java programming, findings for the study suggests instructions to students should be based on achievement level. In addition to this, learning Java programming should be done with an unintelligent editor. Recommendations for Researchers: Research could examine logic or semantic errors among novice programmers as the errors analyzed in this study focus mainly on syntactic ones. Impact on Society: The digital age is code-driven, thus error analysis in programming instruction will enhance programming ability, which will ultimately transform novice programmers into experts, particularly in developing countries where most of the software in use is imported. Future Research: Researchers could look beyond novice or beginner programmers as codes written by intermediate or even advanced programmers are still not often completely error free.

The application of virtual reality in health professions� digital education: a narrative review (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Tudor Car ◽  
Bhone Myint Kyaw ◽  
Josip Car
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Health Professions Education ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Potential Applications

BACKGROUND Digital technology called Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly employed in health professions’ education. Yet, based on the current evidence, its use is narrowed around a few most applications and disciplines. There is a lack of an overview that would capture the diversity of different VR applications in health professions’ education and inform its use and research. OBJECTIVE This narrative review aims to explore different potential applications of VR in health professions’ education. METHODS The narrative synthesis approach to literature review was used to analyse the existing evidence. RESULTS We outline the role of VR features such as immersion, interactivity and feedback and explain the role of VR devices. Based on the type and scope of educational content VR can represent space, individuals, objects, structures or their combination. Application of VR in medical education encompasses environmental, organ and micro level. Environmental VR focuses on training in relation to health professionals’ environment and human interactions. Organ VR educational content targets primarily human body anatomy; and micro VR microscopic structures at the level of cells, molecules and atoms. We examine how different VR features and health professional education areas match these three VR types. CONCLUSIONS We conclude by highlighting the gaps in the literature and providing suggestions for future research.

Recreational Prescription Drug Use Among College Students

NASPA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan A Kolek
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Research University ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Prescription Drug Use ◽  
Other Substances

The purpose of this study was to explore recreational prescription drug use among undergraduate students. Although anecdotal accounts on this subject abound, empirical research is extremely limited. Data from a survey of a random sample of 734 students at a large public research university in the Northeast were examined. Results indicate that a substantial proportion of students reported having used prescription drugs for recreational purposes in the year prior to survey administration. Recreational prescription drug use was positively associated with the use of other substances including alcohol. Recreational prescription drug users were also more likely than other drug users to report negative consequences as a result of their drug use. Implications for future research and for student affairs are discussed.

scholarly journals Individual Differences and Similarities in the Judgement of Facial Pain: A Mixed Method Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1186-1194
Author(s):  
Sheila Glenn ◽  
Helen Poole ◽  
Paula Oulton
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Numerical Rating

Accurate assessment of pain by health-care professionals is essential to ensure optimal management of pain. An under-researched area is whether personality characteristics affect perception of pain in others. The aims were (a) to determine whether individual differences are associated with participants’ ability to assess pain, and (b) to determine facial cues used in the assessment of pain. One hundred and twenty-eight undergraduate students participated. They completed questionnaire assessments of empathy, pain catastrophizing, sensory sensitivity and emotional intelligence. They then viewed and rated four adult facial images (no, medium, and high pain—12 images total) using a 0–10 numerical rating scale, and noted the reasons for their ratings. (a) Empathy was the only characteristic associated with accuracy of pain assessment. (b) Descriptions of eyes and mouth, and eyes alone were most commonly associated with assessment accuracy. This was the case despite variations in the expression of pain in the four faces. Future studies could evaluate the effect on accuracy of pain assessment of (a) training empathic skills for pain assessment, and (b) emphasizing attention to the eyes, and eyes and mouth.

scholarly journals Providing trial results to participants in phase III pragmatic effectiveness RCTs: a scoping review

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Bruhn ◽  
Elle-Jay Cowan ◽  
Marion K. Campbell ◽  
Lynda Constable ◽  
Seonaidh Cotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Future Research ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Emotional Effects ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Narrative Description ◽  
Do So

Abstract Background There is an ethical imperative to offer the results of trials to those who participated. Existing research highlights that less than a third of trials do so, despite the desire of participants to receive the results of the trials they participated in. This scoping review aimed to identify, collate, and describe the available evidence relating to any aspect of disseminating trial results to participants. Methods A scoping review was conducted employing a search of key databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) from January 2008 to August 2019) to identify studies that had explored any aspect of disseminating results to trial participants. The search strategy was based on that of a linked existing review. The evidence identified describes the characteristics of included studies using narrative description informed by analysis of relevant data using descriptive statistics. Results Thirty-three eligible studies, including 12,700 participants (which included patients, health care professionals, trial teams), were identified and included. Reporting of participant characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity) across the studies was poor. The majority of studies investigated dissemination of aggregate trial results. The most frequently reported mode of disseminating of results was postal. Overall, the results report that participants evaluated receipt of trial results positively, with reported benefits including improved communication, demonstration of appreciation, improved retention, and engagement in future research. However, there were also some concerns about how well the dissemination was resourced and done, worries about emotional effects on participants especially when reporting unfavourable results, and frustration about the delay between the end of the trial and receipt of results. Conclusions This scoping review has highlighted that few high-quality evaluative studies have been conducted that can provide evidence on the best ways to deliver results to trial participants. There have been relatively few qualitative studies that explore perspectives from diverse populations, and those that have been conducted are limited to a handful of clinical areas. The learning from these studies can be used as a platform for further research and to consider some core guiding principles of the opportunities and challenges when disseminating trial results to those who participated.

STIMULANT MEDICATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCING, RATHER THAN UNDERMINING, PERCEPTIONS OF THE TRUE ACADEMIC SELF

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 592-616
Author(s):  
David R. Pillow ◽  
Meghan A. Crabtree ◽  
Willie J. Hale ◽  
Sally Kordab ◽  
Betsy Hoza
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Barriers To Success ◽  
Medication Usage ◽  
State Measure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stimulant Medications

Introduction: Stimulant medication is effective in treating Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder, and by removing barriers to success, may enhance perceptions of authenticity (i.e., feeling like one's true, core, autonomous self) among those receiving medication. In contrast, it is also possible that stimulant medications undermine perceptions of authenticity. Methods: To examine these two possibilities, 64 undergraduate students with a history of ADHD and medication usage wrote a narrative about a time when they felt either: least authentic while taking medication, most authentic while taking medication, least authentic while unmedicated, or most authentic while unmedicated. Participants then completed retrospective assessments concerning that experience. Results: Supporting the medication enhancement possibility, participants reported greater need satisfaction and more positive mood states when recalling states in which they were most like their true selves on medication than when off—especially when reporting on their academic selves. No differences were found on a state measure of prescriptive authenticity. Discussion: Results are discussed with respect to linkages to the literature on attributions and stimulant medications. Limitations and future research design possibilities are discussed as more research is needed regarding managing stimulant medication and authentic identities.

scholarly journals Experiencing the community of inquiry framework using asynchronous online role-playing in computer-aided instruction class

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasiyah Junus ◽  
Harry Budi Santoso ◽  
Mubarik Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Community Of Inquiry ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computer Aided Instruction ◽  
Online Discussion Forum ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Community Of Inquiry Framework ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis current study investigates the use of online role-playing, in an online discussion forum, in learning the community of inquiry framework – an area of learning covered in the Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) course, an elective course for Computer Science undergraduate students at Universitas Indonesia. The participants were divided into different roles. Each group was triggered to discuss the implementation of online collaborative learning. A mixed-methods approach was utilised to analyse the qualitative and quantitative data. The result of content analysis exhibited students implementing all the components of the CoI framework. Teaching presence was the rarest, as students were focused on delivering their ideas. Social presence appeared in almost all messages since it is the easiest, and students can feel the impact immediately. The discussion moved to the integration phase but did not proceed to resolution. This study suggested some recommendations and future research topics.

scholarly journals Undergraduate Omani Students’ Identity and Perceptions of Parenting Styles

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Aldhafri ◽  
Ibrahim Al-Harthy
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Academic Identity ◽  
Identity Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Identity Statuses ◽  
Reasonable Evidence ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
The Relationship

<p>The current study examined the relationship between university students’ academic identity and their perceptions of their parents’ parenting styles among a sample of Omani students. Marcia’s (1993) academic identity statuses are adapted. These are moratorium, foreclosed, diffuse, and achievement. Parenting styles included authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. The participants were 192 undergraduate students from Oman. The participants responded to Arabic versions of the Academic Identity Status (Was &amp; Isaacson, 2008) and the Parenting Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991). Both questionnaires showed reasonable evidence of validity and reliability. The findings show that parenting styles varied in their relationship with the four statuses of students’ academic identity. Using the three parenting styles as predictors in the regression models, the lowest percentage of explained variance among identity dimensions was found for moratorium, while the highest explained variance was found for diffusion. Implications and future research are discussed and presented by the end of the paper.</p>

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