In the last decade, great progress has been made on mRNA vaccines. MRNA vaccines that are well-tolerated and human immunogenic, stable and can be scaled up to hundreds of millions of doses have been produced with advancements in mRNA design, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) composition and production techniques. The ability to combine multiple mRNA antigens in the same LNP, targeting multiple pathogens simultaneously, the lack of vector immunity, and the robust immune responses confirmed in several clinical studies make mRNA vaccines a disruptive technology that could change the development of vaccines in the coming years. Moreover, as mRNA was recently employed for large-scale vaccination applications, there is still plenty of room for refining and new advances.Ad-vector-based vaccines have also become promising immunization platforms. Ad vectors' structural components can be harnessed and modified for enhanced tropism, efficient transduction, and optimal antigen expression, and the structural components of Ad vaccine vectors can be harnessed and modified for enhanced tropism, effective transduction, and optimal antigen expression. Ad vectors can be readily created and mass-produced on a commercial basis, and their potency and stability make single-shot immunizations viable without using a frozen cold chain. Ad vectors' flexibility and promise for present and future vaccination applications is evidenced by their development against many illnesses.The use of biomaterials and engineering to improve vaccine delivery control has shown promise in boosting vaccination efficiency and fine-tuning the responses induced. Taken together, these vaccine science innovations have the potential to overcome many of the shortcomings in traditional vaccination technology, and they will almost probably play a crucial part in developing future known and novel disease vaccines.