Anaemia prevalence and determinants in under 5 years children: findings of a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan

Abstract Background Early childhood is an age at risk of anaemia and its deleterious consequences. In Sudan, there is limited evidence on the prevalence and determinant of anaemia in under-five children. This study was conducted in Sudan to assess the prevalence of anaemia in children and to identify its determinants. Methods We conducted a household survey involving children aged 6 months to 5 years in November 2016. A representative population was sampled across rural, urban and camps settlements across 18 states in Sudan. We used a pre-designed questionnaire data collection. Haemoglobin (Hb) level and malaria infection were checked. In this cross-sectional study, we dichotomized the outcome variable and performed logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 3094 children under 5 years enrolled in the study, 1566 (50.6%) of them were female and 690 (22.3%) of them were under 2 years old. Anaemia prevalence in the whole cohort (6 months - < 5 years) was 49.4% and the mean haemoglobin concentration was 108.1 (standard deviation (SD): 15.4) g/L. The prevalence in younger (6 months - < 2 years) children (61.9%) was higher than in older (2 - < 5 years) children (45.6%) (p < 0.001). Severe anaemia (Hb < 70 g/L) prevalence in the whole population was 1.6%. Age (Odds ratio (OR) 2.25, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.75–2.90, p < 0.001), type of place of residence (OR 0.37, 95%CI 0.18–0.74, p = 0.005), maternal anaemia (OR 1.74, 95%CI 1.39–2.17, p < 0.001), and malaria infection (OR 2.82, 95%CI 1.56–5.11, p < 0.001) were the identified predictors of anaemia in the whole cohort. In younger children, only the economic class was an anaemia predictor, with a lower anaemia risk among the rich wealth class (OR 2.70, 95%CI 1.29–5.62, p = 0.008). However, in older children, three anaemia predictors were identified. These are maternal anaemia (OR 1.79, 95%CI 1.40–2.28, < 0.001), malaria infection (OR 2.77, 95%CI 1.48–5.21, p = 0.002), and type of residency (where camps’ residents were less likely affected with anaemia than rural children (OR 0.38, 95%CI 0.17–0.87, p = 0.022)). Conclusions About half of the under-5 children in Sudan are anaemic, with worse prevalence in younger children. Efforts targeted at improving socio-economic status, decreasing maternal anaemia and childhood malaria infection may mitigate this alarming trend.

Download Full-text

Socio-Economic Status and Prevalence of Self-Reported Osteoporosis in Tehran: Results from a Large Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study (Urban HEART-2)

Journal of Urban Health ◽

10.1007/s11524-018-0246-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 95 (5) ◽

pp. 682-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Asadi-Lari ◽

Y. Salimi ◽

M. R. Vaez-Mahdavi ◽

S. Faghihzadeh ◽

A. A. Haeri Mehrizi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Status ◽

Large Population ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socio Economic Status

Download Full-text

Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in Rural Elderly People of the West of Iran: A Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Study

International journal of epidemiologic research ◽

10.15171/ijer.2019.01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Marjan Hosseinpour ◽

Mohammad Esmaeilpour Aghdam ◽

Masumeh Piri ◽

Farzad Maleki

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Economic Status ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related

Background and aims: World’s older population is growing, and attention is being directed to the improvement of their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This article was conducted to investigate the HRQoL and associated factors in rural elderly residents in west of Iran. Methods: By using the multistage sampling method, 346 elders from rural areas of Shahindezh were enrolled in this population-based, cross-sectional study conducted in 2014. To assess the HRQoL of the elderly people, the Leiden-Padua (LEIPAD) questionnaire was used. The economic status was classified into 3 categories (good, moderate, and low) using the principal component analysis. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to analyze data. Multivariate linear regression was performed to determine predictive factors. Results: The mean values and confidence intervals of total core scale and total moderator scale were 38.6 (36.7-40.6) and 31.2 (29.6-32.6), respectively. Univariate analysis showed age, marital status, economic status, occupation, income source, and ethnicity were associated with HRQoL (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed the married, the illiterate, widows/widowers and the divorced, people with low economic status, and the self-employed had low HRQoL with respect to total scale and total core scale models (P<0.05). Conclusion: HRQoL varies according to socioeconomic factors. Its determinants should be addressed in social and health policies designed to improve the health of older people, especially the most vulnerable groups.

Download Full-text

A hypertension risk score for adults: a population-based cross-sectional study from Dubai Household Survey 2019

Epidemiology and Health ◽

10.4178/epih.e2021064 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. e2021064

Author(s):

Ibrahim Mahmoud ◽

Nabil Sulaiman ◽

Amal Hussein ◽

Heba Mohammed ◽

Wafa Khamis AL Nakhi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Score ◽

Household Survey ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypertension Risk

Download Full-text

Socio-economic Status and Associated Factors in the Uptake of HIV Testing: Findings from the South African Population-based National Household Survey Conducted in 2017

10.21203/rs.3.rs-108686/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sean Jooste ◽

Musawenkosi Mabaso ◽

Myra Taylor ◽

Alicia North ◽

Yolande Shean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Testing ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Economic Status ◽

Household Survey ◽

Population Based ◽

Hiv Treatment ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Testing Uptake

Abstract Background: Improved understanding of barriers to HIV testing is important for reaching the first of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets, which states that 90 percent of HIV positive individuals ought to know their HIV status. This study examined socioeconomic status (SES) factors and related covariates associated with HIV testing uptake in the general population in South Africa. Information on SES and HIV testing may impact the HIV treatment and care cascade and prevention of HIV transmission. Methods: This study used data obtained from a national cross-sectional, population-based household survey conducted in 2017 using a multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling design. A composite SES score was created using multiple correspondence analyses of household assets; households were classified into wealth quintiles and dichotomized into low SES/poorest (lowest 3 quintiles) and high SES/less-poor (highest 2 quintiles). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to analyse associations between the uptake of HIV testing and a set of socio-demographic and HIV-related variables. Results: HIV testing uptake was 73.8% and 76.7% among low and high SES household, respectively, both of which were below the first 90 target. The findings showed increased uptake of HIV testing was associated with being female and having a higher educational level independent of SES. Decreased uptake of HIV testing was associated with being from White and Indian/Asian race groups, residing in rural formal areas, alcohol consumption, and high self-perceived risk of HIV infection.Conclusions: We found that HIV testing uptake was similar for people from both low and high SES. However, interventions aimed at improving HIV testing in order to reach the first 90 target, should target males, all race groups, those with low education attainment, and those residing in rural formal areas. Reaching the first target will require efforts to improve community knowledge, and awareness about the negative impact of alcohol use and address HIV risk perception.

Download Full-text

Socio-economic differences in the uptake of HIV testing and associated factors in South Africa

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11583-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sean Jooste ◽

Musawenkosi Mabaso ◽

Myra Taylor ◽

Alicia North ◽

Yolande Shean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Hiv Testing ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Economic Status ◽

Household Survey ◽

Population Based ◽

Low Ses ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Testing Uptake

Abstract Background Improved understanding of barriers to HIV testing is important for reaching the first of the UNAIDS 90–90-90 targets, which states that 90% of HIV positive individuals ought to know their HIV status. This study examined socio-economic status (SES) differences in HIV testing uptake and associated factors among youth and adults 15 years and older in South Africa. Methods This study used data from a national cross-sectional, population-based household survey conducted in 2017 using a multi-stage sampling design. A composite SES score was created using multiple correspondence analyses of household assets; households were classified into wealth quintiles and dichotomised into low SES/poorest (lowest 3 quintiles) and high SES/less-poor (highest 2 quintiles). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with the uptake of HIV testing in low and high SES households. Results HIV testing uptake was 73.8 and 76.7% among low and high SES households, respectively, both of which were below the first 90 targets. Among both low and high SES households, increased HIV testing uptake was significantly associated with females than males. The decreased likelihood was significantly associated with residing in rural formal areas than urban areas, those with no education or low levels of educational attainment and alcohol drinkers among low SES households. Whites and Indians/Asians had a decreased likelihood than Black Africans in high SES households. Conclusions HIV testing interventions should target males, residents in rural formal areas, those with no or low education and those that consume alcohol in low SES households, including Whites and Indians/Asians from high SES households in order to bridge socio-economic disparities in the uptake of HIV testing. This should entail expanding HIV testing beyond traditional centres for voluntary counselling and testing through outreach efforts, including mobile testing and home-based testing.

Download Full-text

Understanding determinants of unequal distribution of stillbirth in Tehran, Iran: a concentration index decomposition approach

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013644 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. e013644 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amir Almasi-Hashiani ◽

Mahdi Sepidarkish ◽

Saeid Safiri ◽

Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae ◽

Yahya Shadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Concentration Index ◽

Economic Status ◽

Principal Component ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Related Factors ◽

Negative Contribution ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

Decomposition Approach

ObjectiveThe present inquiry set to determine the economic inequality in history of stillbirth and understanding determinants of unequal distribution of stillbirth in Tehran, Iran.MethodsA population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 5170 pregnancies in Tehran, Iran, since 2015. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to measure the asset-based economic status. Concentration index was used to measure socioeconomic inequality in stillbirth and then decomposed into its determinants.ResultsThe concentration index and its 95% CI for stillbirth was −0.121 (−0.235 to −0.002). Decomposition of the concentration index showed that mother’s education (50%), mother’s occupation (30%), economic status (26%) and father’s age (12%) had the highest positive contributions to measured inequality in stillbirth history in Tehran. Mother’s age (17%) had the highest negative contribution to inequality.ConclusionsStillbirth is unequally distributed among Iranian women and is mostly concentrated among low economic status people. Mother-related factors had the highest positive and negative contributions to inequality, highlighting specific interventions for mothers to redress inequality.

Download Full-text

Anaemia and iron deficiency during pregnancy in rural Bangladesh

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2004645 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 1065-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

SM Ziauddin Hyder ◽

Lars-Åke Persson ◽

Mushtaque Chowdhury ◽

Bo Lönnerdal ◽

Eva-Charlotte Ekström

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Economic Status ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Haemoglobin Concentration ◽

Severe Anaemia ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractObjective:To study the prevalence of anaemia and its association with measures of iron deficiency (ID) among a group of pregnant women.Design:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:Pregnant women identified through house-to-house visits and participating in community-based antenatal care activities in a rural location of Mymensingh, Bangladesh.Subjects:The estimates are based on 214 reportedly healthy pregnant women in their second trimester. Information on socio-economic status and reproductive history were obtained through home visits and venous blood samples were collected at antenatal care centres. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was measured by HemoCue, serum ferritin (sFt) by radioimmunoassay and serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. ID was defined as presence of either low sFt (<12 μg l−1) or high sTfR (>8.5 mg l−1).Results:The prevalence of anaemia (Hb <110 g l−1) was 50%, but severe anaemia (Hb >70 g l−1) was absent. Low sFt was observed in 42%, high sTfR in 25%, either low sFt or high TfR in 54% and both low sFt and high TfR in 13% of the pregnant women. Two out of three anaemic women had an indication of ID, which was present in 80% of women with moderate (Hb 70–99 g l−1) and 50% with mild (Hb 100–109 g l−1) anaemia. Four out of 10 non-anaemic women (Hb >110 g l−1) also had ID, but the prevalence was significantly lower than that observed in anaemic women (P=0.001).Conclusions:Despite the high prevalence of anaemia, severe cases were absent. The prevalence of ID increased at lower Hb. However, an increased prevalence was also found among women in the highest category of Hb.

Download Full-text

Prevalence, correlates and help-seeking behaviour for depressive symptoms in rural Uganda: a population-based survey

Global Mental Health ◽

10.1017/gmh.2019.25 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Ssebunnya ◽

G. Medhin ◽

S. Kangere ◽

F. Kigozi ◽

J. Nakku ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Help Seeking ◽

Middle Age ◽

Past History ◽

Economic Status ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Help Seeking Behaviour

Background.Depression is a common disorder characterized by delayed help-seeking, often remaining undetected and untreated.Objectives.We sought to estimate the proportion of adults in Kamuli District with depressive symptoms and to assess their help-seeking behaviour.Methods.This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in a rural district in Uganda. Sampling of study participants was done using the probability proportional to size method. Screening for depression was done using Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The participants who screened positive also reported on whether and where they had sought treatment. Data collected using PHQ-9 was used both as a symptom-based description of depression and algorithm diagnosis of major depression. All data analysis was done using STATA version 13.Results.With a cut-off score of ⩾10, 6.4% screened positive for current depressive symptoms and 23.6% reported experiencing depressive symptoms in the past 12 months. The majority of individuals who screened positive for current depression (75.6%) were females. In a crude analysis, people with lower education, middle age and low socio-economic status were more likely to have depressive symptoms. Help-seeking was low, with only 18.9% of the individuals who screened positive for current depression having sought treatment from a health worker.Conclusion.Depressive symptoms are common in the study district with low levels of help-seeking practices. People with lower levels of education, low socio-economic status and those in middle age are more likely to be affected by these symptoms. Most persons with current depression had past history of depressive symptoms.

Download Full-text

The Prevalence and Social Determinants of Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based National Survey

International Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1155/2018/5610725 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Karl Peltzer ◽

Supa Pengpid

Keyword(s):

Elementary Education ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Weight Status ◽

Economic Status ◽

Body Height ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Behaviour ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

And Control

Background. Hypertension is the most significant avoidable cause of morbidity and mortality, yet nationally representative adult data on Indonesia have not been available. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence and determinants of hypertension, including sociodemographic variables, weight status, health behaviour, and psychosocial stress and support risk factors. Methods. The Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) interviewed and examined in a national population-based cross-sectional study 29965 individuals aged 18 years and older, mean age 43.3 years (SD=15.3). Blood pressure, body height and weight, dietary behaviour, physical activity, tobacco use, and psychosocial variables were measured. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate determinants of hypertension by gender. Results. The prevalence of hypertension among study participants was 33.4 % (95 % CI: 32.7-34.0), among males 31.0% (95% CI: 30.2, 31.9), and among females 35.4% (95% CI: 34.6, 36.3). Among hypertensives, 42.9% were aware, 11.5% were treated, and 14.3% were controlled. In fully adjusted analyses, in both men and women, older age, no or elementary education, being overweight or obese, and having visited an outpatients health facility in the past 4 weeks were positively associated hypertension. Significant linear relationships of hypertension were found with age (P for trend <0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (P for trend < 0.001). In addition, among men having quit tobacco use and depressive symptoms were positively associated with hypertension, while current tobacco use was negatively associated with hypertension. Moreover, among women lower subjective economic status was associated with hypertension. Conclusions. The prevalence of hypertension was high and awareness was low, and treatment and control were very low. Significant multilevel public health interventions are urgently needed to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension in Indonesia.

Download Full-text