scholarly journals Nanobody: a promising toolkit for molecular imaging and disease therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangfa Bao ◽  
Ming Tang ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Xiaohua Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Deep Tissue ◽  
Effector Domains ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Disease Therapy ◽  
Variable Domains ◽  
Precision Therapy ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Art Research

AbstractNanobodies are the recombinant variable domains of heavy-chain-only antibodies, with many unique properties such as small size, excellent solubility, superior stability, quick clearance from blood, and deep tissue penetration. As a result, nanobodies have become a promising tool for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases. As imaging tracers, nanobodies allow an early acquisition of high-quality images, provide a comprehensive evaluation of the disease, and subsequently enable a personalized precision therapy. As therapeutic agents, nanobodies enable a targeted therapy by lesion-specific delivery of drugs and effector domains, thereby improving the specificity and efficacy of the therapy. Up to date, a wide variety of nanobodies have been developed for a broad range of molecular targets and have played a significant role in patients with a broad spectrum of diseases. In this review, we aim to outline the current state-of-the-art research on the nanobodies for medical applications and then discuss the challenges and strategies for their further clinical translation.

scholarly journals Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising tool in nanomedicine with particular emphasis on oncological treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Sharifi-Rad ◽  
Cristina Quispe ◽  
Monica Butnariu ◽  
Lia Sanda Rotariu ◽  
Oksana Sytar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Oncological Treatment ◽  
Anticancer Drug Delivery ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Toxicity Of Drugs ◽  
New System

AbstractThe study describes the current state of knowledge on nanotechnology and its utilization in medicine. The focus in this manuscript was on the properties, usage safety, and potentially valuable applications of chitosan-based nanomaterials. Chitosan nanoparticles have high importance in nanomedicine, biomedical engineering, discovery and development of new drugs. The manuscript reviewed the new studies regarding the use of chitosan-based nanoparticles for creating new release systems with improved bioavailability, increased specificity and sensitivity, and reduced pharmacological toxicity of drugs. Nowadays, effective cancer treatment is a global problem, and recent advances in nanomedicine are of great importance. Special attention was put on the application of chitosan nanoparticles in developing new system for anticancer drug delivery. Pre-clinical and clinical studies support the use of chitosan-based nanoparticles in nanomedicine. This manuscript overviews the last progresses regarding the utilization, stability, and bioavailability of drug nanoencapsulation with chitosan and their safety.

Glacially-Triggered Faulting

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Earth ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Fault Activity ◽  
Current State ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Art Research ◽  
International Experts ◽  
Fault Scarps

Glacially triggered faulting describes movement of pre-existing faults caused by a combination of tectonic and glacially induced isostatic stresses. The most impressive fault-scarps are found in northern Europe, assumed to be reactivated at the end of the deglaciation. This view has been challenged as new faults have been discovered globally with advanced techniques such as LiDAR, and fault activity dating has shown several phases of reactivation thousands of years after deglaciation ended. This book summarizes the current state-of-the-art research in glacially triggered faulting, discussing the theoretical aspects that explain the presence of glacially induced structures and reviews the geological, geophysical, geodetic and geomorphological investigation methods. Written by a team of international experts, it provides the first global overview of confirmed and proposed glacially induced faults, and provides an outline for modelling these stresses and features. It is a go-to reference for geoscientists and engineers interested in ice sheet-solid Earth interaction.

scholarly journals Multi-Rate Data Fusion for State and Parameter Estimation in (Bio-)Chemical Process Engineering

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1990
Author(s):  
Robert Dürr ◽  
Stefanie Duvigneau ◽  
Carsten Seidel ◽  
Achim Kienle ◽  
Andreas Bück
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Process Engineering ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Delayed Measurement ◽  
Advanced Model ◽  
Mathematical Process

For efficient operation, modern control approaches for biochemical process engineering require information on the states of the process such as temperature, humidity or chemical composition. Those measurement are gathered from a set of sensors which differ with respect to sampling rates and measurement quality. Furthermore, for biochemical processes in particular, analysis of physical samples is necessary, e.g., to infer cellular composition resulting in delayed information. As an alternative for the use of this delayed measurement for control, so-called soft-sensor approaches can be used to fuse delayed multirate measurements with the help of a mathematical process model and provide information on the current state of the process. In this manuscript we present a complete methodology based on cascaded unscented Kalman filters for state estimation from delayed and multi-rate measurements. The approach is demonstrated for two examples, an exothermic chemical reactor and a recently developed model for biopolymer production. The results indicate that the the current state of the systems can be accurately reconstructed and therefore represent a promising tool for further application in advanced model-based control not only of the considered processes but also of related processes.

scholarly journals Bacterium-Mediated RNA Interference: Potential Application in Plant Protection

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Goodfellow ◽  
Daai Zhang ◽  
Ming-Bo Wang ◽  
Ren Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Applications

RNAi has emerged as a promising tool for targeting agricultural pests and pathogens and could provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional means of control. However, the deployment of this technology is still limited by a lack of suitable exogenous- or externally applied delivery mechanisms. Numerous means of overcoming this limitation are being explored. One such method, bacterium-mediated RNA interference, or bmRNAi, has been explored in other systems and shows great potential for application to agriculture. Here, we review the current state of bmRNAi, examine the technical limitations and possible improvements, and discuss its potential applications in crop protection.

Recent advancements in and perspectives on flexible hybrid perovskite solar cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 888-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Hyuck Heo ◽  
David S. Lee ◽  
Dong Hee Shin ◽  
Sang Hyuk Im
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Hybrid Perovskite ◽  
Art Research ◽  
State Of Art

In this review, we discuss the current state-of-art, research gateways and future prospects of flexible (bendable) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) towards their eventual commercialization.

The SLC9A-C Mammalian Na+/H+Exchanger Family: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 2015-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Pedersen ◽  
L. Counillon
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Gene Organization ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Solute Carrier ◽  
Art Research

Na+/H+exchangers play pivotal roles in the control of cell and tissue pH by mediating the electroneutral exchange of Na+and H+across cellular membranes. They belong to an ancient family of highly evolutionarily conserved proteins, and they play essential physiological roles in all phyla. In this review, we focus on the mammalian Na+/H+exchangers (NHEs), the solute carrier (SLC) 9 family. This family of electroneutral transporters constitutes three branches: SLC9A, -B, and -C. Within these, each isoform exhibits distinct tissue expression profiles, regulation, and physiological roles. Some of these transporters are highly studied, with hundreds of original articles, and some are still only rudimentarily understood. In this review, we present and discuss the pioneering original work as well as the current state-of-the-art research on mammalian NHEs. We aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of core knowledge and recent insights into each family member, from gene organization over protein structure and regulation to physiological and pathophysiological roles. Particular attention is given to the integrated physiology of NHEs in the main organ systems. We provide several novel analyses and useful overviews, and we pinpoint main remaining enigmas, which we hope will inspire novel research on these highly versatile proteins.

scholarly journals A PDTB-styled end-to-end discourse parser

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZIHENG LIN ◽  
HWEE TOU NG ◽  
MIN-YEN KAN
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Pipeline Architecture ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Current State ◽  
Discourse Relations ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
End To End ◽  
Discourse Connectives

AbstractSince the release of the large discourse-level annotation of the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), research work has been carried out on certain subtasks of this annotation, such as disambiguating discourse connectives and classifying Explicit or Implicit relations. We see a need to construct a full parser on top of these subtasks and propose a way to evaluate the parser. In this work, we have designed and developed an end-to-end discourse parser-to-parse free texts in the PDTB style in a fully data-driven approach. The parser consists of multiple components joined in a sequential pipeline architecture, which includes a connective classifier, argument labeler, explicit classifier, non-explicit classifier, and attribution span labeler. Our trained parser first identifies all discourse and non-discourse relations, locates and labels their arguments, and then classifies the sense of the relation between each pair of arguments. For the identified relations, the parser also determines the attribution spans, if any, associated with them. We introduce novel approaches to locate and label arguments, and to identify attribution spans. We also significantly improve on the current state-of-the-art connective classifier. We propose and present a comprehensive evaluation from both component-wise and error-cascading perspectives, in which we illustrate how each component performs in isolation, as well as how the pipeline performs with errors propagated forward. The parser gives an overall system F1 score of 46.80 percent for partial matching utilizing gold standard parses, and 38.18 percent with full automation.

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