Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a common helminthic infection in the tropics and subtropics, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. In these counties, Schistosoma mansoni infection is a significant public health problem due to the risk of reinfection and recurrent disease despite implementing several rounds preventive chemotherapy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the pooled prevalence of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia. Methods The PRISMA guidelines were followed to perform the systematic review and meta-analysis. Published studies from January 1999 to June 2020 were searched in Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, HINARI, and Cochrane Library using key words including: “prevalence”, “incidence”, “schistosomiasis” “Bilharziasis”, “Bilharzia”, “S. mansoni “, “Ethiopia”. Heterogeneity of included studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and I2 test statistics while publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test. Results Ninety-four studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni in Ethiopia was 18.0% (95%CI: 14.0–23.0). The southern region of Ethiopia had a higher S. mansoni prevalence of 25.9% (995% CI, 14.9–41.1) than the national prevalence. The burden of S. mansoni infection was also higher than the national average in rural areas and among men with pooled prevalence of 20.2% (95% CI, 13.2–28.5) and 28.5% (95%CI, 22.7,35.1), respectively. The trend analysis showed that the prevalence of S. mansoni infection in Ethiopia decreased over the past 15 years, potentially because of the repeated preventive chemotherapy. Conclusion The review unveiled a moderate prevalence of S. mansoni infection in Ethiopia. Targeted treatment of at-risk population groups ad high burden areas coupled with implementation of integrated vector control strategies are critical to address the burden of Schistosomiasis.

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Prevalence of Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections Among School-age Children in Ethiopia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1014995/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muluken Azage ◽

Achenef Motbainor ◽

Genet Gedamu ◽

Wendemagegne Enbiale

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Control Measures ◽

School Age Children ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

School Age ◽

Preventive Chemotherapy ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background: In Ethiopia, soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) infections remain the leading cause of morbidity among school-age children despite the progress in the implementation of control measures. Study findings regarding prevalence of STH among school-age children have been inconsistent and pooled prevalence of STH infections did not account double or triple infections of STH. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis estimates the pooled prevalence of STH by accounting double or triple infections among school-age children in Ethiopia.Methods: Databases and search engines such as PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Based on the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was employed to determine the prevalence of STH infections among school-age children. Published articles in the period between 1980 and 2020 were included in the analysis. Three authors independently extracted all data using a data extraction format sheet. STATA Version 16 statistical software was used for analysis. The Cochran’s Q-test was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the studies and a random-effects model was done to determine pooled prevalence estimate.Results: The overall pooled estimate of STHs was 33% (95% CI:26-39%). The prevalence did not show statistically differ between before, 32.0% (95% CI:25-39%) and after, 33% (95% CI:26-39%) National NTDs control and elimination programme. The pooled prevalence of ascariasis before and after the implementation of NTDs programme was found to be 18% (12.0%, 24%) and 18% (9.0%, 27.0%), respectively with a total pooled estimate of 18.0% (13.0%, 23.0%). The prevalence of trichuris trichuria was also found to be 8.0% (4.0%, 12.0%) before the programme and 15.0% (4%, 26%) after the programme with a total pooled estimate of 10.0% (5.0%, 14.0%). The prevalence of hookworm was 14.0% (9.0%, 19.0%) before the programme and 9.0% (3.0%, 14.0%) after the programme with a total pooled estimate of 12% (8.0%, 17.0%). Conclusion: The overall polled prevalence of STHs in Ethiopia was found at moderate level based on the WHO classification. The recommended control strategies for STHs infections in school-age children at this level of prevalence such as providing preventive chemotherapy or treat all school-age children (enrolled and non-enrolled) once a year, improving sanitation and water supply and providing health education should be strengthen to mee the target of the national and WHO plan.

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Prevalence and risk factors associated with birth asphyxia among neonates delivered in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0255488 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0255488

Author(s):

Ritbano Ahmed ◽

Hassen Mosa ◽

Mohammed Sultan ◽

Shamill Eanga Helill ◽

Biruk Assefa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Chronic Hypertension ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Background A number of primary studies in Ethiopia address the prevalence of birth asphyxia and the factors associated with it. However, variations were seen among those studies. The main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the pooled prevalence and explore the factors that contribute to birth asphyxia in Ethiopia. Methods Different search engines were used to search online databases. The databases include PubMed, HINARI, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Relevant grey literature was obtained through online searches. The funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to see publication bias, and the I-squared was applied to check the heterogeneity of the studies. Cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies that were conducted in Ethiopia were also be included. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies and was included in this systematic review. Data entry and statistical analysis were carried out using RevMan 5.4 software and Stata 14. Result After reviewing 1,125 studies, 26 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of birth asphyxia in Ethiopia was 19.3%. In the Ethiopian context, the following risk factors were identified: Antepartum hemorrhage(OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 3.5, 6.1), premature rupture of membrane(OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 12.4, 6.6), primiparas(OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9, 4.1), prolonged labor(OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 2.8, 6.6), maternal anaemia(OR: 5.1; 95% CI: 2.59, 9.94), low birth weight(OR = 5.6; 95%CI: 4.7,6.7), meconium stained amniotic fluid(OR: 5.6; 95% CI: 4.1, 7.5), abnormal presentation(OR = 5.7; 95% CI: 3.8, 8.3), preterm birth(OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 2.9, 5.8), residing in a rural area (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.5), caesarean delivery(OR = 4.4; 95% CI:3.1, 6.2), operative vaginal delivery(OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 3.5, 6.7), preeclampsia(OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 2.1, 7.4), tight nuchal cord OR: 3.43; 95% CI: 2.1, 5.6), chronic hypertension(OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.7, 3.8), and unable to write and read (OR = 4.2;95%CI: 1.7, 10.6). Conclusion According to the findings of this study, birth asphyxia is an unresolved public health problem in the Ethiopia. Therefore, the concerned body needs to pay attention to the above risk factors in order to decrease the country’s birth asphyxia. Review registration PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42020165283).

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Breast self-examination practice and its determinants among women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245252

Author(s):

Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila ◽

Getachew Mullu Kassa ◽

Selamawit Gebeyehu ◽

Peter Memiah ◽

Melaku Desta

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Regional Distribution ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

African Countries ◽

Breast Self Examination ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Self Examination

Background The survival rate from breast cancer is lowest in African countries and the distribution of breast self-examination practice of and its determinants are not well investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the pooled prevalence of breast self-examination and its associated factors among women in Ethiopia. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The databases used were; PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CINAHL, African Journals Online, Dimensions and Summon per country online databases. Search terms used were; breast self-examination, breast cancer screening, early detection of breast cancer and Ethiopia. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 15 software. The pooled meta-analysis was computed to present the pooled prevalence and relative risks (RRs) of the determinate factors with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We identified 2,637 studies, of which, 40 articles (with 17,820 participants) were eligible for inclusion in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of breast self-examination in Ethiopia was 36.72% (95% CI: 29.90, 43.53). The regional distribution breast self-examination ranged from 21.2% (95% CI: 4.49, 37.91) in Tigray to 61.5% (95% CI: 53.98, 69.02) in Gambela region. The lowest prevalence of breast self-examination was observed among the general population (20.43% (95% CI: 14.13, 26.72)). Women who had non-formal educational status (OR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.77)), family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.39)), good knowledge of breast self-examination (OR = 4.8 (95% CI: 3.03, 7.6)) and favorable attitude toward breast self-examination (OR = 2.75, (95% CI: 1.66, 4.55)) were significantly associated with practice of breast self-examination. Conclusions Only a third of women in Ethiopia practiced breast examination despite WHO guidelines advocating for this practice among all women of reproductive age. Intervention programs should address the factors that are associated with breast self-examination. Population specific programs are needed to promote breast self-examination.

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Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Snail Intermediate Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/8850840 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Tamirat Hailegebriel ◽

Endalkachew Nibret ◽

Abaineh Munshea

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Freshwater Snails ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

African Countries ◽

Biomphalaria Pfeifferi ◽

Pooled Prevalence

Background. Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in Africa. These schistosome parasites use freshwater snail intermediate hosts to complete their lifecycle. Varied prevalence rates of these parasites in the snail intermediate hosts were reported from several African countries, but there were no summarized data for policymakers. Therefore, this study was aimed to systematically summarize the prevalence and geographical distribution of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. Methods. Literature search was carried out from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus which reported the prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium among freshwater snails in Africa. The pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effect model, while heterogeneities between studies were evaluated by I2 test. The meta-analyses were conducted using Stata software, metan command. Results. A total of 273,643 snails were examined for the presence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria among freshwater snails was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.9–6.1%). The pooled prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium cercaria was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.9–6.3%) and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6–5.7%), respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was observed from Nigeria (19.0%; 95% CI: 12.7–25.3%), while the lowest prevalence was reported from Chad (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.03–0.13). Higher prevalence of schistosome cercaria was observed from Bulinus globosus (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.2–18.3%) followed by Biomphalaria sudanica (6.7%; 95% CI: 4.5–9.0%) and Biomphalaria pfeifferi (5.1%; 95% CI: 4.1–6.2%). The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria obtained using PCR was 26.7% in contrast to 4.5% obtained by shedding cercariae. Conclusion. This study revealed that nearly 6% of freshwater snails in Africa were infected by either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. The high prevalence of schistosomes among freshwater snails highlights the importance of appropriate snail control strategies in Africa.

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Domestic violence related disclosure among women and girls in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Reproductive Health ◽

10.1186/s12978-019-0845-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Berhanu Boru Bifftu ◽

Berihun Assefa Dachew ◽

Bewket Tadesse Tiruneh ◽

Lemma Derseh Gezie ◽

Yonas Deressa Guracho

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Domestic Violence ◽

Service Providers ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Collaborative Work ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Women And Girls

Abstract Background Domestic violence is common public health problem. Domestic violence related disclosure is an important first step in the process of prevention, control and treatments of domestic violence related adverse effect. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of domestic violence related disclosure and synthesize its associated factors. Methods We followed the PRISMA Guidelines to report the results of the finding. Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Sciences were searched. The heterogeneity between studies was measured by the index of heterogeneity (I2 statistics) test. Funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to determine publication bias. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was carried out. To calculate the pooled prevalence, a random effects model was utilized. Results Twenty one eligible studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of domestic violence related non-disclosure was found to be 36.2% (95% CI, 31.8–40.5%). Considering violence as normal or not serious, shame, embarrassment and fear of disclosure related consequences were the common barriers for non-disclosure. Conclusion More than one third of women and girls were not disclosed their experience of domestic violence. The finding of this study suggests the need of evaluation and strengthening of the collaborative work among different sectors such as: policy-makers, service providers, administrative personnel and community leaders including the engagement of men partner. This study also suggests the needs of women empowerments against the traditional belief, attitude, and practice.

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Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-302779/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Habtye Bisetegn ◽

Tegegne Eshetu ◽

Yonas Erkihun

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Professional Associations ◽

Medical Laboratory ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Google Search

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by mainly Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma hematobium. The disease is very common in Africa including Ethiopia. Schistosoma mansoni is a major public health problem in Ethiopia especially among children. This review is aimed to indicate the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among children at national and regional level. Methods and material: The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Electronic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE and Google search were carried out using key terms. Articles published from the proceeding of professional associations such as Ethiopian medical laboratory association, Ethiopian public health association and annual national research conferences were searched to find eligible studies. Data was extracted independently by two investigators, and pooled using a random effects model. Data was extracted using Microsoft excel and final analyzed using STATA version 12. Quality of included studies was assessed using JBI quality assessment criteria. Result Over all 41 studies involving 15968 children were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 37.75% (95%CI:29.97–45.53). High heterogeneity was observed with I2 of 99.3%, p = 0.000. According to subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence was high in SNNPR (46.27%: 95%CI: 21.77–70.77) followed by Amhara region (41.9%: 95%CI: 28.45–54.54) Tigray region (38.14%: 95%CI:24.22–52.05) and Oromia region (26.54%: 95%CI: 16.89–36.20). Year from 2011 to 2015 contribute for the highest prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among children (44.46% (95%:30.88–58.03). Conclusion This study revealed 37.75% Schistosoma mansoni infection among children. High prevalence of schistosomes among children highlights the importance of improving and implementing appropriate control strategies such as mass drug administration in Ethiopia.

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Prevalence ofSchistosoma mansoniinfection in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1101/610113 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Siraj Hussen ◽

Demissie Assegu ◽

Techalew Shimelis

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Health Problem ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Open Water ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Major Health ◽

The Past ◽

Pooled Prevalence

AbstractBackgroundSchistosomiasis is the most predominant helminthic infection in tropics and subtropics mainly in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia.S. mansoniinfection is still becoming a public health problem since the risk of reinfection and recurrent disease remain, even in areas with high treatment coverage. There is no summarized data regarding prevalence ofS. mansoniinfection in Ethiopia. Therefore, this review was done to determine the pooled prevalence ofS. mansoniinfection in Ethiopia.MethodsThe PRISMA guidelines protocol was followed to perform the systematic review and meta-analysis. Published studies from January 1999 to September 1 2018 were searched in Medline, PubMed, Google scholar, HINARI and Cochrane Library. The study search terms were: “prevalence”, “incidence”, “schistosomiasis” “Bilharziasis”, “Ethiopia”. The heterogeneity of studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and I2test statistics. Publication bias was assessed by Egger’s test.ResultsEighty four studies were included in this review and meta–analysis. The pooled prevalence ofS. mansoniamong Ethiopian population was 18.7% (95%CI: 14.7-23.5). Southern regions of Ethiopia had a higherS.mansoniprevalence of 33.6% 995% CI: 20.2-50.4).S.mansoniwas higher in rural areas and among males with a pooled prevalence, 20.8% (95% CI: 14.2-29.4) and 29.4% (95%CI: 23.2-36.6), respectively. Similarly, the prevalence ofS.mansonihave been increased over the past 15 years.ConclusionThe review showed a moderate prevalence ofS.mansoniinfection in Ethiopia and disease is still a major health problem. Therefore, integrated control approach could be implemented to reduce the burden of this parasite in Ethiopia. Interventions leading to reduction of open water sources exposure to reduce schistosomiasis transmission, strengthen of deworming program, giving appropriate health education on the risk of schistosomal infection and transmission should be applied.Author SummaryUnderstanding summarized data regarding prevalence ofS. mansoniinfection in Ethiopia is essential to inform decisions on appropriate control strategies for schistosomiasis. We searched Published studies from January 1999 to September 1 2018 from Medline, PubMed, Google scholar, HINARI and Cochrane Library. Eighty four studies were included in this review and meta–analysis. The limit of language was English and the limit of study group was human. The pooled prevalence ofS. mansoniamong Ethiopian population was 18.7%. Southern regions of Ethiopia had a higherS.mansoniprevalence and the parasite was higher in rural areas and among males. The prevalence ofS.mansonihave been increased over the past 15 years. Our review showed a moderate prevalence ofS.mansoniinfection in Ethiopia and disease is still a major health problem. Therefore, appropriate controlling approach could be implemented. Interventions leading to reduction of open water sources, strengthen of deworming program, and giving appropriate health education should be applied.

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Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine and Vaccines ◽

10.1186/s40794-021-00156-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Habtye Bisetegn ◽

Tegegne Eshetu ◽

Yonas Erkihun

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Professional Associations ◽

Medical Laboratory ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Google Search

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by mainly Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma hematobium. The disease is very common in Africa including Ethiopia. Schistosoma mansoni is a major public health problem in Ethiopia especially among children. This review is aimed to indicate the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among children at the national and regional levels. Methods and material The PRISMA guidelines were followed. An electronic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Google search were carried out using key terms. Articles published from the proceeding of professional associations such as the Ethiopian medical laboratory association, the Ethiopian public health association, and annual national research conferences were also searched to find additional eligible studies. Data were extracted independently by two investigators, and cross-checked by a third reviewer. The quality of included studies was assessed using JBI quality assessment criteria. Data were extracted using Microsoft excel and finally analyzed using STATA version 12. The pooled prevalence was done using a random-effects model. Result Overall 49 studies involving 20,493 children (10,572 male and 9, 921 females) were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 37.13% (95%CI:30.02–44.24). High heterogeneity was observed with I2 of 99.4%, P < 0.000. According to subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence was high in the SNNPR (41.49%: 95%CI: 19.52–63.46) followed by the Amhara region (41.11%: 95%CI: 30.41–51.8), the Tigray region (31.40%: 95%CI:11.72–51.09), and the Oromia region (28.98%: 95%CI: 18.85–39.1). Year from 2011 to 2015 contributed to the highest prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children (46.31%: 95%:34.21–59.05). Conclusion This study revealed a 37.13% prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children. This is an alert to improve and implement appropriate control strategies such as mass drug administration in Ethiopia.

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Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036086 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. e036086

Author(s):

Sohail Akhtar ◽

Jamal Abdul Nasir ◽

Aqsa Sarwar ◽

Nida Nasr ◽

Amara Javed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

General Population ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Associated Risk Factors

ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to summarise the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and their associated risk factors in Bangladesh.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.ParticipantsGeneral population of Bangladesh.Data sourcesPubMed, Medline, Embase, Bangladesh Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were used to search for studies, published between 1st of January 1995 and 31st of August 2019, on the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and their associated risk factors in Bangladesh. Only articles published in the English language articles were considered. Two authors independently selected studies. The quality of the articles was also assessed.ResultsOut of 996 potentially relevant studies, 26 population-based studies, which together involved a total of 80 775 individuals, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of diabetes in the general population was 7.8% (95% CI: 6.4–9.3). In a sample of 56 452 individuals, the pooled prevalence of pre-diabetes was 10.1% (95% CI: 6.7–14.0; 17 studies). The univariable meta-regression analyses showed that the prevalence of diabetes is associated with the factors: the year of study, age of patients and presence of hypertension. The prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, while there was no significant gender difference.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis suggests a relatively high prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes in Bangladesh, with a significant difference between rural and urban areas. The main factors of diabetes include urbanisation, increasing age, hypertension and time period. Further research is needed to identify strategies for early detecting, prevention and treatment of people with diabetes in the population.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019148205.

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Anemia as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12199-020-00931-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yemataw Gelaw ◽

Zegeye Getaneh ◽

Mulugeta Melku

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Double Burden ◽

Mesh Terms

Abstract Background Tuberculosis is a major public health problem caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, occurring predominantly in population with low socioeconomic status. It is the second most common cause of death from infectious diseases. Tuberculosis becomes a double burden among anemic patients. Anemia increases an individual’s susceptibility to infectious diseases including tuberculosis by reducing the immunity level. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether anemia is a risk factor for tuberculosis. Method Relevant published articles were searched in electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library using the following MeSH terms: risk factor, predictors, tuberculosis, TB, Anaemia, Anemia, hemoglobin, Hgb, and Hb. Articles written in the English, observational studies conducted on the incidence/prevalence of tuberculosis among anemic patients, or papers examined anemia as risk factors for tuberculosis were included. From those studies meeting eligibility criteria, the first author’s name, publication year, study area, sample size and age of participants, study design, and effect measure of anemia for tuberculosis were extracted. The data were entered using Microsoft Excel and exported to Stata version 11 for analysis. The random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled OR and HR, and 95% CI. The sources of heterogeneity were tested by Cochrane I-squared statistics. The publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test statistics. Results A total of 17 articles with a 215,294 study participants were included in the analysis. The odd of tuberculosis among anemic patients was 3.56 (95% CI 2.53–5.01) times higher than non-anemic patients. The cohort studies showed that the HR of tuberculosis was 2.01 (95% CI 1.70–2.37) times higher among anemic patients than non-anemic patients. The hazard of tuberculosis also increased with anemia severity (HR 1.37 (95% CI 0.92–2.05), 2.08 (95% CI 1.14–3.79), and 2.66 (95% CI 1.71–4.13) for mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively). Conclusion According to the current systematic review and meta-analysis, we can conclude that anemia was a risk factor for tuberculosis. Therefore, anemia screening, early diagnose, and treatment should be provoked in the community to reduce the burden of tuberculosis.

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