Trends in the Association between a College Education and Political Tolerance, 1976–2016

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World ◽

10.1177/2378023118805858 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 237802311880585

Author(s):

Colin Campbell ◽

Jerry Johnson

Keyword(s):

Gay Men ◽

Data Visualization ◽

College Graduates ◽

General Social Survey ◽

College Education ◽

Political Tolerance ◽

Social Survey ◽

College Educated

In this data visualization, we use data from the General Social Survey to explore long-running trends in the association between a college education and political tolerance toward five groups. For tolerance toward militarists, anti-religionists, communists, and gay men, we show that the tolerance gap between college-educated and non–college educated individuals has narrowed, and this is largely attributable to increased tolerance among the non–college educated. We also find that the tolerance gap toward racists has narrowed; however, this is the result of decreased tolerance among college graduates.

Download Full-text

Increasing American Political Tolerance: A Framework Excluding Hate Speech

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World ◽

10.1177/2378023120903959 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 237802312090395

Author(s):

Anna Boch

Keyword(s):

Hate Speech ◽

Civil Liberties ◽

General Social Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Political Tolerance ◽

Liberal Democracies ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Social Survey ◽

College Educated ◽

New Framework

According to prior research, political tolerance has either stagnated since the 1970s (if to be tolerant one must be tolerant of every group in all circumstances) or steadily increased (if tolerance is measured using an index, averaging across groups). Using General Social Survey cross-sectional and panel data on civil liberties, this article proposes a new framework: separating out the groups that use hate speech from those that may be only controversial. The United States is unique among Western liberal democracies in not having a prohibition against hate speech. By applying a dichotomous hate speech framework to measuring political tolerance, this article finds that the proportion of Americans who are always tolerant has increased by 8 percentage points from 1996 to 2018. Meanwhile, tolerance of groups that use hate speech has remained flat and even decreased among groups that historically were more tolerant of such groups, including the college educated.

Download Full-text

The influence of hukou and college education in China’s labour market

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/0042098017690471 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 1504-1524 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yang Xiao ◽

Yanjie Bian

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

General Social Survey ◽

College Education ◽

Social Survey ◽

State Sector ◽

Equal Chance ◽

Chinese General Social Survey ◽

The Impact ◽

College Educated

This paper examines the impact of hukou and college education on job placement and wage attainment for Chinese rural migrant workers in the cities. The analysis of the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey shows that when rural-born individuals gain both urban hukou and college education, they enjoy equal job-sector placement and they earn significantly higher wages than the college-educated locals. But in the absence of a rural-to-urban hukou transfer, migrants have fewer opportunities to go to college than local peers, and even college education does not gain a migrant an equal chance of working in the state sector or receiving equal earnings. A major contribution of this study is to suggest a nine-category analytic scheme, which takes into account how education, hukou and type of workplace affect one another in jointly influencing labour market inequality between rural migrants and urbanite workers.

Download Full-text

What Should Children Learn? Americans’ Changing Socialization Values, 1986–2018

Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World ◽

10.1177/2378023119879016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 237802311987901 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kei Nomaguchi ◽

Melissa A. Milkie

Keyword(s):

College Graduates ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Theoretical Work ◽

Hard Work ◽

Demographic Changes ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Social Survey ◽

Postindustrial Society ◽

Parenting Values

Assessing changes in socialization values for children provides a unique window into how Americans perceive the landscape of their society. We examine whether, since the mid-1980s, Americans (1) emphasized survival values, like hard work, for children, as economic precarity rose or (2) prioritized self-expression values, like autonomy and compassion, as expected in postindustrial society. Analysis of 1986 to 2018 General Social Survey (N = 23,109) supports the precarity thesis: Preferences for hard work increased steadily whereas preferences for autonomy, the top-ranked quality throughout the period, declined. There was some indication of enduring self-expression values, as support for compassion increased and its relative importance to hard work stayed stable. Decomposition analyses show valuing hard work would have been even greater without demographic changes like an increase in college graduates. Aligning with earlier research, valuing obedience in children continued to decline. Our results extend theoretical work on complexities of socioeconomic links to parenting values.

Download Full-text

Does College Education Pay? Evidence From The NLSY-79 Data

Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) ◽

10.19030/cier.v3i1.168 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diamando Afxentiou ◽

Paul Kutasovic

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Regression Model ◽

College Graduates ◽

College Education ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Income Gap ◽

High School Degree ◽

And Gender ◽

College Educated ◽

Over Time

This study examines if the college wage premium favoring college graduates still exists. The NLSY-79 data is employed. The sample includes individuals who received their high school degree and college degree in 1980 and 1981. These individuals were followed until the year 2004. A cross sectional regression model was estimated for the years 1982, 1994, and 2004 and found that education, occupation, and gender were the primary determinants of wages. The income gap between college educated workers and high school educated workers has widen over time. Most interestingly, it is the stagnation of high school educated workers that accounts for the gap.

Download Full-text

Factors associated with attitudes toward U.S. immigration, 2004–2016

10.31219/osf.io/nkry6 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽

Paige Mitchell ◽

Guadalupe Marquez-Velarde

Keyword(s):

College Graduates ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Social Survey ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Political Views ◽

Racial Resentment ◽

Higher Educational Attainment ◽

Attitudes Toward Immigration

This study investigates demographic, socioeconomic, political, and contextual factors associated with attitudes toward U.S. immigration. We analyze cross-sectional data from the 2004–2016 General Social Survey and American Community Survey five-year estimates. Results from generalized ordered logit models suggest that support to immigration has been increasing over time. There is no difference by sex on attitudes toward immigration. Non-whites, those between 18 and 24 years of age, people with higher educational attainment, and non-Protestants are more likely to be pro-immigration. People working on sales, office, natural resources, construction, maintenance, production, transportation, material moving, and military occupations are less likely to support immigration. People living in the South Atlantic region are the least likely to support an increase in immigration. People who lived in areas at the age of 16 that tend to have higher proportions of foreign-born individuals are more likely to support immigration. People who self-classify as strong Democrats, Independents near Democrats, and in other parties are more likely to be in favor of an increase on the number of immigrants. People with more liberal political views are more likely to be in favor of immigration. People with lower levels of racial resentment have higher chances to be in favor of an increase in immigration. Opinion about immigration has stronger associations with racial resentment than with opinion about U.S. economic achievement. People who live in counties with higher proportions of college graduates and higher proportions of immigrants are more likely to be pro-immigration.

Download Full-text

The Earnings of Foreign-Educated College Graduates: An Examination of the Determinants of the Hourly Earnings of College-Educated Immigrants

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e671732012-001 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Neeta P. Fogg ◽

Paul E. Harrington

Keyword(s):

College Graduates ◽

College Educated

Download Full-text

Public Conceptions of Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse, Their Causes and Treatments: Findings from the 1996 General Social Survey

Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health ◽

10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70767-9 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 187

Author(s):

J.A. Talbott

Keyword(s):

Substance Abuse ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Serious Mental Illness ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Social Survey

Download Full-text

GSS 2011 Linked with TIFF: Exploring the Cost of Child Care in Canada and the Use of the Child Care Tax Benefit

Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse ◽

10.29173/cjfy29492 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 81-103

Author(s):

Leanne Findlay ◽

Dafna Kohen

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

General Social Survey ◽

Cost Of Care ◽

Indigenous Identity ◽

Social Survey ◽

The Cost ◽

Care Costs ◽

Compare And Contrast ◽

Employment Characteristics ◽

Different Sources

Affordability of child care is fundamental to parents’, in particular, women’s decision to work. However, information on the cost of care in Canada is limited. The purpose of the current study was to examine the feasibility of using linked survey and administrative data to compare and contrast parent-reported child care costs based on two different sources of data. The linked file brings together data from the 2011 General Social Survey (GSS) and the annual tax files (TIFF) for the corresponding year (2010). Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the socio-demographic and employment characteristics of respondents who reported using child care, and child care costs were compared. In 2011, parents who reported currently paying for child care (GSS) spent almost $6700 per year ($7,500 for children age 5 and under). According to the tax files, individuals claimed just over $3900 per year ($4,700). Approximately one in four individuals who reported child care costs on the GSS did not report any amount on their tax file; about four in ten who claimed child care on the tax file did not report any cost on the survey. Multivariate analyses suggested that individuals with a lower education, lower income, with Indigenous identity, and who were self-employed were less likely to make a tax claim despite reporting child care expenses on the GSS. Further examination of child care costs by province and by type of care are necessary, as is research to determine the most accurate way to measure and report child care costs.

Download Full-text