scholarly journals Determinants of the type of health care sought for symptoms of Acute respiratory infection in children: analysis of Ghana demographic and health surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Danquah ◽  
Prince Michael Amegbor ◽  
Dawit Getnet Ayele
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Household Characteristics

Abstract Background Globally, acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of infant and childhood morbidity and mortality. Currently, it is estimated that 50 million cases of childhood ARI are untreated. In this study, we identified determinants of the type of treatment sought for symptoms of childhood acute respiratory infection (ARI), including non-treatment, amongst a nationally representative sample of children under five years in Ghana. Methods In total, 1 544 children were studied by a secondary analysis of pooled survey data from the 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (GDHS). Cross-tabulations, chi-square, multinomial logistic regression, and Bayesian hierarchical spatial logistic regression analyses were used to identify relationships between the type of treatment sought and maternal socio-economic and household characteristics. Results Seeking medical care was significantly associated with child age (RRR= 1.928, 95 % CI 1.276 – 2.915), maternal employment status (RRR = 1.815, 95 % CI 1.202 – 2.740), maternal health insurance status, (RRR = 2.618, 95 % CI 1.801 – 3.989), children belonging to middle (RRR = 2.186, 95 % CI 1.473 – 3.243), richer (RRR = 1.908, 95 % CI 1.145 – 3.180) and richest households (RRR = 2.456, 95 % CI 1.363 – 4.424) and the 1998 survey period (RRR = 0.426, 95 % CI 0.240 – 7.58). Seeking self-care or visiting a traditional healer was significantly associated with maternal educational status (RRR = 0.000, 95 % CI 0.000 – 0.000), and the 1998 (RRR= 0.330, 95 % CI 0.142 – 0.765), 2003 (RRR= 0.195, 95 % CI 0.071 – 0.535), 2008 (RRR= 0.216, 95 % CI 0.068 – 0.685) and 2014 (RRR= 0.230, 95 % CI 0.081 – 0.657) GDHS periods. The probability that the odds ratio of using medical care exceeded 1 was higher for mothers/caregivers in the Western, Ashanti, Upper West, and Volta regions. Conclusions Government policies that are aimed at encouraging medical care-seeking for children with ARI may yield positive results by focusing on improving maternal incomes, maternal NHIS enrolment, and maternal household characteristics. Improving maternal education could be a positive step towards addressing challenges with self-care or traditional healing amongst children with ARI.

scholarly journals Trends in stunting and overweight in Peruvian pre-schoolers from 1991 to 2011: findings from the Demographic and Health Surveys

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2407-2418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Bjørnøy Urke ◽  
Maurice B Mittelmark ◽  
Martín Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growth Standards ◽  
Low Educated

AbstractObjectiveTo examine trends in stunting and overweight in Peruvian children, using 2006 WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study criteria.DesignTrend analyses using nationally representative cross-sectional surveys from Demographic and Health Surveys (1991–2011). We performed logistic regression analyses of stunting and overweight trends in sociodemographic groups (sex, age, urban–rural residence, region, maternal education and household wealth), adjusted for sampling design effects (strata, clusters and sampling weights).SettingPeru.SubjectsChildren aged 0–59 months surveyed in 1991–92 (n 7999), 1996 (n 14 877), 2000 (n 11 754), 2007–08 (n 8232) and 2011 (n 8186).ResultsChild stunting declined (F(1, 5149) = 174·8, P ≤ 0·00) and child overweight was stable in the period 1991–2011 (F(1, 5147) = 0·4, P ≤ 0·54). Over the study period, levels of stunting were highest in rural compared with urban areas, the Andean and Amazon regions compared with the Coast, among children of low-educated mothers and among children living in households in the poorest wealth quintile. The trend in overweight rose among males in coastal areas (F(1, 2250) = 4·779, P ≤ 0·029) and among males in the richest wealth quintile (F(1, 1730) = 5·458, P ≤ 0·020).ConclusionsThe 2011 levels of stunting and overweight were eight times and three and a half times higher, respectively, than the expected levels from the 2006 WHO growth standards. The trend over the study period in stunting declined in most sociodemographic subgroups. The trend in overweight was stable in most sociodemographic subgroups.

scholarly journals Reimbursement Contracts: Application of Civil Law Mechanisms under Pandemic Restrictions

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Oksana KIRIIAK
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Key Participants ◽  
Quality Medical Care

The article contextualizes and assesses the peculiarities of using the mechanism of civil law reimbursement of medical expenses in the context of the global spread of acute respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, as well as the theoretical possibility of such coverage of financial costs and revenues through the enforcement of reimbursement contracts, by analogy with the currently widespread state program «Affordable Medicines of Ukraine». The author analyses the achievements of many domestic and foreign researchers who have covered various aspects of reimbursement in their writings, including the extrapolation algorithms of such traditional institutions of civil law as the fulfilment of obligations for the third parties, compensation, etc. For the completeness of the scientific search, the article also contains an analysis of statistical indicators of the effectiveness of reimbursement contracts in our country, based on information from open official sources of the National Health Service of Ukraine. As a result of the comparison, the author concluded that the well-thought-out organization of high-quality medical care, followed by reimbursement of the full or partial cost of services received or medicines purchased under reimbursement agreements allows to comprehensively and effectively solve most problems in this area in such a way as to protect the interests of patients, doctors, and pharmaceutical companies as the key participants in such legal relations. It is also emphasized that the system of legal regulation and medical provision of access to medicines and procedures in most developed countries is considered as an integral part of public administration, the need to improve which is always an urgent challenge for every law enforcement, especially in the context of the global spread of acute respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the well-thought-out organization of quality medical care, followed by reimbursement of the full or partial cost of services received or drugs purchased in the context of reimbursement agreements allows comprehensive and effective solutions to most problems in this area to protect the interests of patients, doctors and pharmaceutical companies as key participants in such legal relations.

scholarly journals Determinan kejadian stunting pada bayi usia 6 bulan di Kota Semarang

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Ardian Candra Mustikaningrum ◽  
Hertanto W Subagio ◽  
Ani Margawati
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The City ◽  
Control Study

Background: Stunting is an indicator of chronic nutrition problems. Districts with the highest prevalence of stunting is the District Gunungpati (16,93%), Mijen (13,75%), and Tembalang (10,11%). The prevalence of stunting are more difficult to overcome with increasing age there should be a study to determine the incidence of stunting the determinant.Objective: To identify determinants of stunting in infants aged 6 months in the city of Semarang.Methods: case-control study, composed of 91 infants stunting and 91 normal infants. The sample selection using purposive sampling. Determinants studied were low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding Giving early, the incidence of diarrhea, ISPA, the allocation of parenting time mother, maternal height, maternal education, family economic level, and head circumference. The research instrument with a questionnaire, digital baby scales, infantometer, and metline. Data were analyzed with the value of odds ratios  and multiple logistic regression.Results:The proportion of stunting was 39.6% in male babies and 60.4% in girls. Result of bivariate are low birth weight, the incidence of diarrhea, ISPA, maternal education, and family economic level association with stunting, but result in multivariate determinant incidence of stunting is the family's economic level (OR = 5,39, 95% CI = 2,73; 10,63, p<0,001), the incidence of acute respiratory infection (OR = 2,29, 95% CI = 1,16; 4,51, p=0,016). The family's economic level, the incidence of acute respiratory infection, and the incident of diarrhea contribute to stunting by 30%..Conclusion: The main determinants of stunting in infants 6 months is the  family’seconomic level.

Microfinance participation and contraceptive use and intention in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1274-1285
Author(s):  
Nadine Shaanta Murshid ◽  
Gretchen E Ely
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Chi Square Tests

This study assessed the association between microfinance participation and contraceptive use and intention among 46,639 women between the ages of 15 and 49 years from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) 2007, 2011, and 2014 using chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression. The multivariate model revealed that the model explained 14 percent of the variance in contraceptive use and intention. Adjusted beta coefficients revealed that when microfinance participation increased by one unit, use of modern methods of contraception significantly increased by 0.32. The study findings suggest that women are more likely to use modern methods of contraception when they participate in microfinance.

scholarly journals Determinants of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in rural Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel Mengistu Merera
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
P Value ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Rural Ethiopia

Abstract Introduction In low- and middle-income nations, acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. According to some studies, Ethiopia has a higher prevalence of childhood acute respiratory infection, ranging from 16 to 33.5%. The goal of this study was to determine the risk factors for acute respiratory infection in children under the age of five in rural Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 7911 children under the age of five from rural Ethiopia was carried out from January 18 to June 27, 2016. A two stage cluster sampling technique was used recruit study subjects and SPSS version 20 was used to extract and analyze data. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with a childhood acute respiratory infection. The multivariable logistic regression analysis includes variables with a p-value less than 0.2 during the bivariate logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios were used as measures of effect with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with an acute respiratory infection. Results The total ARI prevalence rate among 7911 under-five children from rural Ethiopia was 7.8%, according to the findings of the study. The highest prevalence of ARI was found in Oromia (12.8%), followed by Tigray (12.7%), with the lowest frequency found in Benishangul Gumuz (2.4%). A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that child from Poor household (AOR = 2.170, 95% CI: 1.631–2.887), mother’s no education (AOR = 2.050,95% CI: 1.017–4.133), mother’s Primary education (AOR = 2.387, 95% CI:1.176–4.845), child had not received vitamin A (AOR = 1.926, 95% CI:1.578–2.351), child had no diarrhea (AOR = 0.257, 95% CI: 0.210–0.314), mothers not working (AOR = 0.773, 95% CI:0.630–0.948), not stunted (AOR = 0.663, 95% CI: 0.552–0.796), and not improved water source (AOR = 1.715, 95% CI: 1.395–2.109). Similarly, among under-five children, the age of the child, the month of data collection, anemia status, and the province were all substantially linked to ARI. Conclusions Childhood ARI morbidity is a serious health challenge in rural Ethiopia, according to this study, with demographic, socioeconomic, nutritional, health, and environmental factors all having a role. As a result, regional governments, healthcare staff, and concerned groups should place a priority on reducing ARI, and attempts to solve the issue should take these variables into account.

scholarly journals Determinants of Acute Respiratory Infection among Under-Five Children in Rural Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanuel Mengistu Merera
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
P Value ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Rural Ethiopia

Abstract Introduction: In low- and middle-income nations, acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. According to some studies, Ethiopia has a higher prevalence of childhood acute respiratory infection, ranging from 16 % to 33.5 %. The goal of this study was to determine the risk factors for acute respiratory infection in children under the age of five in rural Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 7,911 children under the age of five from rural Ethiopia was carried out from January 18 to June 27, 2016. A two stage cluster sampling technique was used recruit study subjects and SPSS version 20 was used to extract and analyze data. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with a childhood acute respiratory infection. The multivariable logistic regression analysis includes variables with a p-value less than 0.2 during the bivariate logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios were used as measures of effect with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with an acute respiratory infection. Results: The total ARI prevalence rate among 7,911 under-five children from rural Ethiopia was 7.8%, according to the findings of the study. The highest prevalence of ARI was found in Oromia (12.8 %), followed by Tigray (12.7 %), with the lowest frequency found in Benishangul Gumuz (2.4 %). A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that child from Poor household (AOR=2.170, 95% CI: 1.631-2.887), mother’s no education (AOR=2.050,95% CI: 1.017-4.133), mother’s Primary education (AOR=2.387, 95% CI:1.176-4.845), child had not received vitamin A (AOR=1.926, 95% CI:1.578-2.351), child had no diarrhea (AOR=0.257, 95% CI: 0.210-0.314), mothers not working (AOR=0.773, 95% CI:0.630-0.948), not stunted (AOR=0.663, 95% CI: 0.552-0.796), and not improved water source (AOR=1.715, 95% CI: 1.395-2.109). Similarly, among under-five children, the age of the child, the month of data collection, anemia status, and the province were all substantially linked to ARI. Conclusions: Childhood ARI morbidity is a serious health challenge in rural Ethiopia, according to this study, with demographic, socioeconomic, nutritional, health, and environmental factors all having a role. As a result, regional governments, healthcare staff, and concerned groups should place a priority on reducing ARI, and attempts to solve the issue should take these variables into account.

scholarly journals Unsafe child feces disposal status in Ethiopia: what factors matter? analysis of pooled data from four demographic and health surveys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biniyam Sahiledengle
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Paternal Education ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Toilet Facility

Abstract Background: The only safest way to dispose of a child’s feces is to help the child use a toilet or, for very young children, to put or rinse their feces into a toilet; whereas all other disposals are considered unsafe (feces put/rinsed into a drain or ditch, bush or thrown into the garbage, buried or left on the ground, and not disposed of). The study aims to determine the magnitude and factors associated with unsafe child feces disposal in Ethiopia.Methods: The study is cross-sectional in nature and based on the pooled data from the four rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Ethiopia (2000-16). Data on child feces disposal practice was collected for all children born during the five years preceding survey. To get detail about the disposal of children’s feces, mothers of under-five children were asked, “The last time passed stools, what was done to dispose of the stools?” with respect to the youngest child born. Descriptive statistics were computed to illustrate the given data. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with unsafe child feces disposal. Results: The pooled dataset contains data for 40,520 children younger than 5 years, male accounts 20,629 (50.9%). Overall, 77.7% (95%CI: 76.3-79.0) of children feces disposed of unsafely. In the multivariable logistic regression model, those mothers whose child was 13-24 months [AOR: 0.68, 95% CI: (0.60-0.78)] and ≥ 25 months [AOR: 0.66, 95% CI: (0.60-0.72)] were lower odds of unsafe child’s feces disposal. Children born into households having two or fewer children were 33% lower [AOR: 0.67, 95% CI: (0.56-0.79)] odds of unsafe child’s feces disposal than their counterparts. The odds of disposing of feces unsafely among households having improved toilet facility was 76% lower [AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: (0.19-0.29)] that of households lacking such facilities. Further, being an urban resident, having improved drinking water facility, a high level of maternal and paternal education, paternal occupational status (work in non-agriculture), and maternal age (25-34 and ≥ 35 years) were factors associated with lower odds of unsafe child's feces disposal.Conclusions: Three in four Ethiopian children feces disposed of unsafely. Household and socio-demographic factors, such as access to improved water and toilet facility, area of a resident (urban), the child’s age (older age), and both higher maternal and paternal education levels were significantly associated with lower odds of unsafe child feces disposal.

scholarly journals A multilevel analysis of the social determinants associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool age children in Pakistan: A population-based survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260658
Author(s):  
Oluwafunmilade Deji-Abiodun ◽  
David Ferrandiz-Mont ◽  
Vinod Mishra ◽  
Chi Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Preschool Age Children

Background As advocated by WHO in “Closing the Health Gap in a Generation”, dramatic differences in child health are closely linked to degrees of social disadvantage, both within and between communities. Nevertheless, research has not examined whether child health inequalities include, but are not confined to, worse acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among the socioeconomic disadvantaged in Pakistan. In addition to such disadvantages as the child’s gender, maternal education, and household poverty, the present study also examined the linkages between the community environment and ARI symptoms among Pakistan children under five. Furthermore, we have assessed gender contingencies related to the aforementioned associations. Methods Using data from the nationally representative 2017–2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a total of 11,908 surviving preschool age children (0–59 months old) living in 561 communities were analyzed. We employed two-level multilevel logistic regressions to model the relationship between ARI symptoms and individual-level and community-level social factors. Results The social factors at individual and community levels were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of the child suffering from ARI symptoms. A particularly higher risk was observed among girls who resided in urban areas (AOR = 1.42; p<0.01) and who had a birth order of three or greater. Discussions Our results underscore the need for socioeconomic interventions in Pakistan that are targeted at densely populated households and communities within urban areas, with a particular emphasis on out-migration, in order to improve unequal economic underdevelopment. This could be done by targeting improvements in socio-economic structures, including maternal education.

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