scholarly journals An anthropogenic model of cardiovascular system adaptation to the Earth’s gravity as the conceptual basis of pathological anthropology

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Belkaniya ◽  
L. R. Dilenyan ◽  
D. G. Konkov ◽  
A. Wsol ◽  
A. K. Martusevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Conceptual Basis ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Preventive Cardiology ◽  
Hemodynamic Support ◽  
System Adaptation

AbstractApplying human biological evolution to solve topical problems of medicine and preventive cardiology was inspired by the realization of the need for clinical and experimental studies of biological (evolutionary) prerequisites in the occurrence of a pathology. Although it has been stated that there is a need to provide a full biological understanding of features, including those that increase an animal’s vulnerability to diseases, unfortunately, in this regard, erectile and associated adaptations to the Earth’s gravity in their physiological and pathological manifestations have not been considered. At the same time, it should be noted that humans, unlike other animal species, have the greatest vulnerability of the cardiovascular system (CVS). The latter is associated with fundamental differences in the functioning and regulation of the CVS by the influence of gravity on blood circulation in humans as upright creatures. Based on a review of comparative physiological, ontogenetic, and clinical studies from an evolutionary perspective, the idea of adaptation to the Earth’s gravity when walking upright in humans is justified as an anthropogenic basis for the physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system and hemodynamic support systems (physio-anthropology and pathological anthropology).

The capacity of short term memory from an evolutionary perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Manoochehri
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Memory span in humans has been intensely studied for more than a century. In spite of the critical role of memory span in our cognitive system, which intensifies the importance of fundamental determinants of its evolution, few studies have investigated it by taking an evolutionary approach. Overall, we know hardly anything about the evolution of memory components. In the present study, I briefly review the experimental studies of memory span in humans and non-human animals and shortly discuss some of the relevant evolutionary hypotheses.

Role of Platelet-Activating Factor in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Montrucchio ◽  
Giuseppe Alloatti ◽  
Giovanni Camussi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Platelet Activating Factor ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Endothelial Cell Migration

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid mediator that belongs to a family of biologically active, structurally related alkyl phosphoglycerides. PAF acts via a specific receptor that is coupled with a G protein, which activates a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. In this review we focus on the aspects that are more relevant for the cell biology of the cardiovascular system. The in vitro studies provided evidence for a role of PAF both as intercellular and intracellular messenger involved in cell-to-cell communication. In the cardiovascular system, PAF may have a role in embryogenesis because it stimulates endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis and may affect cardiac function because it exhibits mechanical and electrophysiological actions on cardiomyocytes. Moreover, PAF may contribute to modulation of blood pressure mainly by affecting the renal vascular circulation. In pathological conditions, PAF has been involved in the hypotension and cardiac dysfunctions occurring in various cardiovascular stress situations such as cardiac anaphylaxis and hemorrhagic, traumatic, and septic shock syndromes. In addition, experimental studies indicate that PAF has a critical role in the development of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Indeed, PAF cooperates in the recruitment of leukocytes in inflamed tissue by promoting adhesion to the endothelium and extravascular transmigration of leukocytes. The finding that human heart can produce PAF, expresses PAF receptor, and is sensitive to the negative inotropic action of PAF suggests that this mediator may have a role also in human cardiovascular pathophysiology.

Medicinal correction of cerebrovascular reactivity — a necessary component of the treatment of cerebral blood circulation disorders

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-96
Author(s):  
V. I. Danilov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Cerebral Vessels ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Low Toxic ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cerebral Blood Circulation

The results of experimental studies made it possible to draw a conclusion on the reality of cerebral vessels reactivity recovery using drugs with primary neurometabolic activity, in particular, dimephosphone, sermion and pyracetam. The advantages of low-toxic nonauticholinesterasic organic phosphorus compounds among the correctors of regulatory mechanisms of circular provision of the brain are shown.

scholarly journals Evolution of temporal interaction: A comparative approach to social timing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ravignani ◽  
Sonja Kotz
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Temporal Interaction ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Timing Behaviour ◽  
Timing Processes

Increasing empirical research shows a deep connection between timing processes and neural processing of social information. An integrative theoretical framework for prospective studies in humans was recently proposed, linking timing to sociality. A similar framework guiding research in non-human animals is desirable, ideally encompassing as many taxonomic groups and sensory modalities as possible in order to embrace the diversity of social and timing behaviour across species. Here we expand on a previous theoretical account, introducing this debate to animal behaviour. We suggest adopting an evolutionary perspective on social timing in animals: i.e. a comparative approach to probe the link between temporal and social behaviour across a broad range of animal species. This approach should advance our understanding of animal social timing that is, how social behaviour and timing are mutually affected, and possibly of its evolutionary history in our own lineage. We conclude by identifying outstanding questions and testable hypotheses in animal social timing.

scholarly journals An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. A. Mahdy ◽  
Waleed Younis ◽  
Zamzam Ewaida
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Short Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Animal Infection ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

A novel coronavirus has been reported as the causative pathogen of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan city, China in December 2019. Due to the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, it has been announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Hospitalized patients in Wuhan were associated with the Huanan seafood wholesale market where live animals, such as poultry, bats, snakes, frogs, rabbits, marmots, and hedgehogs are sold in that market which suggests a possible zoonotic infection. It was suggested that bat is the natural host of SARS-CoV-2, but the intermediate host is still unclear. It is essential to identify the potential intermediate host to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Pangolin is a highly suspected candidate as an intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, and lions. More recently SARS-CoV-2 infection affected minks severely and zoonotic transfer with a variant SARS-CoV-2 strain evidenced in Denmark, Netherlands, USA, and Spain suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mink farms. Furthermore, experimental studies documented the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2, such as mice, golden hamsters, cats, ferrets, non-human primates, and treeshrews. It is also essential to know the possibility of infection for other animal species. This short review aims to provide an overview on the relation between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and animals.

Long-Delay and Selective Association in Food Aversion Learning: The Role of Cue Location

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1b) ◽  
pp. 65-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Conditioning Chamber ◽  
Food Aversion ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Food Container ◽  
Sense Modality ◽  
Conditioned Behaviour

Cue location has been an uncontrolled variable in food-aversion studies. While tastes are always attributes of the ingested object, visual, auditory and olfactory cues are often attributes of the food container or are located elsewhere in the conditioning chamber. A review of experimental studies indicates that cues which are attributes of the ingested object are almost invariably associated with both immediate and delayed illness, regardless of the sense modality of the cue and of the animal species involved. Cues which are attributes of the food container or conditioning chamber are associated with immediate but not delayed illness, again regardless of the sense modality and animal subject. Within the limits of present evidence, the same effects of cue location appear to occur when shock is the reinforcer. It is suggested that the association of attribute cues across delays is mediated by the conditioned behaviour, which is directed at the object of which they are attributes and which is biologically related to the subsequent reinforcement.

scholarly journals Does testosterone affect lateralization of brain and behaviour? A meta-analysis in humans and other animal species

2008 ◽  
Vol 364 (1519) ◽  
pp. 929-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina A Pfannkuche ◽  
Anke Bouma ◽  
Ton G.G Groothuis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Visuospatial Cognition ◽  
Organizational Effects ◽  
Meta Analyses

Lateralization of brain and behaviour has been the topic of research for many years in neuropsychology, but the factors guiding its development remain elusive. Based on sex differences in human lateralization, four hypotheses have been postulated that suggest a role for androgens, specifically testosterone. With the discovery that lateralization is a fundamental principle in the organization of brain and behaviour among vertebrates, it has now become possible to experimentally test such hypotheses in animal models. The use of different taxa, humans, other mammalian species and birds (with oestradiol and not testosterone involved in sexual differentiation in birds) facilitates to differentiate between the hypotheses. We used meta-analyses for analysing papers that provided sufficient information, and a semi-quantitative approach based on all relevant studies that we extracted from the literature. We tested the predictions of these hypotheses regarding strength and direction of lateralization for motor output, language and visuospatial cognition in these three taxa. We tested for sex differences and early organizational effects of testosterone (both correlative and experimental studies). We found sex differences in the direction of lateralization for non-human mammals (motor biases similar to humans) and in direction and strength in birds (visual cognitive tasks). However, the prediction that prenatal testosterone exposure affects the direction of lateralization was not supported for humans. In birds and non-human mammals, opposite trends were found, with the effect in non-human mammals being opposite to the expectation based on sex differences. None of the four hypotheses was sufficiently supported and more studies, testing a wider array of functions in different taxa while reporting the data more completely are needed.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on the Cytoarchitecture of the Human Parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse Complex, with Reference to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Sudden Intrauterine Unexplained Death

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Lavezzi ◽  
Giulia Ottaviani ◽  
Gianmario Ballabio ◽  
Lino Rossi ◽  
Luigi Matturri
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Unexplained Death

The parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex has been defined, in different animal species, to lie in the dorsolateral part of the pontine tegmentum and to be subdivided into three well-defined regions: the medial parabrachial nucleus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. Experimental studies have shown that the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex is involved in a variety of functional activities and above all plays an important role in respiratory modulation. In human brainstem, the cytoarchitecture and physiology of this complex have not yet been fully characterized. The aim of the present study was to examine fetal and infant human brainstems in order to define the precise morphology of the three nuclei of the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex, and to determine whether this nervous center shows morphologic alterations in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and in sudden intrauterine unexplained death (SIUD). In serial sections of 31 brain-stems of subjects aged from 32 gestational wk to 10 months of life, we studied, by morphologic and morphometric analyses, the cytoarchitecture and the extension of the three nuclei of the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex. All the morphometric parameters were very similar in SIUD and SIDS cases to those of the respective control group, as shown by the absence of significant statistical differences between the two fetus and infant groups. We observed that the features of both the lateral and the medial parabrachial nuclei are largely consistent with those reported in experimental studies. In contrast, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus appears to be more developed in human beings than in other animal species, showing a greater extension and a more complex structure, as well as subdivision into two subnuclei (compactus and dissipatus).

Proteolytic Activity of Guinea Pig Serum Activated by Streptokinase-Human Plasminogen Preparations

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Meyers ◽  
Kenneth L. Burdon
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Serum Dilution ◽  
Human Plasminogen ◽  
Pig Serum

The incubation of guinea pig serum with a streptokinase-human plasminogen preparation (from purified plasminogen) activates a proteolytic enzyme in the guinea pig serum. Optimal conditions for activity, kinetics, Km values and heat stability of elements of this system were studied. The proteolytic activity of this system was strongly inhibited by lysine ethyl ester and p-toluenesulfonylarginine methyl ester, apparently in a competitive manner. Serum dilution activity curves suggest the presence in guinea pig serum of dissociable protease inhibitors. The proteolytic activity of human plasmin does not appear to be essential for the activation of guinea pig protease, as indicated by heat stability studies. Possible mechanisms of activation are discussed. A survey of other animal species showed the widespread presence of serum proteases which could be activated with streptokinase-human plasminogen mixtures. The human activator systems may prove to be a useful tool in experimental studies of the physiological significance of the protease system.

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