scholarly journals Straw retention efficiently improves fungal communities and functions in the fallow ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caifang Zhang ◽  
Zhaoli Lin ◽  
Youxiong Que ◽  
Nyumah Fallah ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Straw Retention ◽  
Its Rrna

Abstract Background Straw retention is a substitute for chemical fertilizers, which effectively maintain organic matter and improve microbial communities on agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to provide sufficient information on soil fungal community networks and their functions in response to straw retention. Hence, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Illumina MiSeq (ITS rRNA) and FUNGuild to examine ITS rRNA gene populations, soil fungal succession and their functions under control (CK) and sugarcane straw retention (SR) treatments at different soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) in fallow fields. Result The result showed that SR significantly enhanced ITS rRNA gene copy number and Shannon index at 0–10 cm soil depth. Fungi abundance, OTUs number and ACE index decreased with the increasing soil depth. The ANOSIM analysis revealed that the fungal community of SR significantly differed from that of CK. Similarly, significant difference was also observed between topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm). Compared with CK, SR decreased the relative abundance of the pathogen, while increased the proportion of saprotroph. Regarding soil depth, pathogen relative abundance in topsoil was lower than that in subsoil. Besides, both sugarcane straw retention and soil depths (topsoil and subsoil) significantly altered the co-occurrence patterns and fungal keystone taxa closely related to straw decomposition. Furthermore, both SR and topsoil had higher average clustering coefficients (aveCC), negative edges and varied modularity. Conclusions Overall, straw retention improved α-diversity, network structure and fungal community, while reduced soil pathogenic microbes across the entire soil profile. Thus, retaining straw to improve fungal composition, community stability and their functions, in addition to reducing soil-borne pathogens, can be an essential agronomic practice in developing a sustainable agricultural system.

scholarly journals Salivary Microbiome in Children With Down Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Morishima ◽  
Kaori Takeda ◽  
Setsue Greenan ◽  
Yoshinobu Maki
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Mixed Dentition ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Down syndrome (DS), a most frequently occurring genetic disorder, is associated with oral morphological abnormalities and higher incidence rates of oral diseases. Recent studies have analyzed the oral microbiome to elucidate their relationships with oral diseases and general health; however, reports on the oral microbiome in individuals with DS are scarce. This study aimed to characterize the oral microbiome in children with DS. The salivary microbiomes of children with DS (DS) and children without DS (ND) aged 1 to 12 years were compared. Results of culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection tests for cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria showed no significant differences in the detected bacteria between the DS and ND groups, with the exception of a significantly higher detection rate of Candida albicans in children with DS with mixed dentition. A comparison of the salivary microbiomes by 16S sequencing showed no significant difference in α diversity; however, it showed a significant difference in β diversity. Children with DS had a higher relative abundance of Corynebacterium and Cardiobacterium, and lower relative abundance of TM7. This study provided basic data on the salivary microbiome of children with DS and further identified a characteristic microbiological marker of children with DS.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Soil Fungal Community Structure and Assembly to Long- Versus Short-Term Nitrogen Addition in a Tropical Forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhong He ◽  
Shuo Jiao ◽  
Xiangping Tan ◽  
Hui Wei ◽  
Xiaomin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Soil Fungal Community

Soil fungi play critical roles in ecosystem processes and are sensitive to global changes. Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been well documented to impact on fungal diversity and community composition, but how the fungal community assembly responds to the duration effects of experimental N addition remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the soil fungal community variations and assembly processes under short- (2 years) versus long-term (13 years) exogenous N addition (∼100 kg N ha–1 yr–1) in a N-rich tropical forest of China. We observed that short-term N addition significantly increased fungal taxonomic and phylogenetic α-diversity and shifted fungal community composition with significant increases in the relative abundance of Ascomycota and decreases in that of Basidiomycota. Short-term N addition also significantly increased the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi and decreased that of ectomycorrhizal fungi. However, unremarkable effects on these indices were found under long-term N addition. The variations of fungal α-diversity, community composition, and the relative abundance of major phyla, genera, and functional guilds were mainly correlated with soil pH and NO3––N concentration, and these correlations were much stronger under short-term than long-term N addition. The results of null, neutral community models and the normalized stochasticity ratio (NST) index consistently revealed that stochastic processes played predominant roles in the assembly of soil fungal community in the tropical forest, and the relative contribution of stochastic processes was significantly increased by short-term N addition. These findings highlighted that the responses of fungal community to N addition were duration-dependent, i.e., fungal community structure and assembly would be sensitive to short-term N addition but become adaptive to long-term N enrichment.

scholarly journals Comparing Fecal, Saliva, and Chicha Microbiomes Between Mothers and Children in an Indigenous Ecuadorian Cohort

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Adams ◽  
Andrew Oliver ◽  
Alexandria Gille ◽  
Nadia Alaniz ◽  
Carolina Jamie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTRecent research has elucidated many factors which play a role in the development and composition of human microbiomes. In this study we briefly examine the microbiomes of saliva and fecal samples from 71 indigenous individuals, and chicha samples from 28 single family households in a remote community in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Fecal and saliva samples were collected at two separate time points whereas chicha samples were collected at four time points, once each day of the fermentation process. In total 324 samples were collected: 113 saliva, 108 chicha, and 103 fecal. Microbial composition and diversity were assessed using shotgun metagenome sequence data. Chicha samples were found to be nearly entirely composed of the order Lactobacillales, accounting for 90.1% of the relative abundance. Saliva samples also contained a high relative abundance of Lactobacillales (31.9%) as well as being composed of Neisseriales (12.8%), Actinomycineae (8.7%), Bacteroidales (7.0%), Clostridiales (6.8%), Micrococcineae (6.5%), and Pasteurellales (6.0%). Fecal samples were largely composed of the three orders Clostridiales (33.7%), Bacteroidales (21.9%), and Bifidobacteriales (16.5%). Comparison of α-diversity, as calculated by Shannon’s Diversity Index, in mothers and their offspring showed no significant difference between the two groups in either fecal or saliva samples. Comparison of β-diversity in fecal and saliva samples, as calculated by the Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity measure, within household units and between differing households showed that members of the same household were significantly less dissimilar to each other than to members of other households in the community. Average microbiome composition for individuals within fecal and saliva samples was assessed to determine the impact of an individual’s household on the composition of their microbiome. Household was determined to have a significant impact on both fecal and oral microbiome compositions.

scholarly journals How Do N Addition Affect Soil Fungal Community Assembly: Short- Versus Long-term Effects?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhong He ◽  
Shuo Jiao ◽  
Xiangping Tan ◽  
Hui Wei ◽  
Xiaomin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Soil Fungal Community ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Background: Soil fungi play critical roles in ecosystem processes and are sensitive to global changes. Elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been well documented to impact on fungal diversity and community composition, but how fungal community assembly respond to short- and long-term simulative N deposition remains poorly understood. Here, we carried out two field experiments to investigate the soil fungal community variations and assembly processes under short- (2 years) versus long-term (13 years) exogenous nitrogen addition (100 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in a N-rich tropical forest of China. Results: We observed that short-term N addition significantly increased fungal taxonomic and phylogenetic α-diversity, and shifted fungal community composition with significant increases in the relative abundance of Ascomycota and saprotrophic fungi, and decreases in the relative abundance of Basidiomycota and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. However, unremarkable effects were found under long-term N addition. The variations of fungal α-diversity, community composition, the relative abundance of major phyla, genera and functional guilds were mainly correlated with soil pH and the concentrations of NO3--N, and these correlations were much stronger under short- than long-term N addition. The results of null, neutral community models and the 39 normalized stochasticity ratio (NST) index consistently revealed that stochastic processes played predominant roles in the assembly of soil fungal community under N addition in the tropical forest, and that the relative contributions of stochastic processes were higher at short-term site. Furthermore, both short- and long-term N addition slightly loosened the co-occurrence networks of the fungal community. Conclusions: These findings highlighted that the responses of fungal community structure to N addition were duration-dependent, i.e., the fungal community was sensitive to the short-term N addition but become acclimatized to long-term N enrichment.

scholarly journals Complete remission of metastatic osteosarcoma using combined modality therapy: a retrospective analysis of unselected patients in China

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Xie ◽  
Jie Xu ◽  
Xiaowei Li ◽  
Zuli Zhou ◽  
Hongqing Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Metastases ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
Hypofractionated Radiotherapy ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Progression Rate ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Metastatic Osteosarcoma ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Complete surgical remission (CSR) is the best predictor of overall survival (OS) for patients with metastatic osteosarcoma. However, metastasectomy has not been widely implemented in China in the last decade due to various factors, and instead, most physicians choose hypofractionated radiotherapy to treat pulmonary lesions. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the outcomes of different local treatments for pulmonary lesions and identify the best local therapy strategies for these patients. Methods We reviewed the clinical courses of osteosarcoma patients with pulmonary metastases who were initially treated in two sarcoma centres in Beijing, China, from June 1st, 2009, to March 26th, 2020. With a median follow-up of 32.4 (95% confidence interval (CI): 30.8, 36.1) months, a total of 127 patients with 605 pulmonary nodules, all of whom had received local therapy and firstly achieved CSR or complete radiated/metabolic remission (CRR), were included in the analysis. A total of 102 patients with 525 nodules were initially diagnosed with resectable lung metastases, while 25 patients had 80 indeterminate nodules at presentation and relapsed with pulmonary metastases within 6 months after the completion of adjuvant chemotherapy. Results Eighty-eight of 127 (69.3%) patients had fewer than 5 nodules at the time of local therapy, with 48 of 127 (37.8%) located in the unilateral pleura. No patient underwent thoracotomy, and 42 of 127 patients (85 nodules) received video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). In addition, 79 of 127 patients (520 nodules) received hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (RT), such as Gamma Knife radiosurgery or CyberKnife radiosurgery. The twelve-month event-free survival (EFS) (from local therapy to progression) rate of this entire study cohort was 35.6% (95% CI: 26.8, 44.4%), without a significant difference between the two groups (44.7% for VATS vs. 28.4% for RT, P = 0.755). Radiation-induced pneumonitis was observed in 62 of 86 (72.1%) patients, with one patient (1/86, 1.2%) in grade 4. Conclusions Our past data showed a similar prognosis with the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy and VATS for the treatment of pulmonary metastasis and no inferiority to thoracotomy regarding historical outcomes. Currently, high-resolution chest computed tomography (CT) provides sufficient information on nodules, and less invasive modalities can thus be considered for treatment.

scholarly journals Mycobiome Composition and Diversity under the Long-Term Application of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Chicken Manure

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Magdalena Frąc ◽  
Giorgia Pertile ◽  
Jacek Panek ◽  
Agata Gryta ◽  
Karolina Oszust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Chain Reactions

Waste exogenous organic matter, including spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and chicken manure (CM), can be used as the basis of a soil-improving cropping system in sustainable agriculture. However, there is—as yet—a lack of information about important quality indicators such as the fungal community relative abundance, structure and biodiversity in soils treated with these additives. In this study, the responses of the soil fungal community composition and mycobiome diversity to SMS and CM application compared to the control soil were evaluated using a combination of the following molecular approaches: quantitative polymerase chain reactions, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and next-generation sequencing. The most abundant phylum for both treatments was Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota. The application of SMS and CM increased the abundance of fungi, including Tremellomycetes and Pezizomycetes for the SMS additive, while the Mortierellomycetes, Pezizomycetes, and Leotiomycetes levels increased after CM addition. SMS and CM beneficially reduced the relative abundance of several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) which are potential crop pathogens. The results provide a novel insight into the fungal community associated with organic additives, which should be beneficial in the task of managing the soil mycobiome as well as crop protection and productivity.

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Webinar on Knowledge Regarding the Strategies to Prevent Covid 19 among Nursing Students of SIIHS, Honavar, Uttara Kannada

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagaya Arockiya Mary. A ◽  
Susai Mari.A ◽  
Wincy. C ◽  
Thirumurugan. M ◽  
Verginia Dsouza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Student Nurses ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test

Background: The one virus stumbled the whole universe is the novel corona virus and impacted physical, emotional and social health status of almost every individual in the world irrespectively. Since the existence of Covid-19 till now it is been noticed that student nurses also affected by this fatal viral infection during their clinical practice. Objectives: The study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of webinar on knowledge regarding the strategies to prevent Covid -19 among student nurses of SIIHS, Honavar, Uttara Kannada. The study aimed at enhancing the knowledge level and influences others through effective health teaching at clinical areas and even in community settings. Methodology: An evaluative approach with pre- experimental, non-randomized, one group pre and post-test research design was adapted. The sample size was 294, purposive sampling technique was adapted. Data collected through testmoz web page and webinar was conducted by google meet app for one week. Data analysed by descriptive and statistical methods (chi-square and z-test) and interpreted by graphs. Results: The findings show that in pre-test 10(3.41%) had poor, 127(43.19%) had average, 157(53.40%) Good and 00% excellent knowledge level whereas in post-test 00% had Poor, 59(20.06%) Average, 176(59.86%) Good and 59 (20.06%) had excellent knowledge level. The pre-test mean score was 23.1 (46.2 %.) and of post-test was 35.6 (71.2%). The computed z’-test value showing significant difference in the pre (x?1=23.1) and post-test (x?2=35.6) knowledge score (p=1.18357, < z= -5.1679, critical z score=-1.6449 ? =0.05 level of significance). Hence the p value is greater than the z value (p(x?Z) = 1.18357e-7), it indicates the webinar was effective and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. Conclusion: The study was concluded as the webinar was highly effective and influenced the participant to gain sufficient information on prevention and the spread of Covid 19. Hopefully this enables them to apply

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SUGARCANE STRAW AND SOWING DEPTH ON THE EMERGENCE OF WEED SPECIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. SILVA ◽  
P. A. MONQUERO ◽  
F. B. SILVA ◽  
N. C. BEVILAQUA ◽  
M. R. MALARDO
Keyword(s):  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Luffa Aegyptiaca

ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the influence of sowing depth and the amount of sugarcane straw on the emergence of weed species Luffa aegyptiaca Miller (Cucurbitaceae); Mucuna aterrima Piper & Tracy (Fabaceae - Leguminosae) and Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae). A completely randomized design with a 5 x 4 x 3 factorial layout with four replications was used, at five sowing depths (0, 2, 4, 8 and 10 cm), four different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) and three different evaluation periods (7, 14 and 21 days after sowing). After sowing, different amounts of sugarcane straw (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1) were deposited on soil. Seedling emergence was analyzed at 7, 14 and 21 days after sowing, counting the number of seedlings that had emerged. At the end of the trial, weed height (cm), leaf area (cm2) and shoot dry mass (g) were measured. In relation to emergence ability, studied species presented different responses according to sowing depth and to the amount of sugarcane straw deposited on the soil. For the L.aegyptiacaand M.aterrima, no significant difference was observed in the interaction between depth and sugarcane straw, showing the adaptation of these species to no-burn sugarcane system. For R.communis, seeds placed at 0 cm of sugar cane straw depth were observed to favor the emergence of seedlings.

Predominance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea andnirK-gene-bearing denitrifiers among ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying populations in sediments of a large urban eutrophic lake (Lake Donghu)

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 456-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Hou ◽  
Xiuyun Cao ◽  
Chunlei Song ◽  
Yiyong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Amoa Gene ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Nirs Gene ◽  
Bacterial Amoa Gene ◽  
Archaeal Amoa Gene ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nirk Gene ◽  
Gene Copy Numbers

The coupled nitrification–denitrification process plays a pivotal role in cycling and removal of nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the communities of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in the sediments of 2 basins (Guozhenghu Basin and Tuanhu Basin) of a large urban eutrophic lake (Lake Donghu) were determined using the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) gene and the nitrite reductase gene. At all sites of this study, the archaeal amoA gene predominated over the bacterial amoA gene, whereas the functional gene for denitrification nirK gene far outnumbered the nirS gene. Spatially, compared with the Tuanhu Basin, the Guozhenghu Basin showed a significantly greater abundance of the archaeal amoA gene but less abundance of the nirK and nirS genes, while there was no significant difference of bacterial amoA gene copy numbers between the 2 basins. Unlike the archaeal amoA gene, the nirK gene showed a significant difference in community structure between the 2 basins. Archaeal amoA diversity was limited to the water–sediment cluster of Crenarchaeota, in sharp contrast with nirK for which 22 distinct operational taxonomic units were found. Accumulation of organic substances were found to be positively related to nirK and nirS gene copy numbers but negatively related to archaeal amoA gene copy numbers, whereas the abundance of the bacterial amoA gene was related to ammonia concentration.

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