Case Report: Bow Hunter Syndrome—One Reason to Add Non-gravity Dependent Positional Nystagmus Testing to Your Clinical Neuro-Otologic Exam

This case study describes transient downbeat nystagmus with vertigo due to a bilateral Bow Hunters Syndrome that was initially treated for 7 months as a peripheral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Normal static angiography and imaging studies (magnetic resonance, computed tomography) contributed to the mis-diagnosis. However, not until positional testing with the patient in upright (non-gravity dependent) was a transient downbeat nystagmus revealed with vertigo. The patient was referred for neurosurgical consult. Unfortunately, surgery was delayed due to suicidal ideation and hospitalization. Eventually, vertigo symptoms resolved following a C4-5 anterior cervical dissection and fusion. This case highlights the critical inclusion of non-gravity dependent position testing as an augment to the positional testing component of the clinical examination as well as the extreme duress that prolonged positional vertigo can cause.

A Comparative Study on Intrathecal Hyperbaric and Hypobaric Bupivacaine in Unilateral Lower Limb Surgeries under Lumbar Sub-Arachnoid Block Held at Central Region of Kerala

BACKGROUND This study compared the characteristics of hyperbaric and hypobaric bupivacaine in patients undergoing unilateral lower limb surgeries under lumbar subarachnoid block with regard to their onset and level of sensory and motor blockades, haemodynamic stability, and recovery profile in terms of analgesic duration and motor recovery. METHODS This is a comparative study. Two groups, each of 36 patients who satisfied American society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) I & II aged 18 – 65 years, were observed intra operatively and during immediate post-operative period. Group 1 received 2.4 ml of 0.5 % bupivacaine (heavy) with operated limb in dependent position. Group 2 received 4 ml of reconstituted hypobaric bupivacaine 0.3 %, with the operated limb positioned in non-dependent position. Onset, level and duration of motor and sensory block, hemodynamic changes and duration of surgical analgesia were compared between groups. RESULTS The level of sensory block attained in the hypobaric group was at T12 with maximum at T9, in the hyperbaric group it is variable and at higher level. Duration of sensory blockade was less with hypobaric. Motor block of modified Bromage scale 3 after 10 minutes was none in group 2 and 91.7 % in group 1. Significant fall in systolic blood pressure at 15 to 30 minutes and diastolic BP at 15 and 20 minutes was noted in hyperbaric group after subarachnoid block. There was significant percentage of change in systolic blood pressure from 4 to 70 minutes and mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 4 to 90 minutes in hyperbaric group. Duration of surgical analgesia in hypobaric group was longer compared to hyper baric. CONCLUSIONS Intrathecal hypobaric bupivacaine showed better haemodynamic stability and longer duration of analgesia in comparison with hyperbaric bupivacaine in lower limb surgeries. KEYWORDS Anaesthesia, Bupivacaine, Hypobaric, Subarachnoid Block

O Território Econômico Alemão na Europa Central: análise dos investimentos estrangeiros recebidos pelo Grupo de Visegrado a partir de Hilferding | The German Economic Territory in Central Europe: analysis of foreign investments received by the Visegrado Group based on Hilferding

Formado por Polônia, Hungria, República Tcheca e Eslováquia, o Grupo de Visegrado é uma área privilegiada de destino dos investimentos alemães, integrando com a indústria alemã a maior cadeia produtiva da Europa. Visando responder como se organizam as relações econômicas entre o grupo e a Alemanha, apresentamos a hipótese de que Berlim converteu os países da Europa Central em parte do seu território econômico através de exportações massivas de capital. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as relações de produção entre Alemanha e Visegrado, de modo a lançar luz sobre a posição de dependência do último. Como referencial teórico, recorremos à obra de Hilferding (1910) e, como metodologia, empregamos uma análise quantitativa dos fluxos de capitais alemães para a região, além de uma análise qualitativa dos efeitos desse processo. Esperamos demonstrar que o grupo desempenha o papel de fábrica dos produtos alemães para o mercado europeu.Palavras-chave: Visegrad Group; Germany; economic territory.ABSTRACTFormed by Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Visegrad Group is a privileged area of destination for German investments, integrating with the German industry the lar-gest supply chain in Europe. Aiming to answer how the economic relations between the group and Germany are organized, we present the hypothesis that Berlin converted the countries of Central Europe into part of its economic territory through massive capital exports. This article’s purpose is to analyze the production relations between Germany and Visegrad, in order to shed light on the latter's dependent position. As our theoretical framework, we resort to the work of Hilferding (1910) and, as our methodology, we employ a quantitative analysis of German capital flows to the region, as well as a qualitative analysis of the effects of this process. We expect to demonstrate that the group plays the role of a factory for German products in the European market.Keywords: Visegrad Group; Germany; economic territory. Recebido em: 02 abr. 2021 | Aceito em: 08 jun. 2021.

Prerequisites of feminist discourse formation in Russian sociology of the XIX c.: M. I. Mikhailov .

The article considers the ideas of the Russian writer, poet and journalist M. I. Mikhailov, that became intellectual prerequisites for the formation of feminist discourse in Russian sociology of the XIX century. Domestic thinkers have contributed greatly to the emergence in Russia of feminism as a social phenomenon and the theory of feminism in the history of Russian social thought. The specifics of historical and cultural development have influenced the reflection of many issues within the social sciences, including the need to explore the “female issue” in sociology. The author shows that the problem of the position of women in society is markedly expressed in the context of Russian culture and is widely revealed in Russian literature in the works of famous writers, poets, journalists, philosophers, in particular in the works of M. Mikhailov. This article can be considered as an attempt to develop and deepen courses on the history of Russian sociology, it gives an idea of how feminist discourse was formed in classical sociology. The presentation of the problem of inequality, overcoming the dependent position of women and ensuring their rights in Russia differs from the Western specificity. This difference is reflected in the works of M. Mikhailov. The author shows significant influence on shaping the feminist discourse of European scholars, on the one hand. On the other hand, the author describes a revision and critical analysis of these ideas in the works of the Russian writer. The article analyzed Mikhailov’s creativity as one of the components of the process of spiritual and intellectual development of Russian social thought, immediately preceding the emergence of sociology in Russia and the formation of feminist discourse within some leading scientific schools.

Formation of Synodal Regime of Church Administration in Context of Relationship between Secular and Spiritual Authorities in 1721—1725 (Nizhny Novgorod Diocese)

The article is devoted to the formation of the synodal regime of government of the Russian Orthodox Church and related problems in the relationship between secular and spiritual authorities. Attention is paid to the new policy of the state represented by the Synod in relation to the local episcopate. The peculiarities of the organization of the diocesan administration are characterized on the materials of the Nizhny Novgorod region. A brief biography of the local Bishop Pitirim, one of the close associates of Peter I is presented. The results of the analysis of problems in relations between the state and the church in the political sphere are given. A classification of these problems is proposed on the basis of various aspects of interaction between secular and clergy. Special attention is paid to issues related to the status of the Synod and its real possibilities to represent the interests of the clergy. It is shown on regional material that the clergy, under synodal conditions, found themselves in a dependent position on the authorities, both central and local. The author especially dwells on the facts describing the arbitrariness of officials in relation to persons of clergy, interference in their competence on certain issues. It has been proved that the establishment of the Synod and the general bureaucratization during the reign of Peter I changed the nature of church-state relations and acted as prerequisites for the emergence of new difficulties.

The Anthropology of Financialization in Eastern Europe

Initially understood as a narrowly economic process of financial expansion, the concept of financialization has expanded to describe the increasing power of financial actors, practices, logics, and narratives in various domains of social life and the resulting transformations. Anthropologists study financialization as a polyvalent social process that works in and through social relations and encompasses financial expansion and penetration as well as particular forms of morality, governmentality, and subjectivity. They employ ethnography and relational analysis to defamiliarize finance, destabilize its dominant representations, reveal its hidden agendas, and expose the gaps between its promises and actual outcomes. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, Eastern Europe has been one of the most dynamic areas of anthropological research on financialization. The process had a distinct flavor in the region inasmuch as it was part of its wider transition from socialism to capitalism and integration into the global capitalist economy in an unequal and dependent position. Peripheral financialization in the region depended on cross-border inflows of interest-bearing capital, orchestrated mainly by banks owned by Western European banking groups. Much relevant work by anthropologists has examined the consequences of peripheral financialization for households, focusing especially on characteristic predatory lending practices such as foreign exchange (FX) lending. Another prominent line of inquiry has been concerned with forms of civil society and contestation emerging in response to financialization. These often took a more conservative or technocratic form than similar movements in the West, which reflected the specificities of financialization as well as wider political dynamics in the region. Anthropologists also studied the state as an agent and object of financialization, exploring issues such as articulation between financialization and authoritarianism or the impact of growing public debt on the ideologies of governance. A general thread in anthropological analyses has been a complex interplay between transformations induced by financialization and the manifold ways in which finance was “domesticated” by preexisting social relations and values, especially those based on kinship and gender.

METACOMMUNICATIVE PRAGMATIC MARKERS: GENDER ASPECT

The article deals with the use of metacommunicative pragmatic markers in the gender aspect, taking into account the social roles of the speaker. The research is carried out based on the data of the ORD corpus of Russian Everyday Speech, known as ‘One Speaker’s Day’, which contains transcripts of audio recordings obtained under natural conditions. The subsample includes about 200 thousand words. It features episodes of ‘speaker’s days’ of 15 women and 15 men belonging to three age groups. The informants act in various social roles, opposed by the principle of symmetry/asymmetry. Pragmatic annotation of the material and further discursive analysis have demonstrated that metacommunication is actively used in the speech of the informants, but it is much more common for the women’s speech. The men use markers of this type with specific speech tasks, for example, for a refusal (slushay / u menya net deneg <look / I have no money>); in the women’s speech, the variability of metacommunicative markers is wider but there is no functional diversity. This confirms the observations of linguists, obtained from the material of various languages, that women tend to cooperate and maintain dialogue to a greater extent than men. From the perspective of feminist linguistics, this feature of female speech is directly related to the issues of the women’s dependent position since it reflects their passivity and the habit of yielding. However, more than half of the detected uses belong to the speech of women of the older age group (from 55 years old) who communicate with relatives and friends, while in the younger age group the metacommunicative pragmatic markers become multifunctional and also act in speech as a start marker.

Extractivismo Agrario e Industria Agroalimentaria en Andalucía.

This study characterizes the Andalusian economy as an extractive economy. First, we alalyze the historical conditions that shaped the dependent position of Andalusian capitalism and consolidated a productive structure based mainly on the extraction of resources from nature, such as in the agriculture and agri-food industries. Next, we study how the extractivist model in Andalusia operates in the 21st century by analyzing its basic features: the intensification of monocultures as agro-export platforms, the power of large distribution in value chains and the institutional drive toward second-degree cooperativism as a response. Among the main impacts of this model we highlight the impoverishment and loss of food sovereignty in the Andalusian region

Prevalence of “Reversal Nystagmus” in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Purpose To investigate the prevalence of reversal nystagmus in individuals with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Study Design Prevalence of reversal nystagmus was assessed in 28 subjects with unilateral posterior canal BPPV, canalithiasis type. Six trials of Dix-Hallpike testing were completed for each subject. Results Reversal nystagmus was present in 129 out of 167 Dix-Hallpike maneuvers that were performed (77.2%). In 19 trials where nystagmus was absent with the dependent position of Dix-Hallpike testing, reversal nystagmus was nonetheless demonstrated in 11 trials (57.9%). Conclusion Reversal nystagmus is commonly demonstrated in individuals with posterior canal BPPV, canalithiasis type. It is frequently evoked even when there is no nystagmus with the dependent position of Dix-Hallpike testing. Observation of reversal nystagmus may enhance the identification of BPPV during Dix-Hallpike testing.

Barrows of the Eneolithic-Early Iron Age in the Kalinovka in the Dnieper Nadporozhye

The main aim of this article is description and publication of the materials of two barrows which was explored by the expedition of the Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipro by L. P. Krylova in 1973. They located near the Kalinovka village of the Solonyansky raiion of the Dnipropetrovska oblast. Methods: comparative-historical, typological, chronological, descriptive. Main results. The barrows near the Kalinovka village of the Solonyansky raiion of the Dnipropetrovska oblast belonged to a large burial ground, which was partly destroyed. Only the mound with a sign of triangulation remained was saved at the time of excavation. The mound 1 was build in two construction receptions. The primary mound, fixed on the V-shaped ditch, is filled for the main grave 7 of post-mariupol culture. It is connected with the device of a near-tomb pavement made of wood with separate inclusions of stones and a peculiar covering of the sub-square site with a layer of clay. Both ritual actions are known in a member of post-mariupol burials of the territorial variant of the Steppe Dnipro and the Dnipro Nadporizhzhya. The main markers of the burial rite of the post-mariupol burials are the shape of the burial pit, elongated position of the deceased on the back, orientation to East, the presence of ocher carmine color. The group of pit burials (№№ 3,5,6,9) forms the second cultural-chronological horizon. One of them may be associated with a ring filler, which brought the mound to a modern size. The most recent are burials of zrubna culture (№№ 2,8), in one of which ceramic fragments were found. Cultural identity of grave 1 has not been established. Barrow 2 was 4 m high and 30 m in diameter, was erected for four simultaneous Scythian burials. The embankment was surrounded by a ditch with two bridges at the East and Nord edges, 1,5 m in length and bones of animals from the reed. Outside the pit, vertically standing stones of the cromlech are traced. All the graves are made in the same type of catacomb, which are distributed in the Northern Black Sea in the IV–III centuries BC. The main grave 3 was collective – two adults (a man and a woman) and a child. The surviving in situ parts of the male skeleton testify to the position of the burials elongated on the back, the head to the East. The burial was repeatedly robbed. At the entrance to the chamber, from the inside, a part of the wall of a bronze boiler was found. For the chronological definitions, well-dated categories of inventory (arrowheads and ect.) are involved, allowing to date grave 3 to the second half of the IV and beginning of the III BC. The life-long social status of a man of grave 3 in the hierarchy of the caldron-holders is related to the head of the genus of the lower aristocratic stratum of the Scythian society. The three graves contained various age burials of children, accompanied by ornaments. Their status is ambiguous since may reflect both generic or tribal affinity with those buried in grave 3, and a dependent position relative to the child in grave 3 as a possible heir to a sufficiently high social rank of the father. Concise conclusions. The obtained materials allow to determine the time of occurrence of a burial mound near the Kalinovka village by the Eneolithic in the presence of post-mariupol burials, which mark the appearance of a mound rite in the Steppe and Pre-Dnipro Ukraine. Its further functioning is connected with the Bronze Age, represented by pit and log complexes. The later cultural and chronological layer is formed by the Scythian burials, which reflect the processes of social stratification of the society. Practical meaning. The published materials can be used in generalizing research of the problems of archeology of the Early Iron Age of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The cultural and chronological features of mound construction and burial complexes near the Kalinovka village of the Solonyansky raiion of the Dnipropetrovska oblast had been determine. Type of article: analytical.