scholarly journals Destruction of Immature Erythrocytes Measured by Bilirubin Excretion

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-726
Author(s):  
KIYOYASU NAGAI ◽  
EIZO KAKISHITA
Keyword(s):  
Normal State ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Bilirubin Excretion ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Bile Fistula

Abstract The change in radioactivity of bilirubin with time was measured after injection of glycine 2-14C into rats with a bile fistula. The total radioactivity and specific activity of bilirubin were abnormally high in rats of which erythropoiesis was increased following hemorrhage. When the newly formed erythrocytes labeled with glycine 2-14C in the peak of reticulocytosis were transfused into rats with a bile fistula, the excretion of labeled bilirubin increased rapidly. The amount of newly formed erythrocytes destroyed within 7 days after transfusion into normal animals was calculated as 4.4 per cent of the total erythrocytes formed during maximum reticulocytosis and 1.1 per cent of those formed in the normal state in Sprague Dawley rats, while in the Wistar strain, the values were 13.4 per cent and 2.2 per cent, respectively. These results provide direct evidence for increased production of short-lived erythrocytes during enhanced erythropoiesis, and the hemolysis of newly formed erythrocytes soon after they reach the general circulation may contribute to the production of shunt bilirubin.

In vivo leucine oxidation at rest and during two intensities of exercise

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Lemon ◽  
F. J. Nagle ◽  
J. P. Mullin ◽  
N. J. Benevenga
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tracer Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
14Co2 Production

After ingestion of a mixed diet containing a tracer dose (10 muCi) of L-[1–14C]leucine (Leu), 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats (70–90 g) remained at rest (R) or completed 1 h exercise at 80 (E80) or 40% VO2max (E40). 14CO2 production was assessed for 6 h (exercise occurred from h 2 to 3). Four rats were killed at 2, 3, 4, and 6 h (R), at 3 and 6 h (E80), and at 6 h (E40). Determinations were 1) tissue specific activity dpm X mumol-1 from a) mixed skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius, soleus, quadriceps, and hamstrings) and b) liver and 2) radioactivity remaining in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Leu oxidized (mumol) was estimated (14 CO2 dpm X tissue sp act dpm-1 X mumol-1) independently from skeletal muscle and liver. Results were 1) 14CO2 production increased in both E80 and E40 compared with R (P less than 0.05), 2) E80 14CO2 increase was greater than E40 (P less than 0.05), 3) GIT absorption was reduced in E80 and E40 compared with R (P less than 0.05), and 4) exercise Leu oxidation (weighted average of tissue estimates) was 26% greater than R (P less than 0.05). The origin and site of the increased Leu oxidation cannot be determined from the present data; however, due to the magnitude of increase in skeletal muscle metabolism relative to other tissues during exercise, it is probable that skeletal muscle plays a significant role.

Distribution of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in adipose tissue from trained rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1546-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Kenno ◽  
J. L. Durstine ◽  
R. E. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Particulate Fraction ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Isolated Fat Cells ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Enzyme Form ◽  
Cyclic Amp Phosphodiesterase ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Michaelis Constants

Fat cells were isolated from sedentary and exercise trained female Sprague-Dawley rats and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (cyclic AMP-PDE) activities were determined from crude homogenates of the fat cells in the whole homogenate, P5, P48, and S48 fractions. Exercise training resulted in a significant increase in the mean specific activity of cyclic AMP-PDE (pmol X min-1 X mg-1) from the whole homogenate and S48 fraction at cyclic AMP concentrations of 4, 8, and 16 microM and in the P48 fraction at 8 and 16 microM cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP-PDE kinetic plots according to Lineweaver-Burk for the calculation of Michaelis constants (Km) and maximum enzyme velocities (Vmax) were nonlinear, indicating both a low and high enzyme form. The Michaelis constants were significantly lower in trained rats than those of its control for the high Km form of cyclic AMP-PDE in the whole and soluble fractions and for the low Km form of the P5 particulate fraction. The Vmax of the high Km form of the P48 particulate fraction from trained animals was also significantly higher than that found in its control. Phosphodiesterase inhibition by methylxanthines in the various fractions was similar in both trained and sedentary animals. These changes in specific activity, Michaelis constants, and Vmax of cyclic AMP-PDE from crude homogenates of isolated fat cells from exercise trained animals may account for the decreased intracellular levels of cyclic AMP following catecholamine stimulation of isolated fat cells from trained rats.

INITIALE VERTEILUNG VON RADIO-C IN UNREIFEN RATTEN NACH INFUSION PHYSIOLOGISCHER MENGEN VON TESTOSTERON-4-14C

1967 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-O. Mosebach ◽  
H. Jühe ◽  
W. Dirscherl
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Immature Male ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Infusion Technique ◽  
Vesicle Secretion

ABSTRACT Over a period of 2 hours the distribution and the specific activities of 14C (dpm/mg C) in organs of immature male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied after infusion of testosterone-4-14C. Only in liver, adrenals, kidneys and lungs we found specific activities essentially higher than those of the blood. The values of testis, seminal vesicles, prostata, epididymis and penis were similar to blood. Corresponding to former experiments using injection technique the more physiological infusion technique did not show any accumulation of radioactivity in the target organs too. On the contrary the specific activity of the seminal vesicle secretion was clearly higher than those of the residue organ and the blood. In adrenals medulla contained more radioactivity than cortex, demonstrated by 3 different methods (combustion, extraction and histoautoradiography). The distributions of progesterone-4-14C and oestradiol-4-14C after infusion in immature male rats were similar to those of testosterone-4-14C. The latter did not show a striking affinity for uterus, vagina and ovaries after infusion into female immature rats.

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein A-V is present in bile and its secretion increases with lipid absorption in Sprague-Dawley rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (11) ◽  
pp. G918-G925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda S. Zhang ◽  
Hirokazu Sato ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Robert O. Ryan ◽  
David Q.-H. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Plasma Triglyceride ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Route Of Delivery

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-V is a protein synthesized only in the liver that dramatically modulates plasma triglyceride levels. Recent studies suggest a novel role for hepatic apoA-V in regulating the absorption of dietary triglycerides, but its mode of action on the gut remains unknown. The aim of this study was to test for apoA-V in bile and to determine whether its secretion is regulated by dietary lipids. After an overnight recovery, adult male Sprague-Dawley bile fistula rats indeed secreted apoA-V into bile at a constant rate under fasting conditions. An intraduodenal bolus of intralipid ( n = 12) increased the biliary secretion of apoA-V but not of other apolipoproteins, such as A-I, A-IV, B, and E. The lipid-induced increase of biliary apoA-V was abolished under conditions of poor lymphatic lipid transport, suggesting that the stimulation is regulated by the magnitude of lipids associated with chylomicrons transported into lymph. We also studied the secretion of apoA-V into bile immediately following bile duct cannulation. Biliary apoA-V increased over time (∼6-fold increase at hour 16, n = 8) but the secretions of other apolipoproteins remained constant. Replenishing luminal phosphatidylcholine and taurocholate ( n = 9) only enhanced apoA-V secretion in bile, suggesting that the increase was not due to depletion of phospholipids or bile salts. This is the first study to demonstrate that apoA-V is secreted into bile, introducing a potential route of delivery of hepatic apoA-V to the gut lumen. Our study also reveals the uniqueness of apoA-V secretion into bile that is regulated by mechanisms different from other apolipoproteins.

Diurnal rhythms of bile acid production in the rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (3) ◽  
pp. R175-R179 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Duane ◽  
M. L. Gilberstadt ◽  
D. M. Wiegand
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Bile Acid Synthesis ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Free Running

Diurnal rhythms of bile acid synthesis were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats maintained in 12 h of illumination and 12 h of darkness each day. Synthesis, measured as output from a chronic bile fistula, underwent a consistent diurnal change with an amplitude of about 20% around mean daily synthesis and a peak in the dark period. The peak in cholate synthesis preceded the peak in chenodeoxycholate synthesis which preceded the peak in alpha-muricholate synthesis which preceded the peak in beta-muricholate synthesis. Fasting, intravenous infusion of dexamethasone (100 microgram/kg . h), adrenalectomy, and ocular enucleation all failed to abolish the diurnal rhythm in synthesis. In one rat studied 30 days after ocular enucleation the diurnal rhythm in synthesis persisted; however, relative to 4 days after enucleation the phase of the rhythm shifted about 90 degrees suggesting that light deprivation caused the rhythm to become free-running with a period slightly different from 24 h.

scholarly journals The development of arylsulphatase in the small intestine of the rat

1969 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Danovitch ◽  
L. Laster
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Old Rats

1. Arylsulphatase activity was measured in stomach, proximal and distal third of small intestine, colon, liver and kidney of foetal and neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats and Swiss mice, with nitrocatechol sulphate as substrate. 2. The specific activity in the distal small intestine, but not in the stomach, proximal small intestine or colon, increased about fourfold between 5 and 16 days after birth in both conventional and germ-free rats. 3. No comparable increase occurred in the distal small intestine of the mouse. 4. The specific activity of acid phosphatase in the distal small intestine of the rat rose only slightly when the arylsulphatase activity increased. 5. The pH optimum and Michaelis constant of arylsulphatase activity of the distal small intestine were similar for 1-day-old, 9-day-old and adult rats. 6. When extracts of distal small intestine of 1-day-old and 9-day-old rats were incubated together, the arylsulphatase activities were additive.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antigenicity of Components of Tracheal Allotransplant and Effect of Immunosuppressant Regime in a Rodent Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (03) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Dimpy Sharma ◽  
Subramania Iyer ◽  
Sobha Subramaniam ◽  
Janarthanan Ramu ◽  
Mohit Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Ischemic Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Iatrogenic Lesion ◽  
Lymphoid Infiltration ◽  
Time Frames

Abstract Background Tracheal transplantation seems to be the logical step in the process of reconstruction of the trachea following a long-segment resection, which is usually done to treat malignant disease or benign stenosis of the airway caused by a traumatic, congenital, inflammatory, or iatrogenic lesion. Immunosuppression following transplant is essential but not ideal after oncoresection. Methods The tracheal allografts, harvested from Sprague Dawley rats, were implanted in the Wistar strain rat. The harvested tracheal grafts were divided into groups and subgroups, based on the layers of trachea, method of decellularization, and immunosuppression. The antigenicity of different layers of trachea and the effect of various decellularization methods were studied within three time frames, that is, day 3, 9, and 15. Result On structural analysis, the day 3 and day 15 samples showed no meaningful comparison could be made, due to extensive neutrophil infiltration in all three layers. The day 9 tracheal grafts showed loss of epithelium, with no signs of regeneration in most of the allografts. The subepithelial lymphoid infiltration was found to be severe in nonimmunosuppressed allografts. The group in which both inner and outer layers were removed showed moderate-to-severe infiltrate of lymphoid cells in all the allografts, but there was no cartilage loss, irrespective of the method of decellularization. The irradiated specimens retained the cartilage but showed extensive ischemic damage. Conclusion Rat trachea is a good model for tracheal transplant research but not adequately sturdy to sustain mechanical debridement. Irradiation and chemical decellularization eliminates the immune response but causes intense ischemic damage. Out of the three time frames, day 9 seemed to be the best to study the immune response. To substantiate the results obtained in this study, the immunohistochemical study of the allografts is needed to be performed among a larger group of animals.

Effect of Cordyceps Militaris Supplementation on Sperm Production, Sperm Motility and Hormones in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (05) ◽  
pp. 849-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Chang ◽  
Kee-Ching Jeng ◽  
Kuei-Fen Huang ◽  
Ying-Chung Lee ◽  
Chien-Wei Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epididymal Sperm ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Cordyceps species have been traditionally used as for the enhancement of sexual function, but its direct evidence is lacking. We investigated the spermatogenic effect of Cordyceps militaris (CM) as supplementation with CM mycelium to 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Ninety rats (30 for each group) were selected to regular diet or diet supplemented with CM mycelium (1% and 5%) for 6 weeks. Epididymal sperm were collected from 6 animals per group at each interval of observation. They were allowed to recover for one week. The quality and quantity of sperm were compared in these rats. The CM supplementation resulted in an increase of serum cordycepin concentration ( n = 6, each group) that correlated with treatment time and the cordycepin level was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) in 5% group as compared to 1% group at the 5th and 6th week. Epididymal sperm count was enhanced significantly from the control, at the 5th week and peaked at the 6th week in both groups supplemented with CM (each time point, n = 6; p < 0.05) and maintained for 2 weeks after stopping the treatment. Increased serum testosterone and estradiol-17 (E2) concentrations were found in rats with the CM supplementation ( p < 0.05), but not other hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) or prolactin. Importantly, percentages of motile sperm cells were also enhanced significantly ( p < 0.05) paralleled the serum testosterone pattern from the supplement groups as compared to the control group. Taken together, these results indicate that supplementation with CM improves sperm quality and quantity in rats.

Hepatocytes and Renal Proximal Tubules of Bile Fistula Rats

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 354-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Hruban ◽  
R. H. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Bile Fistula ◽  
Ad Libitum

Bile fistulae were produced in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats by cannulation of bile duct. The rats were kept in restraining cages, bile was collected, food and water were given ad libitum and saline was injected s.c. Rats were killed after 26 hrs and three days (60,68,72 hrs).Hepatocytes of rat with 26 hrs bile fistula had markedly dilated rough cisternae. Dilated Golgi sacs contained many moderately dense granules. Homogeneous and heterogeneous dense bodies were small. Lipid droplets were frequent. Hepatocytes of rats with 3 day fistulae (Fig.1) contained many large heterogeneous dense bodies. Golgi sacs and vacuoles were large and contained very dense granules 40 to 85 mμ in diameter (Fig.2).

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of 14C-MMB4 DMS Administered Intramuscularly to Sprague-Dawley Rats and New Zealand White Rabbits

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 88S-98S
Author(s):  
Bozena D. Lusiak ◽  
Dean J. Kobs ◽  
S. Peter Hong ◽  
Brian L. Burback ◽  
Jerry D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Isonicotinic Acid ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Time Point

1,1′-Methylenebis[4-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium] dimethanesulfonate (MMB4 DMS) is currently under development for the treatment of chemical warfare organophosphorus nerve agent poisoning. The present study evaluates the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 14C-MMB4 DMS administered intramuscularly to rats and rabbits. The formulated mixture of radiolabeled and nonradiolabeled MMB4 DMS was administered as a single or 7-day repeated dose. Rat doses were 55 or 220 mg/kg (100 µCi/kg), and rabbit doses were 25 or 100 mg/kg (31.25 and 62.5 µCi/kg, respectively). Urine, bile (rats only), feces, blood, and tissues were collected for up to 72 hours. Metabolic profiling using high-performance liquid chromatography with radiodetection was performed on selected urine samples. For both animal species, the majority of the total radioactivity was excreted in the urine (74%-94%) by 72 hours after dosing with greater than 90% of the radioactivity measured in the urine within 8 to 12 hours after dosing. There were no apparent species or dose differences in the urine excretion pattern. The distribution of 14C-MMB4 DMS-derived radioactivity was rapid and generally reached the highest concentration by the first collection time point (0.25 hours). The tissue–blood concentration ratios were highest at the injection sites and in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract contents for both the species. Two metabolites of MMB4 DMS were detected in rat and rabbit urine; their structure was confirmed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry as 4-pyridine aldoxime and isonicotinic acid (pyridine-4-carboxylic acid).

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