scholarly journals The role of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in mediating orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal remodeling: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Kaplan ◽  
Zana Kalajzic ◽  
Thomas Choi ◽  
Imad Maleeh ◽  
Christopher L. Ricupero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Osteocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has been shown to induce osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone shortly after force application. However, how osteocyte apoptosis affects orthodontic tooth movement is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis on osteoclastogenesis, changes in the alveolar bone density, and the magnitude of OTM using a bisphosphonate analog (IG9402), a drug that affects osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis but does not affect osteoclasts. Material and methods Two sets of experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was used to specifically evaluate the effect of IG9402 on osteocyte apoptosis in the alveolar bone during 24 h of OTM. For this experiment, twelve mice were divided into two groups: group 1, saline administration + OTM24-h (n=6), and group 2, IG9402 administration + OTM24-h (n=6). The contralateral unloaded sides served as the control. The goal of experiment 2 was to evaluate the role of osteocyte apoptosis on OTM magnitude and osteoclastogenesis 10 days after OTM. Twenty mice were divided into 4 groups: group 1, saline administration without OTM (n=5); group 2, IG9402 administration without OTM (n=5); group 3, saline + OTM10-day (n=6); and group 4, IG9402 + OTM10-day (n=4). For both experiments, tooth movement was achieved using Ultra Light (25g) Sentalloy Closed Coil Springs attached between the first maxillary molar and the central incisor. Linear measurements of tooth movement and alveolar bone density (BVF) were assessed by MicroCT analysis. Cell death (or apoptosis) was assessed by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, while osteoclast and macrophage formation were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and F4/80+ immunostaining. Results We found that IG9402 significantly blocked osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone (AB) at 24 h of OTM. At 10 days, IG9402 prevented OTM-induced loss of alveolar bone density and changed the morphology and quality of osteoclasts and macrophages, but did not significantly affect the amount of tooth movement. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that osteocyte apoptosis may play a significant role in osteoclast and macrophage formation during OTM, but does not seem to play a role in the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Myeloid HIF1α Is Involved in the Extent of Orthodontically Induced Tooth Movement

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Christian Kirschneck ◽  
Nadine Straßmair ◽  
Fabian Cieplik ◽  
Eva Paddenberg ◽  
Jonathan Jantsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Periodontal Bone Loss

During orthodontic tooth movement, transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is stabilised in the periodontal ligament. While HIF1α in periodontal ligament fibroblasts can be stabilised by mechanical compression, in macrophages pressure application alone is not sufficient to stabilise HIF1α. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of myeloid HIF1α during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement was performed in wildtype and Hif1αΔmyel mice lacking HIF1α expression in myeloid cells. Subsequently, µCT images were obtained to determine periodontal bone loss, extent of orthodontic tooth movement and bone density. RNA was isolated from the periodontal ligament of the control side and the orthodontically treated side, and the expression of genes involved in bone remodelling was investigated. The extent of tooth movement was increased in Hif1αΔmyel mice. This may be due to the lower bone density of the Hif1αΔmyel mice. Deletion of myeloid Hif1α was associated with increased expression of Ctsk and Acp5, while both Rankl and its decoy receptor Opg were increased. HIF1α from myeloid cells thus appears to play a regulatory role in orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Is Inflammation a Friend or Foe for Orthodontic Treatment?: Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and Accelerating Tooth Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2388
Author(s):  
Masaru Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichi Fukasawa
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Orthodontic Forces ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of inflammation in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (AOTM) in orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is stimulated by remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. These remodeling activities and tooth displacement are involved in the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the periodontium, in response to orthodontic forces. Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs), interleukins (Ils; IL-1, -6, -17), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α superfamily, and receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) are increased in the PDL during OTM. OIIRR is one of the accidental symptoms, and inflammatory mediators have been detected in resorbed roots, PDL, and alveolar bone exposed to heavy orthodontic force. Therefore, these inflammatory mediators are involved with the occurrence of OIIRR during orthodontic tooth movement. On the contrary, regional accelerating phenomenon (RAP) occurs after fractures and surgery such as osteotomies or bone grafting, and bone healing is accelerated by increasing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, tooth movement after surgical procedures such as corticotomy, corticision, piezocision, and micro-osteoperforation might be accelerated by RAP, which increases the bone metabolism. Therefore, inflammation may be involved in accelerated OTM (AOTM). The knowledge of inflammation during orthodontic treatment could be used in preventing OIIRR and AOTM.

scholarly journals Raloxifene administration enhances retention in an orthodontic relapse model

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Niloufar Azami ◽  
Po-Jung Chen ◽  
Shivam Mehta ◽  
Zana Kalajzic ◽  
Eliane H Dutra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Resin Cement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Tissue Density

Abstract Background and objectives Orthodontic relapse is a physiologic process that involves remodelling of the alveolar bone and principle periodontal ligament fibres. Raloxifene is an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved selective oestrogen receptor modulator that inhibits systemic bone loss. In our study, we examined the effects of Raloxifene on alveolar bone modelling and orthodontic relapse in a rodent model. Materials and methods The efficacy of raloxifene was evaluated in 15-week-old male Wistar rats, 8 in each group (Control, Raloxifene, Raloxifene + 7-day relapse, Raloxifene + 14-day relapse) for a total of 42 days. All animals had 14 days of orthodontic tooth movement with a closed nickel–titanium coil spring tied from incisors to right first molar applying 5–8 gm of force. On the day of appliance removal, impression was taken with silicon material and the distance between first molar and second molar was filled with light-cured adhesive resin cement for retention phase. Raloxifene Retention, Raloxifene Retention + 7D, Raloxifene Retention + 14D groups received 14 daily doses of raloxifene (2.0 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously after orthodontic tooth movement during retention. After 14 days of retention, the retainer was removed and right first molar was allowed to relapse for a period of 14 days. Raloxifene injection continued for the Raloxifene + 14-day relapse group during relapse phase too. Control group received saline injections during retention. Animals were euthanized by CO2 inhalation. The outcome measure included percentage of relapse, bone volume fraction, tissue density, and histology analysis using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and determining receptor activator of nuclear factor-кB-ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin expression. Results Raloxifene Retention + 14D group had significantly less (P < 0.05) orthodontic relapse when compared with other groups. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in bone volume fraction and tissue density in the Raloxifene Retention + 14D group when compared with other groups. Similarly, there was significant decrease in number of osteoclasts and RANKL expression in Raloxifene Retention + 14D group when compared with Raloxifene Retention + 7D group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Raloxifene could decrease post-orthodontic treatment relapse by decreasing bone resorption and indirectly enhancing bone formation.

scholarly journals Effect of vitamin E supplementation on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats: a prelimary study

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1093
Author(s):  
Erliera Sufarnap ◽  
Darmayanti Siregar ◽  
Yumi Lindawati
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Osteoblast Cells ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Orthodontic Force ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Tooth movement induced by the application of orthodontic force was initiated by inflammatory process. Studies have shown that vitamin E has an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which perhaps could inhibit the tooth to move. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats. Methods: Wistar rats (n=56) were divided into two groups. Group 1 served as the control groups, while group 2 was given vitamin E for 14 days before application of orthodontic force. Each group was divided into four subgroups (n=7), corresponding to the number of days orthodontic force lasted, i.e. 0, 1, 3, 7 days. At each of these four time points, distance measurements and quantity of osteoblasts-osteoclasts were measured in each rat. Results: Tooth movement distance was increased for group 2 than group 1 for all time intervals, but this difference was only statistically different on day 3 (p=0.001). For both groups, tooth movement was significantly different between each time interval in each group (p=0.041). The mean number of osteoblast cells was increased for group 2 compared to group 1 for all time intervals (p<0.05), but was not significant different between time intervals (p=0.897). The number of osteoclasts was not significantly different between groups, but it was statistically different between time intervals (p=0.004). Conclusion: The outcome of this study demonstrated that group 2  resulted a better tooth movement compared to group 1 on day 3, based on the distance measurement. The osteoclast cell numbers were the same within control groups, whilst  the number of osteoblast cells in group 2 was significantly higher than those in group 1.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effects of three surgical techniques on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in a rat model

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Librizzi ◽  
Zana Kalajzic ◽  
Daniel Camacho ◽  
Sumit Yadav ◽  
Ravindra Nanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Response ◽  
Mucoperiosteal Flap

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of corticotomy and corticision, with and without a full mucoperiosteal flap, on the rate of tooth movement and alveolar response in a rat model. Materials and Methods: Sixty male, 6-week-old Wistar rats were divided into five groups based on surgical procedure, as follows: control (no tooth movement), orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) only, corticotomy, corticision, and corticision with full mucoperiosteal flap (corticision + flap). A force of 10–15g was applied from the maxillary left first molar to the maxillary incisors using nickel-titanium springs. Surgery was performed at the time of appliance placement (day 0), and tooth movement occurred for 21 days. Micro–computed tomography was performed on day 21 to evaluate the amount of tooth movement and alveolar bone parameters. Histomorphometry, including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, was performed to quantify the osteoclast parameters at day 21. Results: No statistical differences in the amount of OTM, bone volume fraction, and tissue density and the osteoclast parameters were found among all experimental groups. Conclusions: Corticotomy and corticision, with or without a full mucoperiosteal flap, did not show a significant effect on either the OTM magnitude or alveolar bone response.

scholarly journals The effect of the extent of surgical insult on orthodontic tooth movement

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Chang ◽  
Po-Jung Chen ◽  
Eliane H Dutra ◽  
Ravindra Nanda ◽  
Sumit Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Tissue Density ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Abstract Objective The primary objective of this study was to investigate how the extent of surgical insult affects the orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and the alveolar bone modelling and remodelling in a rodent model. Material and methods 15-week-old male Wistar rats were used in the research and they were randomly divided into three treatment groups: (1) OTM only (N = 8); (2) OTM + 2 alveolar decortication (AD) (less surgical insult) (N = 8); and (3) OTM + 4 AD (more surgical insult) (N = 8). A nickel-titanium spring delivering 5–8 g of force was used to protract the molar mesially using maxillary incisors as an anchorage. AD was done using a hand piece and a round bur, adjacent to the left first maxillary molar on the palatal alveolar bone. After 14 days of OTM Wistar rats were killed and microfocus computed tomography and histological analysis were performed. Results The OTM + 4AD group presented with a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the rate of tooth movement when compared to OTM + 2AD group and OTM only group. In addition, the OTM + 4AD group had a significant decrease in bone volume and tissue density (P &lt; 0.05) and a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the trabecular spacing and trabecular thickness when compared to OTM only. Histological quantification of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase indicated a significant percent increase (P &lt; 0.05) in OTM + 4AD group, when compared to OTM + 2AD and OTM only group. Results Increased surgical insult increases the rate of OTM. Additionally, increased surgical insult decreases the bone volume and the tissue density.

Effects of orthodontic tooth movement on alveolar bone density

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsing-Wen Chang ◽  
Heng-Li Huang ◽  
Jian-Hong Yu ◽  
Jui-Ting Hsu ◽  
Yu-Fen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF PDL-CEMENTUM ENTHESIS IN PROTECTING PDL UNDER MASTICATORY LOADING: A FINITE ELEMENT INVESTIGATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150049
Author(s):  
HOSSEIN JOKAR ◽  
GHOLAMREZA ROUHI ◽  
NABIOLLAH ABOLFATHI
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Von Mises

Background: The function of periodontal ligament (PDL)-cementum enthesis (PCE) in transferring the mechanical stimuli within the tooth–periodontium (PDT)–bone complex was not made clear yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PCE on the mechanical stimuli distribution within the PDL and alveolar bone in the tooth–PDT–bone complex under occlusal forces using the finite element method. Methods: A computed tomography-based model of alveolar bone and second premolar of mandible was constructed, in which the PDT was considered at the interface of alveolar bone and tooth. Under a 3 MPa distributed occluso-apical masticatory load, applied over the uppermost surface of crown, the von Mises strain (vMST) and strain energy density (SED) within PDL, and von Mises stress (vMSR) and SED within alveolar bone were calculated in two situations: 1. When the PCE was absent; and 2. When the PCE was present between the PDL and cementum. Results: PCE levels-off SED and vMST within PDL up to 59% and 27%, respectively, compared to the model with no PCE. Moreover, in the alveolar bone, SEDs and vMSR increased up to 28% and 30%, respectively, compared to the model without PCE. Conclusion: By including PCE in the tooth–PDT–bone model, the mechanical stimuli shifted from PDL to its surrounding alveolar bone. Thus, it can be speculated that the tooth–PDT–bone complex has the capability of reducing the risk of PDL damage, through shifting excess mechanical stimuli from PDL toward the alveolar bone, during prolonged cyclic masticatory loading, as well as while one applies nonphysiologic and therapeutic loads, such as in orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Correlation of IL-17 level in gingival crevicular fluid of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhou ◽  
Xiao Liang ◽  
Aipeng Liu ◽  
Dongmei Nong ◽  
Yaqing Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Osteoclast Number

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate IL-17 expression in orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontic nickel-titanium spring-induced inflammatory root resorption.MethodsOrthodontic nickel-titanium springs were ligated between the bilateral maxillary first molar and the incisors of the rats to establish a rat model of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), each rat was subjected to two cycles of near-GCF and peripheral blood serum collection before and after force application, and IL-17 levels in GCF and serum were measured quantitatively by ELISA. Morphological changes in periodontal tissue and root of the experimental dentine were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the osteoclast number and expression changes in IL-17, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the periodontal tissues, respectively, on the pressure side of the experimental tooth.ResultsIL-17 was detected in GCF and serum. The pressure area exhibited alveolar bone resorption only at a force of 20g. Additionally, a force of 60g led to root resorption. IL-17, RANKL/OPG and osteoclast number showed similar trend that all expressed increasing high level at early stage, then significantly decreased from days 5 to 14, and revealed 60g group the highest expression level while 0g group the lowest.The change in the IL-17 level in the GCF was strongly correlated with IL-17 and RANKL/OPG expression levels and osteoclast numbers in the periodontal ligament.ConclusionsThe results indicated that measuring IL-17 level in GCF can predict the risk of alveolar bone and root resorption induced by orthodontic treatment.

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