scholarly journals Novel endoscopic optical diagnostic technologies in medical trial research: recent advancements and future prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyu He ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Xuesong Ye
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Optical Diagnostic ◽  
Hollow Organ ◽  
Medical Trial ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
Subcellular Resolution ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies

AbstractNovel endoscopic biophotonic diagnostic technologies have the potential to non-invasively detect the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the human body with subcellular resolution or to obtain biochemical information about tissue in real time. With the capability to visualize or analyze the diagnostic target in vivo, these techniques gradually developed as potential candidates to challenge histopathology which remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Consequently, many innovative endoscopic diagnostic techniques have succeeded in detection, characterization, and confirmation: the three critical steps for routine endoscopic diagnosis. In this review, we mainly summarize researches on emerging endoscopic optical diagnostic techniques, with emphasis on recent advances. We also introduce the fundamental principles and the development of those techniques and compare their characteristics. Especially, we shed light on the merit of novel endoscopic imaging technologies in medical research. For example, hyperspectral imaging and Raman spectroscopy provide direct molecular information, while optical coherence tomography and multi-photo endomicroscopy offer a more extensive detection range and excellent spatial–temporal resolution. Furthermore, we summarize the unexplored application fields of these endoscopic optical techniques in major hospital departments for biomedical researchers. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the future perspectives, as well as bottlenecks of those endoscopic optical diagnostic technologies. We believe all these efforts will enrich the diagnostic toolbox for endoscopists, enhance diagnostic efficiency, and reduce the rate of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.

Optical Diagnostics for Metallurgical Processes.

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Williamson ◽  
H. C. Peebles ◽  
W. A. Hareland ◽  
F. J. Zanner
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Vacuum Arc ◽  
Vacuum Arc Remelting ◽  
Optical Diagnostic ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

AbstractMany industrially important metallurgical processes are accompanied by the emission of light, the analysis of which often supplies useful information concerning the current state of the process while also providing insight into the details of specific process mechanisms. Optical diagnostic techniques are finding an increasingly wide range of application throughout the metallurgical community. This paper discusses the application of emission spectroscopy and imaging techniques to the analysis of such diverse processes as vacuum arc remelting, laser welding, and arc welding. A discussion of these techniques will be presented addressing such subjects as instrumentation, data analysis, the kind of information available and its potential impact on the selection of process parameters. Special attention will be given to discussing the difficulties encountered in applying these diagnostic technologies to “real life” processes in non-laboratory environments.

Remote sensing of coal-fired MHD by optical diagnostic techniques

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. MURPHREE ◽  
R. COOK ◽  
W. SHEPARD ◽  
L. BAUMAN ◽  
J. GASSAWAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Optical Diagnostic

scholarly journals Visceral pressure stimulator for exploring hollow organ pain: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael DeLong ◽  
Mauricio Gil-Silva ◽  
Veronica Minsu Hong ◽  
Olivia Babyok ◽  
Benedict J. Kolber
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Digital Pressure ◽  
Hollow Organ ◽  
Specialized Hardware ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background The regulation and control of pressure stimuli is useful for many studies of pain and nociception especially those in the visceral pain field. In many in vivo experiments, distinct air and liquid stimuli at varying pressures are delivered to hollow organs such as the bladder, vagina, and colon. These stimuli are coupled with behavioral, molecular, or physiological read-outs of the response to the stimulus. Care must be taken to deliver precise timed stimuli during experimentation. For example, stimuli signals can be used online to precisely time-lock the stimulus with a physiological output. Such precision requires the development of specialized hardware to control the stimulus (e.g., air) while providing a precise read-out of pressure and stimulus signal markers. Methods In this study, we designed a timed pressure regulator [termed visceral pressure stimulator (VPS)] to control air flow, measure pressure (in mmHg), and send stimuli markers to online software. The device was built using a simple circuit and primarily off-the-shelf parts. A separate custom inline analog-to-digital pressure converter was used to validate the real pressure output of the VPS. Results Using commercial physiological software (Spike2, CED), we were able to measure mouse bladder pressure continuously during delivery of unique air stimulus trials in a mouse while simultaneously recording an electromyogram (EMG) of the overlying abdominal muscles. Conclusions This device will be useful for those who need to (1) deliver distinct pressure stimuli while (2) measuring the pressure in real-time and (3) monitoring stimulus on–off using physiological software.

scholarly journals Affinity series of genetically encoded high sensitivity Förster Resonance Energy Transfer sensors for sucrose

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayuri Sadoine ◽  
Mira Reger ◽  
Ka Man Wong ◽  
Wolf B. Frommer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Forster Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Förster Resonance

ABSTRACTGenetically encoded fluorescent sugar sensors are valuable tools for the discovery of transporters and for quantitative monitoring of sugar steady-state levels in intact tissues. Genetically encoded Förster Resonance Energy Transfer sensors for glucose have been designed and optimized extensively, and a full series of affinity mutants is available for in vivo studies. However, to date, only a single improved sensor FLIPsuc-90µΔ1 with a Km for sucrose of ∼90 µM is available for sucrose monitoring. This sucrose sensor was engineered on the basis of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens sugar binding protein. Here, we took a two-step approach to first systematically improve the dynamic range of the FLIPsuc nanosensor and then expand the detection range from micromolar to millimolar sucrose concentrations by mutating a key residue in the binding site. The resulting series of sucrose sensors may allow systematic investigation of sucrose transporter candidates and comprehensive in vivo analyses of sucrose concentration in plants. Since FLIPsuc-90µ also detects trehalose in animal cells, the new series of sensors can be used to investigate trehalose transporter candidates and monitor trehalose steady-state levels in vivo as well.

scholarly journals Coarse-grained modeling of mitochondrial metabolism enables subcellular flux inference from fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingbo Yang ◽  
Daniel J. Needleman
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Lifetime ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy ◽  
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging ◽  
Lifetime Imaging ◽  
Metabolic Fluxes ◽  
Subcellular Resolution

AbstractMitochondria are central to metabolism and their dysfunctions are associated with many diseases1–9. Metabolic flux, the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway, is one of the most important quantities in metabolism, but it remains a challenge to measure spatiotemporal variations in mitochondrial metabolic fluxes in living cells. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of NADH is a label-free technique that is widely used to characterize the metabolic state of mitochondria in vivo10–18. However, the utility of this technique has been limited by the inability to relate FLIM measurement to the underlying metabolic activities in mitochondria. Here we show that, if properly interpreted, FLIM of NADH can be used to quantitatively measure the flux through a major mitochondrial metabolic pathway, the electron transport chain (ETC), in vivo with subcellular resolution. This result is based on the use of a coarse-grained NADH redox model, which we test in mouse oocytes subject to a wide variety of perturbations by comparing predicted fluxes to direct biochemical measurements and by self-consistency criterion. Using this method, we discovered a subcellular spatial gradient of mitochondrial metabolic flux in mouse oocytes. We showed that this subcellular variation in mitochondrial flux correlates with a corresponding subcellular variation in mitochondrial membrane potential. The developed model, and the resulting procedure for analyzing FLIM of NADH, are valid under nearly all circumstances of biological interest. Thus, this approach is a general procedure to measure metabolic fluxes dynamically in living cells, with subcellular resolution.

scholarly journals Development of a Human Gamma Interferon Enzyme Immunoassay and Comparison with Tuberculin Skin Testing for Detection ofMycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuket Desem ◽  
Stephen L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Testing ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT A sensitive two-step simultaneous enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for human gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has been developed and used as an in vitro test for human tuberculosis (TB) in comparison with tuberculin skin testing. The EIA was shown to be highly sensitive, detecting less than 0.5 IU of recombinant human IFN-γ per ml within a linear detection range of 0.5 to 150 IU/ml. The assay was highly reproducible and specific for native IFN-γ. In addition, the assay detected chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon, and squirrel monkey IFN-γs. Cross-reactions with other human cytokines or with IFN-γs derived from mice, cattle, or Old World monkeys were not evident. The assay was used to detect TB infection by incubating whole blood overnight with human, avian, and bovine tuberculin purified protein derivatives (PPDs), as well as positive (mitogen)- and negative-control preparations. The levels of IFN-γ in plasma supernatants were then determined. Blood from 10 tuberculin skin test-positive individuals responded predominantly to the human tuberculin PPD antigen and to a lesser extent to bovine and avian PPD antigens. By contrast, blood from 10 skin test-negative individuals showed minimal responses or no response to any of the tuberculin PPDs. Detectable levels of IFN-γ were present in all blood samples stimulated with mitogen. In vivo tuberculin reactivity was correlated with IFN-γ responsiveness in vitro. These results support the further study of the blood culture–IFN-γ EIA system as an alternative to skin testing for the detection of human TB infection.

scholarly journals Application of Volatilome Analysis to the Diagnosis of Mycobacteria Infection in Livestock

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez ◽  
Lourdes Arce ◽  
Jaime Gómez-Laguna
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Targeted Analysis ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
And Control

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are small molecular mass metabolites which compose the volatilome, whose analysis has been widely employed in different areas. This innovative approach has emerged in research as a diagnostic alternative to different diseases in human and veterinary medicine, which still present constraints regarding analytical and diagnostic sensitivity. Such is the case of the infection by mycobacteria responsible for tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in livestock. Although eradication and control programs have been partly managed with success in many countries worldwide, the often low sensitivity of the current diagnostic techniques against Mycobacterium bovis (as well as other mycobacteria from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis together with other hurdles such as low mycobacteria loads in samples, a tedious process of microbiological culture, inhibition by many variables, or intermittent shedding of the mycobacteria highlight the importance of evaluating new techniques that open different options and complement the diagnostic paradigm. In this sense, volatilome analysis stands as a potential option because it fulfills part of the mycobacterial diagnosis requirements. The aim of the present review is to compile the information related to the diagnosis of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in livestock through the analysis of VOCs by using different biological matrices. The analytical techniques used for the evaluation of VOCs are discussed focusing on the advantages and drawbacks offered compared with the routine diagnostic tools. In addition, the differences described in the literature among in vivo and in vitro assays, natural and experimental infections, and the use of specific VOCs (targeted analysis) and complete VOC pattern (non-targeted analysis) are highlighted. This review emphasizes how this methodology could be useful in the problematic diagnosis of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis in livestock and poses challenges to be addressed in future research.

scholarly journals Endomicroscopy and Cancer: A New Approach to the Visualization of Neoangiogenesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Cannizzaro ◽  
Maurizio Mongiat ◽  
Vincenzo Canzonieri ◽  
Mara Fornasarig ◽  
Stefania Maiero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy ◽  
Molecular Profile ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Antiangiogenic Treatment ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Angiogenic Therapy ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Subcellular Resolution

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a novel imaging technique for gastrointestinal endoscopy providingin vivomicroscopy at subcellular resolution. It offers the possibility to analyze neoangiogenesis and vessel densityin vivo. Angiogenetic switch is essential in cancer progression. Aim of the paper was to review the use of this imaging tool to analyze colorectal and gastric cancers vascularizationin vivo. The aim is to provide the possibility of combining diagnostic evidences with vascularization and molecular profile to evaluate the efficacy of an antiangiogenic treatment in association with conventional therapy. pCLE can be considered a revolutionary method for real-time assessment of changes in vascularization pattern in this tumors and it may open the possibility to address the use of anti-angiogenic therapy in order to improve the outcome of the treatment.

Bone Elastometric Measurements by Ultrasound Reflectometry: Observations on Physiology and Functional Organization of Bone

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreefal S. Mehta ◽  
Peter P. Antich ◽  
Billy Smith ◽  
Matthew A. Lewis ◽  
Edmond Richer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Bone Material ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
First Time

Abstract Bone mechanical properties are strongly dependent on orientation and optimally adapted to the directional stresses induced by load bearing and muscular activity. Spatial and directional homogeneity and a slow rate of change of material mechanical properties are commonly assumed in the literature. The assumptions are based on limitations of widespread diagnostic techniques but are contradicted by results from several established techniques, including ultrasound reflectometry. A device based on the ultrasound reflectometry technique measures the mechanical elasticity of bone noninvasively at multiple sites and orientations, making it possible to carry out longitudinal studies at any chosen location in vivo. In vivo elastometric measurements over the length of a tibia were obtained with this device, demonstrating quantitatively for the first time the spatial and directional heterogeneity of bone material properties in vivo. Clinical observations made on two subjects also suggest that bone does exhibit rapid changes in response to altered activity levels.

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