scholarly journals Conceptualising changes to tobacco and alcohol policy as affecting a single interlinked system

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Gillespie ◽  
Jenny Hatchard ◽  
Hazel Squires ◽  
Anna Gilmore ◽  
Alan Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
Policy System ◽  
The People ◽  
Main Components

Abstract Background To support a move towards a coordinated non-communicable disease approach in public health policy, it is important to conceptualise changes to policy on tobacco and alcohol as affecting a single interlinked system. For health economic models to effectively inform policy, the first step in their development should be to develop a conceptual understanding of the system complexity that is likely to affect the outcomes of policy change. Our aim in this study was to support the development and interpretation of health economic models of the effects of changes to tobacco and alcohol policies by developing a conceptual understanding of the main components and mechanisms in the system that links policy change to outcomes. Methods Our study was based on a workshop from which we captured data on participant discussions on the joint tobacco–alcohol policy system. To inform these discussions, we prepared with a literature review and a survey of participants. Participants were academics and policy professionals who work in the United Kingdom. Data were analysed thematically to produce a description of the main components and mechanisms within the system. Results Of the people invited, 24 completed the survey (18 academic, 6 policy); 21 attended the workshop (16 academic, 5 policy). Our analysis identified eleven mechanisms through which individuals might modify the effects of a policy change, which include mechanisms that might lead to linked effects of policy change on tobacco and alcohol consumption. We identified ten mechanisms by which the tobacco and alcohol industries might modify the effects of policy changes, grouped into two categories: Reducing policy effectiveness; Enacting counter-measures. Finally, we identified eighteen research questions that indicate potential avenues for further work to understand the potential outcomes of policy change. Conclusions Model development should carefully consider the ways in which individuals and the tobacco and alcohol industries might modify the effects of policy change, and the extent to which this results in an unequal societal distribution of outcomes. Modelled evidence should then be interpreted in the light of the conceptual understanding of the system that the modelling necessarily simplifies in order to predict the outcomes of policy change.

The application of educational teaching methods in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-209
Author(s):  
Gennadiy Marchenko ◽  
Irina Soshnikova
Keyword(s):  
Role Playing ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Educational Methods ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The People ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Clear Idea

The article reveals the content of modern training technologies for internal affairs bodies; approaches are presented to training and education of cadets and students of educational organizations of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and educational methods the foundation of which is formed value content of professional activities: patriotism and citizenship, service to the Fatherland and interests of the people, loyalty to the law and official duty. The authors propose specific methods (case methods, group discussions, role-playing and business games) for use during seminars and practical classes in the discipline «Professional ethics and official etiquette». These methods are active and interactive, and their content is based on the appeal to literary and cinematic works on the activities of law enforcement officers on various stages of national history. The article is of methodological interest for scientific and academicians of educational organizations of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, teaching humanities. The authors come to the conclusion that the use of educational methods of teaching in the classroom gives cadets and listeners a clear idea of the main components of professional activity and official duty, morality and law, strengthens the understanding of the continuity of the glorious traditions of previous generations of employees of the internal affairs bodies, allows creating the Ministry of Internal Affairs in educational organizations Russia a favorable upbringing environment and qualitatively raise the level of practical readiness of graduates for professional activities.

An ‘Expanded’ Class Perspective: Bringing capitalism down to earth in the changing political lives of Adivasi workers in Kerala

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1334-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUISA STEUR
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
The People ◽  
Development State ◽  
Police Raid

AbstractFollowing the police raid on the ‘Muthanga’ land occupation by Adivasi (‘indigenous’) activists in Kerala, India, in February 2003, intense public debate erupted about the fate of Adivasis in this ‘model’ development state. Most commentators saw the land occupation either as the fight-back of Adivasis against their age-old colonization or the work of ‘external’ agitators. Capitalist restructuring and ‘globalization’ was generally seen as simply the latest chapter in the suffering of these Adivasis. Little focused attention was paid to the recent class trajectory of their lives under changing capitalist relations, the exact social processes under which they were having to make a living, and what had only recently—and still largely ambiguously—made them ready to identify themselves politically as ‘Adivasi’. Demonstrating the usefulness of ethnographic curiosity driven by an ‘expanded’ class analysis, as elaborated in Marxian anthropology, this article provides an alternative to the liberal-culturalist explanation of indigenism in Kerala. It argues instead that contemporary class processes—as experienced close to the skin by the people who decided to participate in the Muthanga struggle—were what shaped their decision to embrace indigenism.

scholarly journals Family as a Primary Socialization in Preschool Children Upbringing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-448
Author(s):  
M. Sabirova
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Social Education ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Primary Socialization

This article examines the role of the family and its features in the process of socialization, also the main forms and functions (informative, mentor function, initiating and orienting function) of the family. Effective mechanisms of family social education of a child were described including the psychological climate of the family and its factors: national traditions, moral values, educational level, etc. Features of children's folklore in education. Methods of accustoming and the totality of the views of the people. The main components of the rural ethnocultural space.

scholarly journals Modelling instruction effect with different reasoning ability on physics conceptual understanding by controlling the prior knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Ike Lusi Meilina ◽  
Supriyono Koes Handayanto ◽  
Muhardjito Muhardjito
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Reasoning Abilities ◽  
Significant Difference

Modelling instruction is systematic instructional activity for constructing and applying scientific knowledge in Physics lesson. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of Modelling instruction with different reasoning abilities on understanding physical concepts by controlling students’ prior knowledge. This research used experimental method with 2x2 factorial design with two Modelling instruction classes and two conventional classes with a total of 176 students. The instrument used was reasoning ability test, prior knowledge test, and physics concept test. It used LCTSR (Lawson’s Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning) instrument. Prior knowledge test instruments consisted of 25 problems to identify how deep the students understand the topic before they undergo the learning process and physics concept test consisted of 25 problems. Based on the statistical test using two factor Ancova, it proved that there was a significant difference in students’ ability to master the physics concept between using Modelling instruction learning model and using conventional learning model. The result showed that the Modelling instruction increasing conceptual understanding better than conventional learning. There are two important parts in the Modelling instruction that are model development and model deployment. This study also confirms that there are significant differences in understanding the concepts between students of high reasoning ability and low reasoning ability. Students with high reasoning abilities have a better understanding of concepts than students with low reasoning abilities.

A systematic review of health economic models and utility estimation methods in schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertalan Németh ◽  
Ahmad Fasseeh ◽  
Anett Molnár ◽  
István Bitter ◽  
Margit Horváth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Economic ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Utility Estimation

Measuring Cost-Effectiveness in Terms of Happiness

2019 ◽  
pp. 197-210
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Clark ◽  
Sarah Flèche ◽  
Richard Layard ◽  
Nattavudh Powdthavee ◽  
George Ward
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

This chapter demonstrates that policy analysis should be based on happiness as the measure of benefit (except where traditional methods actually work). It argues that this should be generally applied throughout the public services and by nongovernment organizations (NGOs). The chapter offers four key proposals. The first is that the goal of governments should be to increase the happiness of the people and, especially, to reduce misery. Where willingness to pay is not a feasible measure of benefit, governments should develop new methods of policy analysis based on point-years of happiness as the measure of benefit. All policy change should be evaluated through controlled experiments in which the impact on happiness is routinely measured. A major objective of social science (and of its funders) should be to throw light on the causes of happiness, and how it can be enhanced—and at what cost.

Railway Operations Models

2018 ◽  
pp. 745-767
Author(s):  
Sundaravalli Narayanaswami
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Real World ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Railway Transportation ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Railway Operations ◽  
Transportation Scheduling

This chapter is intended as an exposure to OR based methods, particularly the analytical approach to modelling railway operations. An overview of several planned operations in railway transportation is provided in an academic context. Some of the applications and the associated models are applied in realistic settings in the transportation industry, and also have demonstrated evidence of acceptance over a long number of years. Primary coverage is on transportation scheduling and the concise discussions are on planning phases, various operations that can be deterministically modeled and analysed, model development, few exercises and real-world stories, wherever appropriate. All sections are adequately provided with the list of references and an interested reader can benefit from a conceptual understanding to model development and to implement and deploy, under some prior knowledge on the basics and programming experience.

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