scholarly journals The Influence of Respiratory Movements upon the Circulating Leukocytes

Blood ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. BIERMAN ◽  
K. H. KELLY ◽  
F. L. CORDES ◽  
N. L. PETRAKIS ◽  
H. KASS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Valsalva Maneuver ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Forced Expiration ◽  
Direct Puncture ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Right ◽  
Respiratory Movements

Abstract 1. The leukocyte content of venous and arterial blood of 17 subjects was studied repeatedly and frequently during respirations and the Valsalva and Muller maneuvers. The venous and arterial samples were drawn simultaneously and were obtained by direct puncture from freely-flowing peripheral veins or arteries or by catheterization from the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, hepatic vein, left ventricle or aorta. 2. During the Valsalva maneuver, the arterial leukocyte count decreased markedly with relatively little alteration in the simultaneous venous counts; upon release of the forced expiration both counts promptly regained the control level. 3. During the Muller maneuver, increases in both arterial and venous leukocyte counts occurred in one patient, while no significant effect was observed in venous samples in a second subject. 4. During inspiration the arterial leukocyte count fell and the simultaneous venous count rose with reciprocal changes upon expiration. These changes occurred whether the initial counts were elevated, normal or leukopenic. 5. The changes in leukocyte number of both arterial and venous blood during respiratory movements are not due to hemoconcentration or hemodilution and suggest a tidal ebb and flow of leukocytes into and from the pulmonary circulation of a significant degree.

Failure of hemoconcentration during standing to reveal plasma volume decline induced in the erect posture

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 2155-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lundvall ◽  
P. Bjerkhoel
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Erect Posture ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Dependent Position ◽  
The Right

The hypothesis was tested that the hemoconcentration observed during standing provides erroneous information about the induced plasma volume (PV) decline. Male volunteers (n = 10) stood quietly for 15 min after supine rest. On standing arterial hemoglobin (Hb) rose slowly to reach an increase of 5.9 +/- 0.3% (SE) after 15 min. Early after resuming the supine position, Hb increased further to 9.2 +/- 0.5% above control level and then declined gradually. Venous antecubital blood from the left arm supported horizontally at heart level in both the supine and standing positions (no hydrostatic load) showed very similar changes. However, Hb in venous blood collected during standing from the right arm held in the natural dependent position rose much more markedly than that in arterial blood and in venous blood from the horizontal arm (470 +/- 122, 105 +/- 24, and 55 +/- 7% greater increase at 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively). Taken together, these observations indicated that 1) analyses of arterial blood sampled from the standing subject grossly underestimated the prevailing “overall” hemoconcentration and PV decline, a phenomenon ascribed to incomplete mixing of blood between dependent and nondependent regions; 2) arterial blood sampled from the recumbent subject early (60 s) after completion of standing reflected the “true” overall intravascular hemoconcentration, with a calculated PV decline of no less than 511 +/- 27 ml, because the supine position facilitated proper mixing of blood between circulatory compartments; 3) data from common venous sampling from the dependent arm during standing primarily reflected a regional hemoconcentration (fluid loss) in the arm rather than PV decline; and 4) short-term quiet standing caused a more prominent and hemodynamically important decrease in PV than usually believed.

scholarly journals Vasoactive Substances in Pulmonary Embolism

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Todd ◽  
J.B. Forrest ◽  
J. Hirsh
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽  
Autologous Blood ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Vasculature ◽  
Artery Pressure ◽  
Vasoactive Substances ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Right

Embolisation of the pulmonary vasculature with microspheres releases prostaglandin-1ike substances, PGLS (Piper and Vane, N.Y. Acad. Sei. 180: 363, 1971) but the capacity of autologous blood clots (ABC) to release pulmonary vasoactive substances is disputed. Ten normal mongrel dogs were anesthetised with pentobarbitone sodium and instrumented. Pulmonary venous blood was continuously superfused over isolated tissues for bioassay and then returned to the animal. Injection of ABC into the right atrium increased pulmonary artery pressure from 21 ± 6.5 mm Hg to 38 ± 15 mm Hg (mean ± S.D.), increased arterial pCO2 and decreased arterial pO2. No significant changes in heart rate, systemic arterial blood pressure or cardiac output occurred. In three animals contractions of the blood superfused assay tissues occurred following embolism. This effect was produced in normal assay tissues and those pretreated with antagonists of ACh, Serotonin, Histamine and Catecholamines and could therefore be attributed to PGLS. No cardiovascular or assay tissue tension changes were observed when equivalent volumes of saline or clot lysate were injected into the right atrium.Therefore, pulmonary embolism with ABC can release PGLS which may contribute to the pulmonary artery pressure rise. Vasoactive substances may normally be inactivated in the lung but in some animals appear in pulmonary venous blood.(Supported by the Ontario Heart Foundation)

Hyperoxia of cerebral venous blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid following arterial air embolism

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norval M. Simms ◽  
Don M. Long ◽  
James H. Matthews ◽  
Shelley N. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Air Embolism ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
The Right

✓ Oxygen tension and acid-base parameters of cerebral venous blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid, as well of femoral arterial blood, were studied in 14 dogs following injection of varying amounts of room air into the right vertebral artery. Acute elevations in oxygen tension were demonstrated in both cerebral venous blood and CSF, whereas hypoxemia occurred concomitantly in systemic arterial blood. Post-embolic increases in carbon dioxide tension with reciprocal diminutions in pH were evident in all sampling sites. The pathophysiological bases for these air-induced alterations are discussed.

Pulmonary ventilation, blood gases, and blood pH after training of the arms or the legs

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rasmussen ◽  
K. Klausen ◽  
J. P. Clausen ◽  
J. Trap-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Oxygen Dissociation ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Right

In two groups of young healthy subjects who performed arm training (N = 5) and leg training (N = 5), respectively, the respiratory adaptation to submaximal exercise with trained and nontrained muscle groups was compared by measurement of the ventilatory equivalent (Ve/Vo2, pH, and blood gases (Pco2, Po2, and So2) in arterial blood and in venous blood from exercising extremities. After training Ve/Vo2 was significantly reduced during exercise with trained muscles, but unchanged during exercise with nontrained muscles. The reduction in Ve/Vo2 was closely related to a less pronounced increase in heart rate and in arterial lactate content, but showed no quantitative correlation to changes in arterial adaptations in trained muscles are mainly responsible for the reduction in Ve/Vo2. After training during exercise with trained as well as nontrained muscles a shift to the right of the blood oxygen dissociation curve occurred as extremities was lower while corresponding Po2 was higher.

Arterial blood gases of the domestic hen

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Chiodi ◽  
James W. Terman
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Right ◽  
Domestic Hen

Individual blood samples were collected anaerobically from the brachial arteries of adult White Rock hens and were analyzed for Po2, Pco2, pH, oxygen content and capacity, and CO2 content and capacity. A dissociation curve was constructed from data on equilibration of pooled venous blood. The average arterial oxygen saturation was 90%, the Pco2 was about 32 mm Hg, the Po2 was between 94 and 99 mm Hg, and the pH averaged 7.49. The dissociation curve, as has been shown before, was shifted to the right of most homeothermic species.

Modeling Pathological Hemodynamic Responses to the Valsalva Maneuver

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Pstras ◽  
Karl Thomaseth ◽  
Jacek Waniewski ◽  
Italo Balzani ◽  
Federico Bellavere
Keyword(s):  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Valsalva Maneuver ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Forced Expiration ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Simulation Results

The Valsalva maneuver (VM) consisting in a forced expiration against closed airways is one of the most popular clinical tests of the autonomic nervous system function. When properly performed by a healthy subject, it features four characteristic phases of arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) variations, based on the magnitude of which the autonomic function may be assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. In patients with some disorders or in healthy patients subject to specific conditions, the pattern of BP and HR changes during the execution of the Valsalva maneuver may, however, differ from the typical sinusoidal-like pattern. Several types of such abnormal responses are well known and correspond to specific physiological conditions. In this paper, we use our earlier mathematical model of the cardiovascular response to the Valsalva maneuver to show that such pathological responses may be simulated by changing individual model parameters with a clear physiological meaning. The simulation results confirm the adaptability of our model and its usefulness for diagnostic or educational purposes.

The oxygen dissociation curve: quantifying the shift

Perfusion ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Hamilton ◽  
Barbara Steinlechner ◽  
Eva Gruber ◽  
Paul Simon ◽  
Gregor Wollenek
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Right

An oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) quantifies the most important function of red blood cells and that is the affinity for oxygen and its delivery to the tissues. Oxygen affinity for haemoglobin plays a critical role in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues and is changed by shifting to the left or right. A shift to the left implies an increased oxygen affinity and, hence, tighter binding due to the higher oxygen saturation in relation to the pO2.On the other hand, a shift to the right corresponds to a decreased oxygen affinity and easier release of oxygen to the tissues. It is well known that the ODC shifts in response to changes in pH, pCO2 and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate. However, how much the ODC shifts has never been quantified. Arterial and venous blood gases were taken during cardiopulmonary bypass and two indices were used to quantify the shift of the ODC; the p50 shift and the SO2 difference. Arterial blood shifted to the right by 49-0.1 mmHg at a pH of 7.24 and shifted to the left by -3.59-0.05 mmHg at a pH of 7.51. The change in arterial saturation was minimal, rising by 0.8% and dropping by -5% and did not correlate to p50 shifting and changes in pH, but demonstrated changes dependent on the concentration of dyshaemoglobins. The venous blood exhibited a greater range of p50 shifting at each pH value. At a pH of 7.24, the p50 shifted to the right by 4.89-2 mmHg and at a pH of 7.51 the p50 shifted to the left by -4±1.8 mmHg. Unlike the arterial blood, the change in saturation correlated well to p50 shifting. It is shown here for the first time how much the curve shifts with changes in pH and how this may be used to evaluate treatment strategies.

Relationship of blood flow and myocardial Rb86 clearance in right and left ventricles

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Love ◽  
Lawrence P. O'Meallie
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Coronary Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
Mean Error ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of

The rate of myocardial clearance of Rb86 from arterial blood and the rate of coronary blood flow were studied simultaneously during a 10-min period of isotope infusion in dogs. In order to measure blood flow to the right and left ventricles separately using the Fick principle, venous blood was obtained from an anterior cardiac vein and from the coronary sinus. The relationship of myocardial blood flow and Rb86 clearance was not detectably different in the right and left ventricles. The percentage error in predicting flow from clearance rose as the values increased. At rates of flow below 6 ml/g 10 min the mean error was 4.7%. From 6 to 12 ml/g 10 min the mean error was 10.0% in controls and 14.4% in a group with pulmonary embolism or obstruction of the pulmonary artery. Since the clearance technique does not require catheterization of a cardiac vein, this method can be used to study coronary blood flow under conditions approximating the undisturbed state.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE SITES OF REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD IN PATIENTS WITH BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Beeson ◽  
Emmett S. Brannon ◽  
James V. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bacterial Endocarditis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Bacterial Content ◽  
The Right

In 6 patients with bacterial endocarditis studies were made of the bacterial content of arterial and venous blood. Paired samples were collected, approximately simultaneously, from two different locations in the circulatory system, and colony counts were determined. As many as 48 specimens were taken for culture during a single period of study. Venous blood was drawn not only from different locations in the extremities, but also from the superior and inferior venae cavae, the right auricle, and the hepatic and renal veins. As would be expected, colony counts were highest in arterial blood. Blood from the antecubital veins gave colony counts only slightly lower than arterial blood. In the femoral veins, on the other hand, there were appreciably fewer organisms. This difference is attributed to the type of tissues drained by the two veins. Colony counts in blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae were also lower than arterial counts, the ratio being comparable to that found in femoral vein blood. In the renal veins colony counts were only slightly below the arterial level indicating that few organisms are removed from the blood during passage through the kidneys. The greatest reduction in bacterial content was found in hepatic vein blood. In 3 of the 6 subjects this reduction amounted to more than 95 per cent, and in all subjects the difference was very considerable. Mixed venous blood in the right auricle of the heart gave colony counts which were usually one-half to two-thirds as high as in corresponding samples of arterial blood. An interesting finding in these studies was a remarkable constancy of the bacterial content of arterial blood, during periods of 1 or 2 hours. Despite the fact that a considerable portion of the bacteria which leave the heart in arterial blood appear to be removed during a single circuit of the body, the number of bacteria in successive samples of arterial blood shows little change. This indicates that in bacterial endocarditis organisms are discharged into the blood from the endocardial vegetations at a comparatively even rate, rather than in a haphazard fashion as a result of the breaking off of infected particles.

H2S contributes to the hepatic arterial buffer response and mediates vasorelaxation of the hepatic artery via activation of KATP channels

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (6) ◽  
pp. G1266-G1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Siebert ◽  
Daniel Cantré ◽  
Christian Eipel ◽  
Brigitte Vollmar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Hepatic Artery ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Arterial Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood

Hepatic blood supply is uniquely regulated by the hepatic arterial buffer response (HABR), counteracting alterations of portal venous blood flow by flow changes of the hepatic artery. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a novel signaling molecule with vasoactive properties. However, the contribution of H2S in mediating the HABR is not yet studied. In pentobarbital-anesthetized and laparotomized rats, flow probes around the portal vein and hepatic artery allowed for assessment of the portal venous (PVBF) and hepatic arterial blood flow (HABF) under baseline conditions and stepwise reduction of PVBF for induction of HABR. Animals received either the H2S donor Na2S, DL-propargylglycine as inhibitor of the H2S synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), or saline alone. Additionally, animals were treated with Na2S and the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) inhibitor glibenclamide or with glibenclamide alone. Na2S markedly increased the buffer capacity to 27.4 ± 3.0% ( P < 0.05 vs. controls: 15.5 ± 1.7%), whereas blockade of H2S formation by DL-propargylglycine significantly reduced the buffer capacity (8.5 ± 1.4%). Glibenclamide completely reversed the H2S-induced increase of buffer capacity to the control level. By means of RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry, we observed the expression of both H2S synthesizing enzymes (CSE and cystathionine-β-synthase) in aorta, vena cava, hepatic artery, and portal vein, as well as in hepatic parenchymal tissue. Terminal branches of the hepatic afferent vessels expressed only CSE. We show for the first time that CSE-derived H2S contributes to HABR and partly mediates vasorelaxation of the hepatic artery via activation of KATP channels.

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