scholarly journals Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising tool in nanomedicine with particular emphasis on oncological treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Sharifi-Rad ◽  
Cristina Quispe ◽  
Monica Butnariu ◽  
Lia Sanda Rotariu ◽  
Oksana Sytar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Oncological Treatment ◽  
Anticancer Drug Delivery ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Toxicity Of Drugs ◽  
New System

AbstractThe study describes the current state of knowledge on nanotechnology and its utilization in medicine. The focus in this manuscript was on the properties, usage safety, and potentially valuable applications of chitosan-based nanomaterials. Chitosan nanoparticles have high importance in nanomedicine, biomedical engineering, discovery and development of new drugs. The manuscript reviewed the new studies regarding the use of chitosan-based nanoparticles for creating new release systems with improved bioavailability, increased specificity and sensitivity, and reduced pharmacological toxicity of drugs. Nowadays, effective cancer treatment is a global problem, and recent advances in nanomedicine are of great importance. Special attention was put on the application of chitosan nanoparticles in developing new system for anticancer drug delivery. Pre-clinical and clinical studies support the use of chitosan-based nanoparticles in nanomedicine. This manuscript overviews the last progresses regarding the utilization, stability, and bioavailability of drug nanoencapsulation with chitosan and their safety.

scholarly journals Applications of Biomaterials in 3D Cell Culture and Contributions of 3D Cell Culture to Drug Development and Basic Biomedical Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Yujin Park ◽  
Kang Moo Huh ◽  
Sun-Woong Kang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Toxicity Screening ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Toxicity Of Drugs ◽  
External Stimuli

The process of evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of drugs is important in the production of new drugs to treat diseases. Testing in humans is the most accurate method, but there are technical and ethical limitations. To overcome these limitations, various models have been developed in which responses to various external stimuli can be observed to help guide future trials. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has a great advantage in simulating the physical and biological functions of tissues in the human body. This article reviews the biomaterials currently used to improve cellular functions in 3D culture and the contributions of 3D culture to cancer research, stem cell culture and drug and toxicity screening.

Detection of Viruses: insides of antibody-antigen interactions and Multifunctional Lab-On-particle for SARS CoV-2 detection

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Amé ◽  
Esraa Samy Abu Serea ◽  
Ahmed Esmail Shalan ◽  
A. Guillermo Bracamonte
Keyword(s):  
Fast Response ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Non Covalent Interactions ◽  
Genomic Factor ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Covalent Interactions

: The design of new Drugs, Molecules, Nano-, and Microstructures for targeted applications along the pass of the time within the history of Chemistry and Clinical Analysis showed to be of high impact on Life Sciences. In this context, and mainly for the actual Corona Virus Pandemic status, it should be highlighted the importance of a fast response. Thus, the developments of differents approaches looking for improved and higher sensitive solutions in the Biodetection field accompanied with new treatments of SARS CoV-2 are required. In this way, in this short communication based on the latest Research publications it was afforded and discussed the following topics: i) the importance of non-covalent interactions from antibody-antigen recognition events, ii) the genomic factor, and iii) the use of non-covalent interactions in different Optical detection systems and Lab-On particles. Moreover, it was afforded the theme related with the importance of new treatments in progress, such development of new vaccines; and current state of the pandemic situation. So, it was discussed and stimulated the improvement of innovative Multifunctional Nanophotonic approaches intended for SARS CoV-2 detection accompanied with potential targeted treatments.

scholarly journals Multi-Rate Data Fusion for State and Parameter Estimation in (Bio-)Chemical Process Engineering

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1990
Author(s):  
Robert Dürr ◽  
Stefanie Duvigneau ◽  
Carsten Seidel ◽  
Achim Kienle ◽  
Andreas Bück
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Process Engineering ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Delayed Measurement ◽  
Advanced Model ◽  
Mathematical Process

For efficient operation, modern control approaches for biochemical process engineering require information on the states of the process such as temperature, humidity or chemical composition. Those measurement are gathered from a set of sensors which differ with respect to sampling rates and measurement quality. Furthermore, for biochemical processes in particular, analysis of physical samples is necessary, e.g., to infer cellular composition resulting in delayed information. As an alternative for the use of this delayed measurement for control, so-called soft-sensor approaches can be used to fuse delayed multirate measurements with the help of a mathematical process model and provide information on the current state of the process. In this manuscript we present a complete methodology based on cascaded unscented Kalman filters for state estimation from delayed and multi-rate measurements. The approach is demonstrated for two examples, an exothermic chemical reactor and a recently developed model for biopolymer production. The results indicate that the the current state of the systems can be accurately reconstructed and therefore represent a promising tool for further application in advanced model-based control not only of the considered processes but also of related processes.

Interfering with Host Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Entry as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Müller ◽  
Hannah Maus ◽  
Stefan Josef Hammerschmidt ◽  
Philip Knaff ◽  
Volker Mailänder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Cell Receptors ◽  
Current State ◽  
Causative Drug ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease ◽  
Global Threat

: Due to its fast international spread and substantial mortality, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 evolved to a global threat. Since currently, there is no causative drug against this viral infection available, science is striving for new drugs and approaches to treat the new disease. Studies have shown that the cell entry of coronaviruses into host cells takes place through the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to cell receptors. Priming of the S protein occurs via hydrolysis by different host proteases. The inhibition of these proteases could impair the processing of the S protein, thereby affecting the interaction with the host-cell receptors and preventing virus cell entry. Hence, inhibition of these proteases could be a promising strategy for treatment against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of developing inhibitors against the entry proteases furin, the transmembrane serine protease type-II (TMPRSS2), trypsin, and cathepsin L.

scholarly journals Bacterium-Mediated RNA Interference: Potential Application in Plant Protection

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Goodfellow ◽  
Daai Zhang ◽  
Ming-Bo Wang ◽  
Ren Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Applications

RNAi has emerged as a promising tool for targeting agricultural pests and pathogens and could provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional means of control. However, the deployment of this technology is still limited by a lack of suitable exogenous- or externally applied delivery mechanisms. Numerous means of overcoming this limitation are being explored. One such method, bacterium-mediated RNA interference, or bmRNAi, has been explored in other systems and shows great potential for application to agriculture. Here, we review the current state of bmRNAi, examine the technical limitations and possible improvements, and discuss its potential applications in crop protection.

scholarly journals Three Alkaloids from an Apocynaceae Species, Aspidosperma spruceanum as Antileishmaniasis Agents by In Silico Demo-case Studies

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Morales-Jadán ◽  
José Blanco-Salas ◽  
Trinidad Ruiz-Téllez ◽  
Francisco Centeno
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Active Site ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Binding Free Energy ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Binding Pockets ◽  
Simulation Results

This paper is focused on demonstrating with a real case that Ethnobotany added to Bioinformatics is a promising tool for new drugs search. It encourages the in silico investigation of “challua kaspi”, a medicinal kichwa Amazonian plant (Aspidosperma spruceanum) against a Neglected Tropical Disease, leishmaniasis. The illness affects over 150 million people especially in subtropical regions, there is no vaccination and conventional treatments are unsatisfactory. In attempts to find potent and safe inhibitors of its etiological agent, Leishmania, we recovered the published traditional knowledge on kichwa antimalarials and selected three A. spruceanum alkaloids, (aspidoalbine, aspidocarpine and tubotaiwine), to evaluate by molecular docking their activity upon five Leishmania targets: DHFR-TS, PTR1, PK, HGPRT and SQS enzymes. Our simulation results suggest that aspidoalbine interacts competitively with the five targets, with a greater affinity for the active site of PTR1 than some physiological ligands. Our virtual data also point to the demonstration of few side effects. The predicted binding free energy has a greater affinity to Leishmania proteins than to their homologous in humans (TS, DHR, PKLR, HGPRT and SQS), and there is no match with binding pockets of physiological importance. Keys for the in silico protocols applied are included in order to offer a standardized method replicable in other cases. Apocynaceae having ethnobotanical use can be virtually tested as molecular antileishmaniasis new drugs.

scholarly journals Gene expression signature: a powerful approach for drug discovery in diabetes

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. R131-R139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smithamol Sithara ◽  
Tamsyn M Crowley ◽  
Ken Walder ◽  
Kathryn Aston-Mourney
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Gene Expression Signature ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in prevalence at an alarming rate around the world. Much effort has gone into the discovery and design of antidiabetic drugs; however, those already available are unable to combat the underlying causes of the disease and instead only moderate the symptoms. The reason for this is that T2D is a complex disease, and attempts to target one biological pathway are insufficient to combat the full extent of the disease. Additionally, the underlying pathophysiology of this disease is yet to be fully elucidated making it difficult to design drugs that target the mechanisms involved. Therefore, the approach of designing new drugs aimed at a specific molecular target is not optimal and a more expansive, unbiased approach is required. In this review, we will look at the current state of diabetes treatments and how these target the disease symptoms but are unable to combat the underlying causes. We will also review how the technique of gene expression signatures (GESs) has been used successfully for other complex diseases and how this may be applied as a powerful tool for the discovery of new drugs for T2D.

scholarly journals Ablative Acceleration of Foils, Their Pulsations, and Interchange Instability

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-506
Author(s):  
N.A. Inogamov
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Confinement Fusion ◽  
Inertial Confinement ◽  
Inhomogeneous Distribution ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Current State ◽  
Confinement Fusion ◽  
Interchange Instability ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Derivatives Of

The problem of hydrodynamic stability is important for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) systems based upon high compression of fuel before its ignition. This problem for the case of complicated multilayer foils has been studied here by a new approach describing the development of Rayleigh-Taylor or interchange instability in compressible media with inhomogeneous distribution of “entropy”s = ρ/ρk, ∂ where K = (∂ In ρ/∂ In ρ)s is an adiabatic derivative taken in the local hydrostatic values of ρ and ρ. Inhomogeneous distribution of s simulates the dynamics of development of perturbations of multilayer flyer foils and shells. Besides instability, the same approach has been used for analysis of ID pulsations of a levitated foil. The problem of pulsations is real in the case of foils. Indeed, (1) an ablative acceleration is equivalent to an effective gravity field, which causes the appearance of an atmospheric-type distribution of thermodynamic functions, (2) the duration of ablative flight of foil is at least several times larger than the time that is necessary for an acoustic wave to travel from one side of the foil to another side, and (3) there is a strong initial impulse that initiates the motion of foil. This impulse together with (1, 2) is a reason for the powerful pulsations of foils. The period of pulsations is defined by the velocity of sound in the foil material, which is dependent on the derivatives of an equation of state (EOS). The check of the derivatives gives us finer information concerning the current state of matter and the EOS than the usual measurements of material velocity and pressure that are rougher measures. Therefore, an analysis of pulsations seems to be a promising tool for tracking the dynamics of flyer foil and for the definition of thermodynamic properties of matter.

scholarly journals Chitosan Based Self-assembled Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Peniche ◽  
Hazel Peniche ◽  
Javier Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Complexes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Hydrophobic Moiety ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
Routes Of Drug Administration

Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide usually obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin poly(N-acetylglucosamine). It is biocompatible, biodegradable, mucoadhesive and non-toxic. These excellent biological properties make chitosan a good candidate as platform for developing drug delivery systems with improved biodistribution, increased specificity and sensitivity, and reduced pharmacological toxicity. In particular, chitosan nanoparticles have been found appropriate for non-invasive routes of drug administration: oral, nasal, pulmonary and ocular routes. These applications are facilitated by the absorption-enhancing effect of chitosan. Many different procedures have been proposed for obtaining chitosan nanoparticles. Particularly, the introduction of hydrophobic moieties into chitosan molecules by grafting to generate a hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance promoting self-assembling is a current and appealing approach. The grafting agent can be a hydrophobic moiety to form micelles that can entrap lipophilic drugs or it can be the drug itself. Another suitable way to generate self-assembled chitosan nanoparticles is through the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes with polyanions. This paper reviews the main approaches developed for preparing chitosan nanoparticles by self-assembling by both procedures and illustrates the state of the art of their application in drug delivery.

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