Gender differences in the age-cohort distribution of psychological distress in Canadian adults: findings from a national longitudinal survey

Adolescent depressive symptoms are risk factors for lower education and unemployment in early adulthood. This study examines how the course of symptoms from ages 16–25 influences early adult education and employment in Canada and the USA. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (n = 2348) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Child/Young Adult (n = 3961), four trajectories (low-stable; increasing; decreasing; and increasing then decreasing, i.e., mid-peak) were linked to five outcomes (working with a post-secondary degree; a high school degree; no degree; in school; and NEET, i.e., not in employment, education, or training). In both countries, increasing, decreasing, and mid-peak trajectories were associated with higher odds of working with low educational credentials, and/or NEET relative to low-stable trajectories. In Canada, however, all trajectories had a higher predicted probability of either being in school or working with a post-secondary degree than the other outcomes; in the USA, all trajectory groups were most likely to be working with a high school degree. Higher depressive symptom levels at various points between adolescent and adulthood are associated with working with low education and NEET in Canada and the USA, but Canadians are more likely to have better education and employment outcomes.

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Gender differences in patient journey to diagnosis and disease outcomes: results from the European Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (EMAS)

Clinical Rheumatology ◽

10.1007/s10067-020-05558-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Garrido-Cumbrera ◽

◽

Denis Poddubnyy ◽

Laure Gossec ◽

Raj Mahapatra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Unmet Needs ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Diagnostic Delay ◽

Hla B27 ◽

Patient Journey ◽

Disease Characteristics

Abstract Introduction/objectives To evaluate the journey to diagnosis, disease characteristics and burden of disease in male and female patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) across Europe. Method Data from 2846 unselected patients participating in the European Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (EMAS) study through an online survey (2017–2018) across 13 countries were analysed. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, diagnosis, disease characteristics and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) [disease activity –BASDAI (0–10), spinal stiffness (3–12), functional limitations (0–54) and psychological distress (GHQ-12)] were compared between males and females using chi-square (for categorical variables) and student t (for continuous variables) tests. Results In total, 1100 (38.7%) males and 1746 (61.3%) females participated in the EMAS. Compared with males, females reported considerable longer diagnostic delay (6.1 ± 7.4 vs 8.2 ± 8.9 years; p < 0.001), higher number of visits to physiotherapists (34.5% vs 49.5%; p < 0.001) and to osteopaths (13.3% vs 24.4%; p < 0.001) before being diagnosed and lower frequency of HLA-B27 carriership (80.2% vs 66.7%; p < 0.001). In addition, females reported higher degree of disease activity in all BASDAI aspects and greater psychological distress through GHQ-12 (4.4 ± 4.2 vs 5.3 ± 4.1; p < 0.001), as well as a greater use of alternative therapies. Conclusion The patient journey to diagnosis of axSpA is much longer and arduous in females, which may be related to physician bias and lower frequency of HLA-B27 carriership. Regarding PROs, females experience higher disease activity and poorer psychological health compared with males. These results reflect specific unmet needs in females with axSpA needing particular attention. Key Points• Healthcare professionals’ perception of axSpA as a predominantly male disease may introduce some bias during the diagnosis and management of the disease. However, evidence about male-female differences in axSpA is scarce.• EMAS results highlight how female axSpA patients report longer diagnostic delay and higher burden of the disease in a large sample of 2846 participants of 13 European countries.• Results reflect unmet needs of European female patients. Healthcare professionals should pay close attention in order to accurately diagnose and efficiently manage axSpA cases while further research should be developed on the cause of reported gender differences.

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Labor Market Effects of Marijuana and Cocaine Use among Young Men

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399204500302 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 435-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Charles A. Register ◽

Donald R. Williams

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Drug Use ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

National Longitudinal Survey ◽

Productivity Effect ◽

Cocaine Use ◽

Market Effects ◽

Net Productivity ◽

Using Data

Using data on marijuana and cocaine use from the 1984 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors examine the hypothesis that drug use reduces labor market productivity, as measured by wages. From an analysis that controls for the probability of employment and the endogeneity of drug use, they find that although long-term and on-the-job use of marijuana negatively affected wages, the net productivity effect for all marijuana users (both those who engaged in long-term or on-the-job use and those who did not) was positive. No statistically significant association was found between cocaine use and productivity.

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Solitary confinement and institutional harm

Incarceration ◽

10.1177/26326663211065644 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 263266632110656

Author(s):

Bruce Western ◽

Jessica T. Simes ◽

Kendra Bradner

Keyword(s):

Psychological Distress ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Material Deprivation ◽

Solitary Confinement ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Legal Arguments

In a given year, one in five people incarcerated in the U.S. prisons is locked in solitary confinement. We study solitary confinement along three dimensions of penal harm: (1) material deprivation, (2) social isolation, and (3) psychological distress. Data from a longitudinal survey of incarcerated men who are interviewed at baseline in solitary confinement are used to contrast the most extreme form of penal custody with general prison conditions observed at a follow-up interview. Solitary confinement is associated with extreme material deprivation and social isolation that accompanies psychological distress. Distress is greatest for those with histories of mental illness. Inactivity and feelings of dehumanization revealed in qualitative interviews help explain the distress of extreme isolation, lending empirical support to legal arguments that solitary confinement threatens human dignity.

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Trajectories of Sport Participation Among Children and Adolescents Across Different Socio-Economic Categories: Multilevel Findings From the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth

Sociology of Sport Journal ◽

10.1123/ssj.2018-0096 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 264-268

Author(s):

Tom Perks

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Economic Status ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Children And Youth ◽

National Longitudinal Survey ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Over Time

Building upon prior theoretical and empirical work, this study explores the sport participation trajectories of children across different socio-economic status (SES) categories to assess the possibility of changes in the SES-sport participation relationship as children age. Using representative panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a multilevel analysis of 4,858 children aged 6 to 9 suggests that as children age the SES effect on sport participation persists over time. However, the SES effect on sport participation appears to have relatively small predictive import compared to other factors.

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New Estimates of the Effect of Marijuana and Cocaine Use on Wages

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399404700306 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 454-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Robert Kaestner

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Illicit Drug ◽

Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽

Illicit Drug Use ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

National Longitudinal Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cocaine Use ◽

Wage Effects ◽

Positive Effect

Using the 1984 and 1988 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study provides an update of several previous cross-sectional estimates of the effect of illicit drug use on wages, as well as the first longitudinal estimates of that effect. The cross-sectional results, which are generally consistent with the surprising findings of previous research, suggest that illicit drug use has a large, positive effect on wages. The longitudinal estimates, which control for unobserved heterogeneity in the sample, are mixed: among men, the estimated wage effects of both marijuana and cocaine use are negative, but among women, the effect of cocaine use remains positive and large. Because the longitudinal model is imprecisely estimated, however, those results are inconclusive.

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Gender Differences in Grief Reactions following the Death of a Parent

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.2190/55wn-1vuf-tq3w-gd53 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 323-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Elizabeth Lawrence ◽

Elizabeth L. Jeglic ◽

Laura T. Matthews ◽

Carolyn M. Pepper

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Psychological Functioning ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Self Report ◽

Future Research ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Death Of A Parent ◽

And Coping ◽

Grief Reactions

This study examined gender differences in psychological functioning in a sample of college students who lost a parent to death. Male and female students ( n = 65) who had a parent that had died were asked to complete a series of self report questionnaires to assess psychological distress, feelings of grief and bereavement, and coping strategies. Overall, no gender differences were found between bereaved students on measures of psychological distress. However an avoidant coping style was related to symptoms of depression in females, but not in males. Students who lost a mother were more likely to report symptoms of depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation as compared to students who lost a father. Future research implications and the clinical importance of these findings are discussed.

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