Antimicrobial compounds were isolated from the secondary metabolites of Gordonia, a resident of intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana

AbstractGordonia sp. are members of the actinomycete family, their contribution to the environment improvement and environmental protection by their biological degradation ability, but there are few studies on the antimicrobial activity of their secondary metabolites. Our team isolated and purified an actinomycete WA 4-31 from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana, firstly identified the strain WA 4-31 by the morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses, and found it was completely homologous to the strain of Gordonia terrae from the Indian desert. Meanwhile, actinomycin D (1), actinomycin X2 (2), mojavensin A (3) and cyclic (leucine-leucne) dipeptide (4) were obtained from the EtOAc extract from the broth of WA 4-31. Compounds 1–4 showed anti-fungus activities against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum, also anti-MRSA and inhibited Escherichia coli in different degree. Interestingly, we found when 3 was mixed with 4 with ratio of 1:1, the activity of the mixture on anti-Candida albicans was better than the single. Besides, compounds 1–3 had varying degrees of antiproliferative activities on CNE-2 and HepG-2 cell lines. These indicated that Gordonia rare actinomycete from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana possessed a potential as a source of active secondary metabolites.

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Antimicrobial compounds were isolated from the secondary metabolites of Gordonia, a resident of intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana

10.21203/rs.3.rs-604184/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yan Ma ◽

Minhua Xu ◽

Hancong Liu ◽

Tiantian Yu ◽

Ping Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Periplaneta Americana ◽

Early Stage ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Biological Degradation ◽

Bioactive Natural Products ◽

Fermented Broth

Abstract Microbial secondary metabolites are one of the main sources of bioactive natural products. It is estimated that around 75% of all antibiotics are derived from secondary metabolites produced by filamentous actinomycete. Gordonia sp. are members of the actinomycete family, their contribution to the environment improvement and environmental protection by their biological degradation ability, but there are few studies on the antimicrobial activity of their secondary metabolites. Our team isolated a Gordonia strain WA 4–31 with anti-Candida albicans activity from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana in the early stage. In this study, we firstly identified the strain WA 4–31 by the morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses, and found that it homologous to a strain of Gordonia from the Indian desert by 100%. Then four compounds, Actinomycin D (1), Actinomycin X2 (2), Mojavensin A (3) and cyclic (leucine-leucne) dipeptide (4) were purified from the ethyl acetate extract of the fermented broth of the strain. The compounds 1–4 had activities against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. They also had activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli.coli in different degree. Interestingly, we found that when Mojavensin A was mixed with compound 4 ratio of 1:1, the activity of the mixture on anti-Candida albicans was better than the single. Besides, compounds 1–3 had varying degrees of antiproliferative activity on CNE-2 cells and HepG-2 cells. These indicated that Gordonia rare actinomycete from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana possessed a potential as a source of active secondary metabolites.

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Antimicrobial compounds were isolated from the secondary metabolites of endophytic Gordonia in the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana

10.21203/rs.3.rs-313547/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yan Ma ◽

Minhua Xu ◽

Hancong Liu ◽

Tiantian Yu ◽

Ping Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Periplaneta Americana ◽

Actinomycin D ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Early Stage ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Antimicrobial Compounds

Abstract Background: As we all know, bacterial and fungal infections have become one of the threats to human health. Microbial secondary metabolites are one of the main sources of bioactive natural products. It is estimated that around 60% of all foregone antibiotics are derived from secondary metabolites produced by filamentous actinomycete bacteria. Gordonia spp. are members of the actinomycete family, their contribution to the environment improvement and environmental protection by their biological degradation ability, but there are few studies on their antimicrobial activity of their secondary metabolites. Our team isolated a Gordonia strain WA 4-31 with anti-Candida albicans activity from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana in the early stage.Results: In this study, we firstly identified the strain WA 4-31 by the morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses, and found that it homologous to a strain of Gordonia from the Indian desert (EU333873) by 100%. Then four compounds, Actinomycin D (1), Actinomycin X2 (2), Mojavensin A (3) and cyclic (leucine-leucne) dipeptide (4) were purified from the EtOH extract of the fermented broth of the strain. The compounds 1-4 had activities against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. They also had activities against MRSA, S.aureus, K.peneumoniae and E.coli in different degree. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Actinomycin D and Actinomycin X2 on MASA was 0.25 μg/mL. Interestingly, we found that when Mojavensin A was mixed with compound 4 ratio of 1:1, the solution of the compounds was better than the single on anti-Candida albicans. Besides, compounds 1-3 had varying degrees of cytotoxicity on CNE-2 cells and HepG-2 cells.Conclusions: The present study firstly reported the antimicrobial compounds isolated from Gordonia. These indicated that rare actinomycetes from the intestinal tract of Periplaneta americana possessed a potential as a source of active secondary metabolites.

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Phylogenetic Position of Shiraia-Like Endophytes on Bamboos and the Diverse Biosynthesis of Hypocrellin and Hypocrellin Derivatives

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7070563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 563

Author(s):

Xin Tong ◽

Qiu-Tong Wang ◽

Xiao-Ye Shen ◽

Cheng-Lin Hou ◽

Paul F. Cannon

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Fungal Endophyte ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Resource Exploitation ◽

Microbial Diseases ◽

Phylogenetic Status

The main active ingredients of the fruiting bodies of Shiraia bambusicola and Rubroshiraia bambusae are Hypocrellins, belonging perylenequinones with potential photodynamic activity against cancer and microbial diseases. However, the strains of S. bambusicola and R. bambusae do not produce hypocrellins in culture, so resource exploitation of natural products was seriously restricted. In this study, a series of novel Shiraia-like fungal endophyte strains, with varying sporulation ability and synthesizing diverse secondary metabolites, was isolated from different bamboos. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics of the endophytes, Pseudoshiraia conidialis gen. et sp. nov. is proposed. The secondary metabolites of different fruiting bodies and strains have been comprehensively analyzed for the first time, finding that the endophytic strains are shown not only to produce hypocrellins, but also other perylenequinonoid compounds. It was noteworthy that the highest yield of total perylenequinone production and hypocrellin A appeared in P. conidialis CNUCC 1353PR (1410.13 mg/L), which was significantly higher than any other wild type P. conidialis strains in published reports. In view of these results, the identification of Shiraia-like endophytes not only confirm the phylogenetic status of similar strains, but will further assist in developing the production of valuable natural products.

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Squamarina (lichenised fungi) species described from China belong to at least three unrelated genera

MycoKeys ◽

10.3897/mycokeys.66.39057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 135-157

Author(s):

Yan-Yun Zhang ◽

Xin-Yu Wang ◽

Li-Juan Li ◽

Christian Printzen ◽

Einar Timdal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Species Distributions ◽

New Combinations ◽

Type Specimens ◽

Generic Concept

New collections of six Squamarina species from type localities in China were studied. The comparison of morphological characteristics and secondary metabolites with those of the type specimens and phylogenetic analyses suggest that S. callichroa and S. pachyphylla belong to Rhizoplaca, S. semisterilis belongs to Lobothallia and S. chondroderma should be retained in Lecanora temporarily. Only two species, S. kansuensis and S. oleosa, remain in Squamarina. The new combinations Lobothallia semisterilis (H. Magn.) Y. Y. Zhang, Rhizoplaca callichroa (Zahlbr.) Y. Y. Zhang and R. pachyphylla (H. Magn.) Y. Y. Zhang are proposed. Detailed descriptions to aid the identification of these species, distributions and phylogenetic trees, based on multiple collections, are presented. The generic concept of Squamarina is recircumscribed in this study.

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Identification of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae Causing Fruit Rot of Citrus in China

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Jianghua Chen ◽

Zihang Zhu ◽

Yanping Fu ◽

Jiasen Cheng ◽

Jiatao Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Elongation Factor ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Citrus Reticulata ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Citrus Reticulata Blanco

Considering the huge economic loss caused by postharvest diseases, the identification and prevention of citrus postharvest diseases is vital to the citrus industry. In 2018, 16 decayed citrus fruit from four citrus varieties—Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan), Nanfeng mandarin (Citrus reticulata cv. nanfengmiju), and Sugar orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco)—showing soft rot and sogginess on their surfaces and covered with white mycelia were collected from storage rooms in seven provinces. The pathogens were isolated and the pathogenicity of the isolates was tested. The fungal strains were identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae based on their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF), and beta-tubulin (TUB) gene sequences. The strains could infect wounded citrus fruit and cause decay within two days post inoculation, but could not infect unwounded fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of citrus fruit decay caused by L. pseudotheobromae in China.

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Outbreak of Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot in Florida Strawberry Caused by Neopestalotiopsis spp.

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-20-1290-re ◽

2021 ◽

pp. PDIS-06-20-1290

Author(s):

Juliana S. Baggio ◽

Bruna B. Forcelini ◽

Nan-Yi Wang ◽

Rafaela G. Ruschel ◽

James C. Mertely ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Taxonomic Status ◽

Spore Production ◽

Potato Dextrose Agar ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

A New Species

Pestalotiopsis-like species have been reported affecting strawberry worldwide. Recently, severe and unprecedented outbreaks have been reported in Florida commercial fields where leaf, fruit, petiole, crown, and root symptoms were observed, and yield was severely affected. The taxonomic status of the fungus is confusing because it has gone through multiple reclassifications over the years. Morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses, and pathogenicity tests were evaluated for strawberry isolates recovered from diseased plants in Florida. Phylogenetic analyses derived from the combined internal transcribed spacer, β-tub, and tef1 regions demonstrated that although there was low genetic diversity among the strawberry isolates, there was a clear separation of the isolates in two groups. The first group included isolates recovered over a period of several years, which was identified as Neopestalotiopsis rosae. Most isolates recovered during the recent outbreaks were genetically different and may belong to a new species. On potato dextrose agar, both groups produced white, circular, and cottony colonies. From the bottom, colonies were white to pale yellow for Neopestalotiopsis sp. and pale luteous to orange for N. rosae. Spores for both groups were five-celled with three median versicolored cells. Mycelial growth and spore production were higher for the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. isolates. Isolates from both groups were pathogenic to strawberry roots and crowns. However, the new Neopestalotiopsis sp. proved more aggressive in fruit and leaf inoculation tests, confirming observations from the recent outbreaks in commercial strawberry fields in Florida.

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Two new species of Undifilum, fungal endophytes of Astragalus (locoweeds) in the United States

Botany ◽

10.1139/b2012-056 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (9) ◽

pp. 866-875 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Deana L. Baucom ◽

Marie Romero ◽

Robert Belfon ◽

Rebecca Creamer

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

New Mexico ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Fungal Endophytes ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Its Region ◽

The United States ◽

Neighbor Joining

New species of Undifilum , from locoweeds Astragalus lentiginosus Vitman and Astragalus mollissimus Torr., are described using morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses as Undifilum fulvum Baucom & Creamer sp. nov. and Undifilum cinereum Baucom & Creamer sp. nov. Fungi were isolated from dried plants of A. lentiginosus var. araneosus , diphysus , lentiginosus , and wahweapensis collected from Arizona, Oregon, and Utah, USA, and A. mollissimus var. biglovii , earleii , and mollissimus collected from New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, USA. Endophytic fungi from Astragalus locoweeds were compared to Undifilum oxytropis isolates obtained from dried plant material of Oxytropis lamberteii from New Mexico and Oxytropis sericea from Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. Extremely slow growth in vitro was observed for all, and conidia, if present, were ellipsoid with transverse septa. However, in vitro color, growth on four different media, and conidium size differed between fungi from Astragalus spp. and U. oxytropis. Neighbor-joining analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene sequences revealed that U. fulvum and U. cinereum formed a clade distinct from U. oxytropis. This was supported by neighbor-joining analyses of results generated from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments using two different primers.

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Colic. (Excerpts from Seminar on Common Problems of Pediatrics at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.17.4.481 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 481-481

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Tract ◽

Entire Small Bowel ◽

Knowledge And Attitudes ◽

American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽

Milk Substitute ◽

Symptom Complex ◽

Common Problems ◽

The Many ◽

Difficult Subject ◽

Better Than

"I think so-called colic is an extremely difficult subject to discuss due to the fact that there isn't any definite clinical entity that one could describe, such as cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. One could gamble that if he were to ask the members of this seminar what his ideas were of colic, he would get as many varying answers as there are physicians in the group. . . . It should be pointed out that one should be reasonably certain that there is not something physically wrong with the infant with "colic," such as an ear infection, inguinal hernia, or milk allergy. Many mothers and physicians believe this disturbance is due to excessive gas in the intestinal tract of the infant. On roentgen examinations, the stomach of the newborn baby is filled with air 10 minutes after birth, the entire small bowel 90 minutes later, and air reaches the rectum after 6 hours. How can one keep air out of the intestinal tract? It can't be done. . . . It seems to me that crying in the first 3 months of life is just as much a part of the expected behavior of that period as it is for a 2-year-old youngster to dive from one object to another, or for a 3-year-old to have fears of various things. It would seem to be an extremely wise provision on the part of nature to provide the youngster with this ability to cry. "The stimulus that will call forth a cry in a baby can be minimal. He cries at the drop of a hat and what the stimulus might be is, at times, impossible to ascertain. It might be hunger, thirst, or more often other things. It is a reflex or response which disappears with maturation of the infant. As he gets older and has other means of protection and expression, the symptom-complex is rarely noted. That is the reason for the term 3-month colic. "Parents often state that their `second baby was so much better than the first.' We realize that it is ordinarily not a difference in the babies, but rather is a change in the parents. The mother and father have become more comfortable and relaxed in the management of infants. . . . I cannot believe that the answer is phenobarbital or the many antispasmodics or other means of therapy used. It may be necessary to use a hypoallergenic milk substitute occasionally. The main reason for so many problems in first babies is that the parents do not know what to expect of the newborn. . . . I don't know what colic is; but I am sure it is not what the term implies, that is, simple abdominal pain. All of us know that most babies have a fussy period once a day and it usually comes late in the afternoon when they cry for 2 or 3 hours. After that they quit and sleep for the rest of the night. It is inconceivable to me that a baby can be sick with indigestion and discomfort for a few hours of each day or night and be free of this difficulty the remainder of the day. "It is my impression that we as pediatricians must attempt to give parents some idea of what to expect concerning behavior of the neonate before they leave the hospital. As far as I am concerned, crying is one of the expected modes of behavior. It is true that some babies cry more than others. I think if we could help parents to have the same knowledge and attitudes toward this behavior of the neonate as we or our nurses do, we could help make this period a more pleasant one for the parents."

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