The nexus between health status and health expenditure, energy consumption and environmental pollution: empirical evidence from SAARC-BIMSTEC regions

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the betterment of health status, while also considering health expenditure, energy, and environmental issues. This paper examines the nexus between health status and health expenditure (both public and private), energy consumption and environmental pollution in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region. Methods We utilized the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, the heterogeneous panel causality test, the cross sectional dependence test, the cointegration test and the Pesaran cross sectional dependent (CADF) unit root test for obtaining estimated results from data over 16 years (2002–2017). Results Our results authorize the cointegration among the variables used, where the coefficients of energy consumption, public and private health expenditures, and economic growth are 0.027, 0.014, 0.030, and 0.029, respectively, and indicating positive and statistically significant effects. The coefficient of environmental pollution is − 0.085, implying significant negative effect on the health status of these regions in the long-run. However, no panel wise significant impact is found in the short-run. Bidirectional and unidirectional causal links between the studied variables and the health status are also identified.. Conclusions The improved health status in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region needs to be protected by articulating the effective policies. The attained results are theoretically and empirically consistent, and have important policy implications in the health sector.

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The nexus between health status and health expenditure, energy consumption and environmental pollution: Empirical evidence from SAARC-BIMSTEC regions

10.21203/rs.3.rs-68393/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Mafizur Rahman ◽

Khosrul Alam

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Health Status ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Health Sector ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Causality Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public And Private

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the betterment of health status, while also considering health expenditure, energy, and environmental issues. This paper examines the nexus between health status and health expenditure (both public and private), energy consumption and environmental pollution in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region.Methodology: We utilized the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, heterogeneous panel causality test, cross sectional dependence test, cointegration test and Pesaran cross sectional dependent (CADF) unit root test for obtaining estimated results from data over 16 years (2002-2017). Results: Our results authorize the cointegration among the variables used, where energy consumption, public and private health expenditure and economic growth have positive and statistically significant effects and environmental pollution has both negative and significant effects on the health status of these regions in the long-term, but no panel wise significant impact is found in the short-term. Two-way causal relationships between health status and environmental pollution, public and private health expenditure, economic growth and sanitation facilities, and a one-way causality running from energy consumption to health status are presented. Conclusions: The improved health status in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region needs to be protected by articulating the effective policies on both public and private health expenditures, environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic growth. The attained results are theoretically and empirically consistent, and have important policy implications in the health sector.

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The Nexus Between Health Status and Health Expenditure, Energy Consumption and Environmental Pollution: Empirical Evidence from SAARC-BIMSTEC Regions

10.21203/rs.3.rs-68393/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Mafizur Rahman ◽

Khosrul Alam

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Health Status ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Causality Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public And Private

Abstract Background: The prevailing COVID-19 pandemic made us deep concern for considering the betterment of health status along with health expenditure, energy, and environmental issues all over the world. This paper examines the nexus between health status and health expenditures (both public and private), energy consumption and environmental pollution in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region.Methodology: We have utilized the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, heterogeneous panel causality test, cross sectional dependence test, cointegration test and Pesaran cross sectional dependent (CADF) unit root test for obtaining estimated results from the data of 16 years (2002-2017). Results: The acquired results authorize the cointegration among the variables used, where energy consumption, public and private health expenditure and economic growth have positive and statistically significant effects and environmental pollution has both negative and significant effects on the health status of these regions in the long-run, but no panel wise significant impact is found in the short-run. Two-way causal relationships between health status and environmental pollution, public and private health expenditure, economic growth and sanitation facilities, and a one-way causality running from energy consumption to health status are revealed.Conclusions: The improved health status in the SAARC-BIMSTEC region required to be protected by articulating the effective policies on both public and private health expenditures, environmental pollution, energy consumption, and economic growth. The attained results are theoretically and empirically consistent, and have important policy implications in the health sector.JEL codes: I10, I15, I18, C23

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Causal Linkage amongst Public Expenditure on Health, Health Status and Growth: New Empirical Evidence from Toda-Yamamoto Approach for Nigeria

Journal of Scientific Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jsrr/2019/v24i330155 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stanley Emife Nwani ◽

Ikechukwu Kelikume

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Health Status ◽

National Health ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Public Expenditure ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Health Sector ◽

Series Data ◽

Causality Test ◽

Integration Test

This study investigates the causal linkages amongst public expenditure on health, health status and economic growth in Nigeria using the Toda-Yamamoto technique. The choice of the Toda-Yamamoto approach is predicated on its simplicity and the ability to overcome the shortcomings inherent in the conventional causality procedures by producing more robust results through the estimation of the augmented VAR that guarantees the asymptotic distribution of the Wald statistic. To this end, the study collected annual time series data from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical bulletin and the World Development Indicator on public expenditure on health, life expectancy, infant mortality and real gross domestic product spanning 38 years from 1981 to 2018. The result of the study’s empirical analysis based on the co-integration test indicates that public health expenditure, health status and economic growth have long-run association. Further, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test result reveals the absence of causality between health expenditure and health status. Similarly, health status and economic growth are not causally interdependent. On the basis of the findings, the paper vehemently concludes that efforts to stimulate economic growth by targeting health outcomes improvement through public expenditure will be futile. As such, there is the need to develop better national health policy and programmes such as compulsory national health insurance that is capable of resolving the fundamental problems in the health sector. This would help integrate healthcare into the mainstream of the Nigerian economy.

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EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT HEALTH EXPENDITURES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEALTH SECTOR IN NIGERIA (1979-2017). AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.6883 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 87-102

Author(s):

Panan Danladi Gwaison ◽

Livinus Nkuri Maimako

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Health Sector ◽

Unit Root Test ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Series Data ◽

Development Indicators ◽

Government Health

Health is a very important aspect of an individual’s wellbeing, and since individuals make a nation, therefore, healthcare expenditure could be regarded as one of the necessary conditions to achieving a sustainable long-term economic development. This study examined the effects of government health expenditures on the performance of health Sector in Nigeria. The study employed expo facto research design. The annual time series data from 1979 to 2017 was used in this study from Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and World Development Indicators, 2018. The pre estimation test like the descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test Johensen cointegration test and Error correction model test. The OLS estimation technique was used to determine the coefficient of the variables and test the four hypothesis. The results indicated that government total health expenditures, capital health expenditure and recurrent health expenditures are positively related to the performance of health sector proxy by life expectancy rate and statistically insignificant. However capital health expenditure was statistically significant to life expectancy. The study recommends that more emphasis should be placed on the capital expenditures on health as this will facilitate rapid development of the sector and adequate Machinery should be put in place by all sectors of government to arrest corruption and penalize those who divert and embezzle public health fund among other recommendations were made.

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Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Urbanization Level and Industrial Structure: Empirical Evidence from North China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-342919/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhuoya Siqin ◽

Dongxiao Niu ◽

Mingyu Li ◽

Hao Zhen ◽

Xiaolong Yang

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

North China ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Unit Root Test ◽

Panel Cointegration ◽

Test Panel ◽

Causality Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urbanization Level

Abstract This paper aims to examine the nexus among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, urbanization level and industrial structure in North China over the period 2004–2019, according to an expanded Cobb-Douglas production function. The panel econometric techniques are employed to complete the empirical analysis, including cross-sectional correlation test, panel unit root test, panel cointegration test and panel Granger causality test. The empirical results support the long-term equilibrium relationship among CO2 emissions, urbanization level and industrial structure in North China, and the urbanization level contributes most to CO2 emissions, followed by fossil energy consumption. Furthermore, the bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and urbanization level and unidirectional causality from industrial structure to CO2 emissions are found in North China, indicating that urbanization level and industrial structure have significant impacts on CO2 emissions. Finally, according to the empirical findings, several policy suggestions are proposed for the purpose of reducing CO2 emissions in North China.

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Mental Health Status of Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Survey among the Bangladeshi Graduate Students at Dhaka City

10.1101/2020.11.12.379487 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Taha Husain ◽

Mohammad Main Uddin ◽

Saber Ahmed Chowdhury ◽

Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Status ◽

Large Scale ◽

Good Health ◽

Mental Health Status ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public And Private ◽

As Stress

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the level of Mental Health Status of Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic among the Bangladeshi Graduate Student at DhakaMethodA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 330 students from different public and Private Universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh between April 01, 2020 and July 31, 2020 amid the COVID-19 lockdown period in Bangladesh. A standard, self-administered online questionnaire consisting of questions on socio-demographic variables, mental health status, as well as stress management sent to the respondents through social networking platforms. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation tests.ResultsThe mean score of mental health status was 2.08 based on four points scale. They felt problem in decision making (3.04), in doing the things well (2.92), in enjoying normal day to day life (2.88), in playing a useful part in life (2.85), in doing their task (2.75), living in perfectly well and in good health (2.70). The respondents also developed a suicidal tendency (2.55), felt nervous in strung-up (2.24), took longer time to do things (2.14), felt tightness and pressure in head (2.12), and found themselves pressurized by various stuff (2.05). This study also found a significant positive relationship between mental health status and age, living with parents, and parents’ attitude. Finally, this study revealed that the respondents managed their stress by chatting with their friends, parents and siblings, and by sleeping.ConclusionMental health status of adolescents was found moderate in this study. This study suggests further large-scale study including different socio-economic settings in order to figure out the real scenario of adolescents’ mental health status of the country during the pandemic.

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The Relationship between Financial Development and Renewable Energy Consumption in South Asian Countries

10.21203/rs.3.rs-969626/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sakib Amin ◽

Farhan Khan ◽

Ashfaqur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Financial Development ◽

Energy Use ◽

Green Energy ◽

Renewable Energy Consumption ◽

Causality Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Long Run ◽

Cointegration Tests

Abstract We analyse how the financial development and green energy use are linked to the countries of South Asia from 1990 to 2018. Domestic credit to the private sector and renewable energy consumption is being used in this paper as indicators of financial development and the use of renewable energy. On the indication of cross-sectional dependency among the variables of the models, we apply second generation panel unit root tests and cointegration tests to check the stationarity properties and long-run cointegration relation among the variables. We find that variables are stationary at the first difference, and long-run cointegration exists. By applying robust dynamic heterogeneous and cross-section augmented estimators, we find that increase in GDP increases renewable energy consumption by 1.56-0.50%; however reduces by 0.07-0.03% after certain thresholds. Furthermore, increase in financial development, on average, reduces the propensity of renewable energy consumption by 0.15-0.07% in the long-run. On the other hand, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test shows a unidirectional relationship from GDP to financial development and financial development to renewable energy consumption but not vice versa. We suggest that the selected countries revisit and restructure the renewable energy policy and emphasise institutional reforms to strengthen renewable energy development in the upcoming years.

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Environmental Pollution a Negative Externality from China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Policy implications for Pakistan

International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology ◽

10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss3.2020.482 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

Rehmat Karim ◽

Faqeer Muhammad ◽

Javed Akhter Qureshi ◽

Naveed Razzaq ◽

Akber Ali

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

South Asia ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Global Economy ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Policy Implications ◽

The Impact

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) isconsidered as the ‘flagship’ project of China’s Belt andRoad Initiative (BRI) and has been widely acclaimedby both Chinese and Pakistani officials often terming itas ‘game-changer’ to overcome Pakistan’s lingeringissues of energy and economic crisis. Within theframework of CPEC, China is investing more than 56billion US dollars as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)in various energy and infrastructure projects includinga vast network of railways, highways, economic zonesand gas pipelines. While much has been debated andwritten about various projects under CPEC in theexisting academic discourses, vis-à-vis threats to thebiodiversity (Nabi et al., 2017), its potentialimplications to environmental hazards (Ali, 2018) andto overcome energy shortfall of Pakistan (Kugelman,2017). However, scientific study to reinforce the issuesof environmental pollution, particularly related toCEPEC coal-based energy projects have been stilllacking.The pertained literature on CPEC consisted qualitativestudies to inspect and judge different aspects such asimportance of CPEC for both countries and its effectson geo political of South Asia. Challenges for CPEC inPakistan, South Asia and foreign policy betweenChina-Pakistan), as Nan, (2015) explained that thisproject is not only valuable for Pakistan and China, butit is also beneficial for the global economy byincluding several other countries. Furthermore, Li andSun, (2015) and Irshad, etal, (2015) reported theimportance of CPEC and it long and short-termbenefits for both countries. Further, Hussain and Khan(2017) also stated that it will enhance the cooperationbetween two countries and advantageous for Chinese,Middle Eastern and South Asian people (Ali, 2016).Further, Wolf, (2017) explained the insights, potentialsand challenges concerning CPEC and domestic levelcooperation between China and Pakistan.In addition, quantitative studies focused to shed a lighton the impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC) (Such as, impact on gdp, socio-economy,trade, stock market, energy sector and infrastructure).CPEC will build rails and roads infrastructure andinfrastructure development may decrease the povertyand increases the agriculture development in Pakistan(Ahmed & Mustafa, 2016). Most recent articleexamined the impact of CPEC impact on energy(energy consumption and energy saving potential) inthe prospect of Pakistan (Mirza, Fatima, Ullah, 2019).A latest study surveyed in Pakistan and their researchresults shows that entrepreneur’s attitude andintentions to China and Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC) development is positive, it means CPECproject also designing an entrepreneurial environment(Kanwal et al., 2019).A large number of studies (Begum, etal., 2015; Ozturk,and Acaravci, 2010) have discussed various elementsand causes of CO2 emissions. Similarly, manyresearches (Khurshid, etal., 2018; Hadi, etal., 2018;Hussain, 2017; Hussain, 2015) on Pakistan-Chinarelations in the context of economy, society andgeopolitical point of view. Present study is aimed toinvestigate the CPEC development effects i.e. grossdomestic product (gdp), foreign direct investment (fdi),trade openness (top), energy consumption (enguse) onenvironmental pollution (CO2) in Pakistan usingFMOLS and DOLS methods.

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Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Further Evidence from Taiwan

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v9n7p165 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Chung-Wei Kao ◽

Jer-Yuh Wan

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Conservation ◽

Energy Use ◽

Threshold Model ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Causality Test ◽

Long Run ◽

The Business Cycle

This paper investigates the nonlinear relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Taiwan. By applying the method of Gonzalo and Pitarakis (2006), we consider the possibility of significant threshold effects within the long-run relationship between the two variables, where the effect is trigged by changes in the phase of the business cycle. The Granger-causality test in a threshold model indicates the relationship between energy consumption and GDP is regime-dependent. A bidirectional relationship between these two variables is observed in the contractionary regime, implying that energy serves as an engine of economic growth and that reductions in energy use will have adverse effects on economic activities. On the other hand, a unidirectional causality running from GDP to energy consumption is detected in the expansionary regime. It indicates energy conservation is feasible in this regime with little or no detrimental effects on economic growth. The policy implications are that energy use and economic growth are jointly reinforcing each other during recessionary periods. However, in periods of high economic growth when energy consumption cannot bring about economic growth, energy conservation policies should be adopted with more aggressive thinking.

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Modelling the Global Prevalence of COVID-19: An Econometric Approach

10.21203/rs.3.rs-241907/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wasiu Adekunle ◽

Feyisayo Oyolola ◽

Oluwafemi A. Atolagbe ◽

Abdulhameed A. Ademola ◽

Taiwo H. Odugbemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Infection ◽

Health Sector ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Net Migration ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

The World ◽

Regression Approach ◽

The Common ◽

Econometric Approach

Abstract Virtually all economies of the world were caught up unawares with the sudden outbreak and rapid spread of coronavirus pandemic from Wuhan City of China to the rest of the world. A number of studies have been conducted to investigate the drivers of the spread of the viral infection. To differ with these studies which were mostly epidemiological-based, we employed a cross-sectional quantile regression approach to uncover both the common and region-specific socio-economic conditions that are instrumental in the spread of the pandemic across four continents of the world including Africa, Asia, America and Europe. Across the four continents, we observed that age characteristics proxied by life expectancy and the size of the aged population, as well as, overall spending on the health sector have significant impact on the spread of COVID-19. We also noted the significant roles of out-of-pocket spending on healthcare in the case of Africa, net migration in the case of America and tourism attraction in the case of Europe in driving the prevalence of coronavirus. We therefore draw policy implications in terms of the need for improved spending on health sector across continents and the need to intensify health checks for travelers and immigrants, and also the need to emphasize regular check-ups for all individuals across continents since current realities have shown that no age-group is spared of contracting the viral infection.

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