scholarly journals Molecular diversity of Bulinus species in Madziwa area, Shamva district in Zimbabwe: implications for urogenital schistosomiasis transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masceline Jenipher Mutsaka-Makuvaza ◽  
Xiao-Nong Zhou ◽  
Cremance Tshuma ◽  
Eniola Abe ◽  
Justen Manasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
One Year ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract Background Bulinus species are freshwater snails that transmit the parasitic trematode Schistosoma haematobium. Despite their importance, the diversity of these intermediate host snails and their evolutionary history is still unclear in Zimbabwe. Bulinus globosus and B. truncatus collected from a urogenital schistosomiasis endemic region in the Madziwa area of Zimbabwe were characterized using molecular methods. Methods Malacological survey sites were mapped and snails were collected from water contact sites in four communities in the Madziwa area, Shamva district for a period of one year, at three-month intervals. Schistosoma haematobium infections in snails were determined by cercarial shedding and the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) was used to investigate the phylogeny and genetic variability of the Bulinus spp. collected. Results Among the 1570 Bulinus spp. snails collected, 30 (1.9%) B. globosus were shedding morphologically identified schistosomes. None of the B. truncatus snails were shedding. The mitochondrial cox1 data from 166 and 16 samples for B. globosus and B. truncatus, respectively, showed genetically diverse populations within the two species. Twelve cox1 haplotypes were found from the 166 B. globosus samples and three from the 16 B. truncatus samples with phylogenetic analysis showing that the haplotypes fall into well-supported clusters within their species groups. Both B. truncatus and B. globosus clustered into two distinct lineages. Overall, significant negative values for both Tajima’s D statistic and the Fu’s Fs statistic were observed for B. globosus and B. truncatus. Conclusions The study provided new insights into the levels of genetic diversity within B. globosus and additional information on B. truncatus collected from a small geographical area in Zimbabwe. Low prevalence levels of infection observed in the snails may reflect the low transmission level of urogenital schistosomiasis in the area. Our results contribute towards the understanding of the distribution and population genetic structure of Bulinus spp. supporting the mapping of the transmission or risk of transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis, particularly in Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Impact of seven years of mass drug administration and recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium infections after one year of treatment gap in Zanzibar: Repeated cross-sectional studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0009127
Author(s):  
Lydia Trippler ◽  
Shaali Makame Ame ◽  
Jan Hattendorf ◽  
Saleh Juma ◽  
Salum Abubakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Treatment Gap ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reagent Strips ◽  
One Year ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background Considerable progress towards the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis was made by the Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission project from 2012 till 2016, when biannual praziquantel mass drug administration (MDA) alone or with additional snail control or behaviour change interventions were implemented. Annual MDA was continued in 2017 and 2018, but not in 2019, imposing a 16-month treatment gap. We monitored the Schistosoma haematobium prevalence from 2012 till 2020 and assessed recrudescence patterns with focus on 2020. Methodology Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted from 2011/12 till 2020 in 90 communities and 90 schools in Zanzibar. Annually, around 4,500 adults and up to 20,000 schoolchildren were surveyed. The S. haematobium prevalence was detected by urine filtration and reagent strips. In 2020, risk factors for infection were investigated using generalized estimated equation models. Principal findings In adults, the apparent S. haematobium prevalence was 3.9% in 2011 and 0.4% in 2020. In schoolchildren, the prevalence decreased from 6.6% in 2012 to 1.2% in 2019 with vicissitudes over the years. Prominent recrudescence of infection from 2.8% in 2019 to 9.1% (+225%) in 2020 was observed in 29 schools with historically moderate prevalences (≥10%). Compared with 2019, reinfection in 2020 was particularly striking in boys aged 9–16 years. Being male was a risk factor for infection in 2020 (adults: odds ratio (OR): 6.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.96–19.60; schoolchildren: OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.52–2.78). Living near to a natural freshwater body significantly increased the odds of infection in adults (OR: 2.90, CI: 1.12–7.54). Conclusions/Significance After 11 rounds of MDA over 7 years and a 16-month treatment gap, the urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence considerably rebounded in hotspot areas. Future elimination efforts in Zanzibar should focus on re-intensifying MDA plus additional interventions in hotspot areas. In low-prevalence areas, the strategy might be adapted from MDA to targeted surveillance-response.

Factors affecting the intensity of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following treatment with praziquantel

Parasitology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Chandiwana ◽  
M. E. J. Woolhouse ◽  
M. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Index Of Exposure ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Independent Effects

SUMMARYInfection with Schistosoma haematobium was studied in a rural community of approximately 500 persons in eastern Zimbabwe. The overall prevalence of infection, as determined by urine egg counts, was 40·1%, and of heavy infections (≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine) was 11·0%. The prevalence of both heavy and all infections was highest in the 8 to 10-year-old age class. During 1987–88 data were obtained from 102 individuals on intensity of reinfection 14 weeks after treatment with praziquantel, the efficacy of treatment having been determined after 4 weeks. The water contact made by these individuals during 2-week periods immediately following treatment was recorded. The relative abundance of patent infected intermediate host snails, Bulinus globosus, was also monitored. An index of exposure was developed which weighted each water contact by its duration, the type of activity, the time of day, and the abundance of infected snails at the site used. The relationships between rates of reinfection, rates of exposure, and age were examined. Although only 13 individuals showed positive rates of reinfection, there were statistically significant and independent effects of both exposure and age on reinfection rate. Quantitative estimates of reinfection rates suggested that individuals aged 12 years or less acquired substantially more infection (measured as egg output) than individuals more than 12 years old.

Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Attaouia, Morocco

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Khallaayoune ◽  
H. Laamrani
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Bulinus Truncatus ◽  
One Year ◽  
Weather Variations ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACTIn the Attaouia area, the density of Bulinus truncatus (Audouin, 1827), was monitored monthly for a period of one year in correlation with weather variations. Snails were active throughout the year and particularly abundant at the end of spring and summer. Two snail generations were found to overlap. The infection rate of B. truncatus reached a maximum of 3·5% in the summer when human water contact was frequent. A selective survey conducted in the village of Lamyayha showed that the prevalence of infection with S. haematobium among the local population was 21·2% who were passing from 10 to 80 eggs per 10 ml of urine.

A novel community-based water recreation area for schistosomiasis control in rural Ghana

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Claire Kosinski ◽  
Jonathan J. Crocker ◽  
John L. Durant ◽  
Dickson Osabutey ◽  
Michael N. Adjei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Members ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Recreation Area ◽  
Water Recreation ◽  
One Year ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Primary Transmission

Primary prevention of schistosome infection has received little attention of late. We describe a novel water recreation area (WRA) to reduce Schistosoma haematobium infection rates in Adasawase, Ghana. Urogenital schistosomiasis is a water-based parasitic disease that affects over 100 million people worldwide, primarily children in the rural tropics. The disease is contracted via dermal contact with contaminated water. Widespread distribution of praziquantel is presently used to control morbidity, but chemotherapy does not confer immunity and reinfection can have severe health impacts. In 2008, an estimated 44% of school-aged children in Adasawase had S. haematobium eggs in their urine. Recreational contact with water was the primary transmission route. In collaboration with community members, a novel WRA was constructed. The WRA is groundwater and rainwater fed and serves more than 100 children at any given time. It was constructed from local materials and labor, designed to last more than 30 years, and minimizes exposure to S. haematobium. One year after construction, the annual incidence of S. haematobium infection dropped from 18.6% in 2009 to 4.6% in 2010, respectively (p < 0.001). Given the promising evidence, the data will be examined more rigorously to characterize factors that influence water contact and infection risk.

scholarly journals Co-infection with Schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted helminths in rural South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol Volume 113 (Number 3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Molvik ◽  
Elin Helland ◽  
Siphosenkosi G. Zulu ◽  
Elisabeth Kleppa ◽  
Kristine Lillebo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
School Level ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation

Abstract Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis are among the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases and may lead to severe consequences. We assessed the extent of co-infection between Schistosoma haematobium and the soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in schoolgirls in the rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We also explored if S. haematobium can serve as a predictor for soil-transmitted helminths in this area. From 15 selected schools, 726 primary schoolgirls aged 10–12 years provided both urine and stool samples. The samples were examined for the presence of eggs using the urine sedimentation technique for S. haematobium and the Kato Katz technique for STHs. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to calculate the association and Spearman’s rank correlation was used for the correlation analysis. There was a highly significant correlation between S. haematobium and STHs at a school level (Spearman’s correlation coefficient =0.93; p bigger than 0.001). The prevalences were found to be 36.9% and 38.8% for S. haematobium and STHs, respectively. A significant association was found between S. haematobium and STHs (odds ratio =2.05; confidence interval =1.58–2.93; p bigger than 0.001). Indirect indicators of urogenital schistosomiasis (e.g. water contact and haematuria) were significantly associated with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection. We have demonstrated a highly significant correlation and overall association between urogenital schistosomiasis and A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. We cautiously suggest that all S. haematobium endemic areas should be treated for STH infections.

scholarly journals Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834) as a natural host for Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) Weinland, 1858 x Schistosoma bovis Sonsino, 1876 introgressive hybrids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris A.E.S. Savassi ◽  
Gauthier Dobigny ◽  
Jonas R. Etougbétché ◽  
Thalasse T. Avocegan ◽  
François T. Quinsou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Definitive Host ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Mastomys Natalensis ◽  
New Host ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Schistosoma Bovis ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Rdna

AbstractCercarial emission of schistosomes is a determinant in the transmission to the definitive host and constitutes a good marker to identify which definitive host is responsible for transmission, mainly in introgressive hybridization situations. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that micro-mammals play a role in Schistosoma haematobium, S. bovis, and/or S. haematobium x S. bovis transmission. Small mammal sampling was conducted in seven semi-lacustrine villages of southern Benin. Among the 62 animals trapped, 50 individuals were investigated for Schistosoma adults and eggs: 37 Rattus rattus, 3 Rattus norvegicus, 9 Mastomys natalensis, and 1 Crocidura olivieri. Schistosoma adults were found in four R. rattus and two M. natalensis, with a local prevalence reaching 80% and 50%, respectively. Two cercarial chronotypes were found from Bulinus globosus experimentally infected with miracidia extracted from naturally infected M. natalensis: a late diurnal and nocturnal chronotype, and an early diurnal, late diurnal, and nocturnal chronotype. The cytochrome C oxidase subunit I mtDNA gene of the collected schistosomes (adults, miracidia, and cercariae) belonged to the S. bovis clade. Eleven internal transcribed spacer rDNA profiles were found; four belonged to S. bovis and seven to S. haematobium x S. bovis. These molecular results together with the observed multi-peak chronotypes add M. natalensis as a new host implicated in S. haematobium x S. bovis transmission. We discuss the origin of the new chronotypes which have become more complex with the appearance of several peaks in a 24-h day. We also discuss how the new populations of offspring may optimize intra-host ecological niche, host spectrum, and transmission time period.

scholarly journals Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Lúcio Lara Santos ◽  
Júlio Santos ◽  
Maria João Gouveia ◽  
Carina Bernardo ◽  
Carlos Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Female Genital

Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host–parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Simulation of population dynamics of Bulinus globosus: Effects of environmental temperature on production of Schistosoma haematobium cercariae

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. e0006651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester Kalinda ◽  
Moses J. Chimbari ◽  
William E. Grant ◽  
Hsiao-Hsuan Wang ◽  
Julius N. Odhiambo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Bulinus Globosus

scholarly journals Effect of Mass Chemotherapy and Piped Water on Numbers of Schistosoma Haematobium and Prevalence in Bulinus Globosus in Kwale, Kenya

1988 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Noda ◽  
Yoshiki Aoki ◽  
Atsuo Sato ◽  
Ngethe D. Muhoho ◽  
John H. Ouma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Bulinus Globosus

scholarly journals Endocrine Disorders in a Specialized Hospital in Guyana

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-31
Author(s):  
Yaquelin Gonzalez Ricardo ◽  
Yaritza Lopez Diaz ◽  
Ravendra Johnaton Dudnauth ◽  
Maritza Oliva Perez
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Sheehan Syndrome ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Endocrinology Clinic

Background: Endocrine diseases are characterized by hormonal alterations (excess or defect). Due to the low prevalence (less than five case 5 / 10 000 inhabitants), a large number of them, qualify to be classified as rare diseases such as those of organs like: hypophysis, adrenal glands, gonads as well as some congenital thyroid diseases. Others like Diabetes are considering almost epidemic. Objective: To define the types of diseases observed in the only Endocrinology Clinic in Guyana. Methods: The diagnoses of all patients who attended the endocrinology clinic of the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation from June 1, 2016 to May 31, 2017, were analyzed. Results: During the one year of this study, approximately 639 patients attended the endocrinology clinic. Of this, 178 patients had thyroid-related diseases with 80 of these having thyrotoxicosis, 49 having hypothyroidism followed by 110 patients with diabetes mellitus. Pituitary tumors were also diagnosed with 2 of acromegaly and 6 of prolactinomas. Cases of hypoadrenalism (n = 5), hypogonadism (n = 4), and pheochromocytoma (n = 6) were not rare; gonadal disease were also found in 17 patients. Thyroid disease was the most frequent diagnosis followed by diabetes mellitus. New emerging endocrine disorders such as hyperlipidemia (n = 1) were rare. Some persons attending the clinic were also noted to be overweight /obese however this was not the primary reason for joining the clinic. Traditional diseases such as Sheehan Syndrome have become rare due to improvements in Obstetric care. 

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