scholarly journals New insights into M1/M2 macrophages: key modulators in cancer progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiuyang Liu ◽  
Xiafei Geng ◽  
Jinxuan Hou ◽  
Gaosong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
M2 Macrophages ◽  
Tumor Aggressiveness ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Stromal Microenvironment ◽  
M1 Phenotype ◽  
Stromal Activation ◽  
M1 And M2 Macrophages

AbstractInfiltration of macrophages in and around tumor nest represents one of the most crucial hallmarks during tumor progression. The mutual interactions with tumor cells and stromal microenvironment contribute to phenotypically polarization of tumor associated macrophages. Macrophages consist of at least two subgroups, M1 and M2. M1 phenotype macrophages are tumor-resistant due to intrinsic phagocytosis and enhanced antitumor inflammatory reactions. Contrastingly, M2 are endowed with a repertoire of tumor-promoting capabilities involving immuno-suppression, angiogenesis and neovascularization, as well as stromal activation and remodeling. The functional signature of M2 incorporates location-related, mutually connected, and cascade-like reactions, thereby accelerating paces of tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. In this review, mechanisms underlying the distinct functional characterization of M1 and M2 macrophages are demonstrated to make sense of M1 and M2 as key regulators during cancer progression.

scholarly journals The Reactive Oxygen Species in Macrophage Polarization: Reflecting Its Dual Role in Progression and Treatment of Human Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hor-Yue Tan ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
Ming Hong ◽  
Xuanbin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
M2 Macrophages ◽  
M1 Macrophages ◽  
M1 Phenotype ◽  
Full Activation ◽  
M1 And M2 Macrophages

High heterogeneity of macrophage is associated with its functions in polarization to different functional phenotypes depending on environmental cues. Macrophages remain in balanced state in healthy subject and thus macrophage polarization may be crucial in determining the tissue fate. The two distinct populations, classically M1 and alternatively M2 activated, representing the opposing ends of the full activation spectrum, have been extensively studied for their associations with several disease progressions. Accumulating evidences have postulated that the redox signalling has implication in macrophage polarization and the key roles of M1 and M2 macrophages in tissue environment have provided the clue for the reasons of ROS abundance in certain phenotype. M1 macrophages majorly clearing the pathogens and ROS may be crucial for the regulation of M1 phenotype, whereas M2 macrophages resolve inflammation which favours oxidative metabolism. Therefore how ROS play its role in maintaining the homeostatic functions of macrophage and in particular macrophage polarization will be reviewed here. We also review the biology of macrophage polarization and the disturbance of M1/M2 balance in human diseases. The potential therapeutic opportunities targeting ROS will also be discussed, hoping to provide insights for development of target-specific delivery system or immunomodulatory antioxidant for the treatment of ROS-related diseases.

Identification and functional characterization of a long non-coding RNA driving hormone-independent prostate cancer progression.

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11087-11087
Author(s):  
Francesco Crea ◽  
Abhijit Parolia ◽  
Hui Xue ◽  
Paolo Frumento ◽  
Yuwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Prostate Cancer Progression ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

scholarly journals Identification and characterization of an endogenous chemotactic ligand specific for FPRL2

2004 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Migeotte ◽  
Elena Riboldi ◽  
Jean-Denis Franssen ◽  
Françoise Grégoire ◽  
Cécile Loison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Formyl Peptide Receptor ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Formyl Peptide

Chemotaxis of dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes is a key step in the initiation of an adequate immune response. Formyl peptide receptor (FPR) and FPR-like receptor (FPRL)1, two G protein–coupled receptors belonging to the FPR family, play an essential role in host defense mechanisms against bacterial infection and in the regulation of inflammatory reactions. FPRL2, the third member of this structural family of chemoattractant receptors, is characterized by its specific expression on monocytes and DCs. Here, we present the isolation from a spleen extract and the functional characterization of F2L, a novel chemoattractant peptide acting specifically through FPRL2. F2L is an acetylated amino-terminal peptide derived from the cleavage of the human heme-binding protein, an intracellular tetrapyrolle-binding protein. The peptide binds and activates FPRL2 in the low nanomolar range, which triggers intracellular calcium release, inhibition of cAMP accumulation, and phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases through the Gi class of heterotrimeric G proteins. When tested on monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs, F2L promotes calcium mobilization and chemotaxis. Therefore, F2L appears as a new natural chemoattractant peptide for DCs and monocytes, and the first potent and specific agonist of FPRL2.

scholarly journals Antibody Arrays: Technical Considerations and Clinical Applications in Cancer

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1651-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Sanchez-Carbayo
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Antibody Array ◽  
Antibody Arrays

Abstract Antibody arrays represent one of the high-throughput techniques that are able to detect multiple proteins simultaneously. One of the main advantages of this technology over other proteomic approaches is that the identities of the measured proteins are known or can be readily characterized, allowing a biological interpretation of the results. Features such as lower sample volume and antibody concentration requirements, higher format versatility, and reproducibility support the increasing use of antibody arrays in cancer research. Clinical applications include disease marker discovery for diagnosis, prognosis, and drug response, characterization of signaling and protein pathways, and modifications associated with disease development and progression. This report presents an overview of technical issues of the main antibody array formats and various applications in cancer research. Antibody arrays are high-throughput tools that improve the functional characterization of molecular bases for disease. Furthermore, identification and validation of protein expression patterns, characteristic of cancer progression, and tumor subtypes may intervene and improve tailored therapies in the clinical management of cancer patients.

Immunohistochemical Study of M1 and M2 Macrophages Population in Chronic Villitis of the Placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S102-S102
Author(s):  
Erika Egal ◽  
Natalia de Magalhães Rodrigues ◽  
Fernanda Mariano ◽  
Reydson Souza ◽  
Joao Scarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
M2 Macrophages ◽  
M1 Macrophages ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Intervillous Space ◽  
M1 Phenotype ◽  
Chronic Villitis ◽  
M1 And M2 Macrophages

Abstract Introduction Villitis is characterized by the presence of inflammatory infiltrate (CD8 lymphocyte) in the placental villous and is classified as to the etiology in known and unknown. In most cases, villitis is idiopathic (villitis of unknown etiology [VUE]) because no microorganisms are evident and there are no maternal symptoms or signs. It has recently been proposed that pregnancy is, in fact, an active and highly regulated immune process in which macrophages play an important role. Macrophages may present with M1 phenotype, important effector cells, or M2 phenotype, capable of suppressing the function of M1 macrophages and influencing immunoregulation and tissue repair. CD68 antibody recognizes macrophages M1 and M2, whereas CD11c and CD163 antibodies are specific for the identification only of M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. The objective of our study is to characterize in human placentas in the subpopulation of M1 and M2 macrophages in VUE. Methods Sixteen cases of chronic villitis (all without an identifiable etiologic agent) and three control placentas were examined using immunohistochemistry with antibodies for CD68, CD11c, CD163, and CD3. Results CD68 and CD163 were present in all cases in the normal areas. CD68, CD163, and CD11c were present in the villous stroma and in the intervillous space in the inflamed areas. The percentage of CD68-positive macrophages was higher than CD163- and CD11c-positive macrophages in all specimens studied. A total increase of CD68, CD163, and CD11c with the predominance of CD11c over CD163 in the inflamed areas was observed. Conclusion The predominance of M1 macrophages (CD11c) in the inflamed areas suggests the influence of these cells in the pathogenesis VUE. The higher amount of M2 (CD163) in the inflamed villous compared to normal areas suggests a possible immunoregulatory mechanism of the inflammatory process in VUE.

scholarly journals Functional characterization of lysine-specific demethylase 2 (LSD2/KDM1B) in breast cancer progression

Oncotarget ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (47) ◽  
pp. 81737-81753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Chen ◽  
Shauna N. Vasilatos ◽  
Ye Qin ◽  
Tiffany A. Katz ◽  
Chunyu Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Breast Cancer Progression ◽  
Lysine Specific Demethylase

Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Hannah Pallubinsky ◽  
Denis P. Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

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