Common cellular events occur during wound healing and organ regeneration in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima

Regeneration of lost or injured organs is an intriguing process where numerous cellular events take place to form the new structure. Studies of this process during reconstitution of the intestine have been performed in echinoderms, particularly in holothurians. Many cellular events triggered during regeneration have been described using the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima as a research model. More recent experiments have targeted the molecular mechanism behind the process, a task that has been eased by the new sequencing technologies now available. In this review we present the studies involving cellular processes and the genes that have been identified to be associated with the early events of gut regeneration. We also present the ongoing efforts to perform functional studies necessary to establish the role(s) of the identified genes. A synopsis of the studies is given with the course of the regenerative process established so far.

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Antibiotics Modulate Intestinal Regeneration

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10030236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 236

Author(s):

Lymarie M. Díaz-Díaz ◽

Natalia Rosario-Meléndez ◽

Andrea Rodríguez-Villafañe ◽

Yariel Y. Figueroa-Vega ◽

Omar A. Pérez-Villafañe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Regenerative Processes ◽

Ecm Remodeling ◽

Bacterial Cultures ◽

Intestinal Regeneration ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Altered Cell ◽

Holothuria Glaberrima ◽

Mtt Assays

The increased antibiotics usage in biomedical and agricultural settings has been well documented. Antibiotics have now been shown to exert effects outside their purposive use, including effects on physiological and developmental processes. We explored the effect of various antibiotics on intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. For this, holothurians were eviscerated and left to regenerate for 10 days in seawater with different penicillin/streptomycin-based cocktails (100 µg/mL PS) including: 100 µg/mL kanamycin (KPS), 5 µg/mL vancomycin (VPS), and 4 µg/mL (E4PS) or 20 µg/mL (E20PS) erythromycin. Immunohistological and histochemical analyses were performed to analyze regenerative processes, including rudiment size, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell proliferation, and muscle dedifferentiation. A reduction in muscle dedifferentiation was observed in all antibiotic-treated animals. ECM remodeling was decreased by VPS, E4PS, and E20PS treatments. In addition, organisms subjected to E20PS displayed a significant reduction in the size of their regenerating rudiments while VPS exposure altered cell proliferation. MTT assays were used to discard the possibility that the antibiotics directly affect holothurian metabolic activity while bacterial cultures were used to test antibiotic effects on holothurian enteric microbiota. Our results demonstrate a negative effect on intestinal regeneration and strongly suggest that these effects are due to alterations in the microbial community.

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MicroRNAs: Small Regulators of Tissue Regeneration

Journal of Genes and Cells ◽

10.15562/gnc.51 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Madjid Momeni-Moghaddam ◽

Elnaz Yossefi ◽

Fatemeh Oladi

Keyword(s):

Small Molecules ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Protein Production ◽

Special Functions ◽

Cellular Events ◽

Organ Regeneration ◽

Wide Range ◽

Range Of Functions ◽

Transcriptional Gene Regulation ◽

Common Cell

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules that are involved in the regulation of cellular events. They can monitor protein production using a kind of gene expression inhibition called post transcriptional gene regulation. Nowadays a lot of them have been found in different kind of cellular process so they have a wide range of functions from common cell tasks to roles in the regulation of special functions including regeneration of damaged tissues. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the field of miRNAs. This paper will review the research conducted on the roles of miRNAs in stem cells and tissue/organ regeneration.

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Wound Healing and Omega-6 Fatty Acids: From Inflammation to Repair

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2018/2503950 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jéssica R. Silva ◽

Beatriz Burger ◽

Carolina M. C. Kühl ◽

Thamiris Candreva ◽

Mariah B. P. dos Anjos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Phagocytic Capacity ◽

Cellular Events ◽

Species Survival ◽

Evolutionarily Conserved ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Cell Migration And Proliferation

Wound healing is an evolutionarily conserved process that is essential for species survival. Wound healing involves a series of biochemical and cellular events that are tightly controlled, divided into 3 concomitant and overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Poor wound healing or a chronic wound represents a silent epidemic that affects billions of people worldwide. Considering the involvement of immune cells in its resolution, recent studies are focused on investigating the roles of immune nutrients such as amino acids, minerals, and fatty acids on wound healing. Among the fatty acids, much attention has been given to omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids since they can modulate cell migration and proliferation, phagocytic capacity, and production of inflammatory mediators. The present review summarizes current knowledge about the role of ω-6 fatty acids in the wound healing context.

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The nervous system component of the mesentery of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima in normal and regenerating animals

Cell and Tissue Research ◽

10.1007/s00441-019-03142-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 380 (1) ◽

pp. 67-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christian Nieves-Ríos ◽

Samuel Alvarez-Falcón ◽

Sonya Malavez ◽

Jannette Rodriguez-Otero ◽

José E. García-Arrarás

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

System Component ◽

Holothuria Glaberrima

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Nerve growth factor accelerates the early cellular events associated with wound healing

Experimental and Molecular Pathology ◽

10.1016/0014-4800(85)90048-6 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 274-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Michael J.P. Lawman ◽

Michael D.P. Boyle ◽

Adrian P. Gee ◽

Michael Young

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Nerve Growth Factor ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Nerve Growth ◽

Cellular Events

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Lipopolysaccharides induce intestinal serum amyloid A expression in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima

Developmental & Comparative Immunology ◽

10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00068-x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 105-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Pedro G Santiago-Cardona ◽

César A Berrı́os ◽

Francisco Ramı́rez ◽

José E Garcı́a-Arrarás

Keyword(s):

Sea Cucumber ◽

Serum Amyloid A ◽

Serum Amyloid ◽

Amyloid A ◽

Holothuria Glaberrima

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The Effects of the Supplementation with Snakehead Fish and Sea Cucumber Extracts on Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Post-Operative Patients

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY ◽

10.24293/ijcpml.v26i3.1541 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Otniel Wendy Wahono ◽

JB. Suparyatmo ◽

Dian Ariningrum

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Normal Distribution ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

T Test ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽

Abnormal Distribution ◽

The Mean

Wound healing is a complex process that involves the interaction between Extracellular Matrix (ECM) cells and mediated by cytokines and various growth factors, especially platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which plays a role in almost every phase of wound healing. Applying snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract containing amino acids and fatty acids in post-operative patients is expected to increase PDGF levels and enable the acceleration of the wound healing process. This study was a double-blind randomized control trial with a pre and post-treatment approach which involved 34 post-operative patients divided into two groups; the control group (K1) and treatment group (K2) and was carried out from April to June 2019 at Dr. Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta. Independent sample T-test was used for data with normal distribution to determine the mean differences between the control and treatment groups, while the Mann-Whitney test was used for data with the abnormal distribution. Also, to determine the mean difference before and after the treatment of one paired group, a paired T-test was used for data with normal distribution, while the Wilcoxon test was used for data with the abnormal distribution. p < 0.05 was significant with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). The supplementation of snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract significantly increased PDGF levels in the treatment group (K2) compared to the controls group (K1) (p <0.001). Our findings showed that snakehead fish and sea cucumber extract were able to increase PDGF levels in post-operative patients on the fourth day.

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Draft Genome of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria glaberrima, a model for the study of regeneration

10.1101/2020.05.26.117028 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua G. Medina-Feliciano ◽

Stacy Pirro ◽

Jose E. García-Arrarás ◽

Vladimir Mashanov ◽

Joseph F. Ryan

Keyword(s):

Sea Cucumber ◽

Draft Genome ◽

Body Parts ◽

Sea Cucumbers ◽

Draft Genome Assembly ◽

Life History Stages ◽

Final Assembly ◽

Molecular Events ◽

High Conservation ◽

Holothuria Glaberrima

AbstractRegeneration is one of the most fascinating and yet least understood processes of animals. Echinoderms, one of the closest related invertebrate groups to humans, can contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of regenerative processes. Amongst echinoderms, sea cucumbers have the ability to grow back most of their body parts following injury, including the intestine and nervous tissue. The cellular and molecular events underlying these abilities in sea cucumbers have been most extensively studied in the species Holothuria glaberrima. However, research into the regenerative abilities of this species have been impeded due to the lack of adequate genomic resources. Here, we report the first draft genome assembly of H. glaberrima and demonstrate its value for future genetic studies. Using only short sequencing reads, we assembled the genome into 2,960,762 scaffolds totaling 1.5 gigabases with an N50 of 15 kilobases. Our BUSCO assessment of the genome resulted in 882 (90.2%) complete and partial genes from 978 genes queried. We incorporated transcriptomic data from several different life history stages to annotate 41,076 genes in our final assembly. To demonstrate the usefulness of the genome, we fully annotated the melanotransferrin (Mtf) gene family, which have a potential role in regeneration of the sea cucumber intestine. Using these same data, we extracted the mitochondrial genome, which showed high conservation to that of other holothuroids. Thus, these data will be a critical resource for ongoing studies of regeneration and other studies in sea cucumbers.

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Unilateral corneal insult in Zebrafish results in a bilateral cell shape and identity modification, supporting wound closure

10.1101/2021.03.21.436164 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kaisa Ikkala ◽

Vassilis Stratoulias ◽

Frederic Michon

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Wound Closure ◽

Profound Change ◽

Corneal Wound Healing ◽

Organ Regeneration ◽

Corneal Wound ◽

Aquatic Vertebrates ◽

Transcriptomic Signature ◽

Speed Up ◽

First Time

AbstractMost of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates are equipped with camera-type eyes, offering a focused and clear sight. This apparatus is rendered inefficient if its most superficial and transparent element, the cornea, is opaque. This structure, prone to environmental aggressions, bears excellent wound healing capabilities to preserve vision. Up to date, most of the corneal wound healing studies are made on mammals. Here, for the first time, zebrafish is used as model to study wound closure of corneal epithelium after abrasion. Our study demonstrates a swift wound closure after corneal insult. Interestingly, a unilateral wound induces a bilateral response. While cell proliferation is increased during wound closure, this parameter is not crucial, and cell rearrangements seems to be the driving force. Furthermore, we discovered a profound change in epithelial cell transcriptomic signature after abrasion, reflecting a modulation of cell identity and increase of phenotypic plasticity. The latter seems to unlock terminally differentiated cell capacities for wound healing, which could be the key for a speed up organ regeneration. Our results prove that zebrafish cornea is a powerful model to investigate, not only corneal wound healing, but ectodermal organ pathophysiology.

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