scholarly journals Imaging myocardial ischemia: from emerging techniques to state-of-the-art

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akos Varga-Szemes ◽  
Pal Suranyi
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Ischemia ◽  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
New Era ◽  
Myocardial Tissue Characterization ◽  
Cardiac Volumes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Constant Improvement ◽  
Single Modality

AbstractThe widespread clinical use of cardiovascular imaging inspires constant improvement in imaging technology and post-processing applications. Recent advances in hardware and software have brought about important developments in the assessment of myocardial ischemia such as the rapid evaluation of cardiac volumes and function, ability for detection of subtle myocardial changes, and the combination of anatomic and functional assessment of a coronary artery stenosis via a single modality, which was previously not possible in a noninvasive fashion. These milestones indicate the start of a new era, a paradigm shift that broadens the role of noninvasive imaging. The thematic series Myocardial tissue characterization in ischemic heart disease introduces a set of narrative review and original articles by world renowned authors demonstrating such novel advancements and the state-of-the-art techniques in cardiac imaging.

scholarly journals From Exosome Glycobiology to Exosome Glycotechnology, the Role of Natural Occurring Polysaccharides

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-338
Author(s):  
Giulia Della Rosa ◽  
Clarissa Ruggeri ◽  
Alessandra Aloisi
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Personalized Medicine ◽  
Innate Ability

Exosomes (EXOs) are nano-sized informative shuttles acting as endogenous mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Their innate ability to target specific cells and deliver functional cargo is recently claimed as a promising theranostic strategy. The glycan profile, actively involved in the EXO biogenesis, release, sorting and function, is highly cell type-specific and frequently altered in pathological conditions. Therefore, the modulation of EXO glyco-composition has recently been considered an attractive tool in the design of novel therapeutics. In addition to the available approaches involving conventional glyco-engineering, soft technology is becoming more and more attractive for better exploiting EXO glycan tasks and optimizing EXO delivery platforms. This review, first, explores the main functions of EXO glycans and associates the potential implications of the reported new findings across the nanomedicine applications. The state-of-the-art of the last decade concerning the role of natural polysaccharides—as targeting molecules and in 3D soft structure manufacture matrices—is then analysed and highlighted, as an advancing EXO biofunction toolkit. The promising results, integrating the biopolymers area to the EXO-based bio-nanofabrication and bio-nanotechnology field, lay the foundation for further investigation and offer a new perspective in drug delivery and personalized medicine progress.

The Role of Laser-Induced Fluorescence in Myocardial Tissue Characterization

CHEST Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Kochiadakis ◽  
Stavros I. Chrysostomakis ◽  
Michael D. Kalebubas ◽  
George M. Filippidis ◽  
Ioannis G. Zacharakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽  
Myocardial Tissue ◽  
Myocardial Tissue Characterization

scholarly journals The infinite possibilities of RNA therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn C Mollocana-Lara ◽  
Ming Ni ◽  
Spiros N Agathos ◽  
Fernando A Gonzales-Zubiate
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
New Era ◽  
Final Point ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
General Aspects

Abstract Although the study of ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics started decades ago, for many years, this field of research was overshadowed by the growing interest in DNA-based therapies. Nowadays, the role of several types of RNA in cell regulation processes and the development of various diseases have been elucidated, and research in RNA therapeutics is back with force. This short literature review aims to present general aspects of many of the molecules currently used in RNA therapeutics, including in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aptamers, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, we describe the state of the art of technologies applied for synthetic RNA manufacture and delivery. Likewise, we detail the RNA-based therapies approved by the FDA so far, as well as the ongoing clinical investigations. As a final point, we highlight the current and potential advantages of working on RNA-based therapeutics and how these could lead to a new era of accessible and personalized healthcare.

scholarly journals Echocardiography in the Era of Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoy Nalin Shah
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Contrast Echocardiography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cardiovascular Imaging ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Catheter Laboratory ◽  
Dimensional Echocardiography ◽  
Three Dimensional Echocardiography ◽  
And Function

Echocardiography remains the most frequently performed cardiac imaging investigation and is an invaluable tool for detailed and accurate evaluation of cardiac structure and function. Echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiovascular-computed tomography comprise the subspeciality of cardiovascular imaging, and these techniques are often used together for a multimodality, comprehensive assessment of a number of cardiac diseases. This paper provides the general cardiologist and physician with an overview of state-of-the-art modern echocardiography, summarising established indications as well as highlighting advances in stress echocardiography, three-dimensional echocardiography, deformation imaging, and contrast echocardiography. Strengths and limitations of echocardiography are discussed as well as the growing role of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in the guidance of structural heart interventions in the cardiac catheter laboratory.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
Guido Claessen ◽  
André La Gerche
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
And Function ◽  
Processing Techniques

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has become an extremely valuable tool in the detection of cardiac pathology because of its accuracy in assessing cardiac structure and function, and its ability to provide tissue characterization. In this chapter we discuss the role of CMR in the evaluation of athletes, in whom it can be challenging to differentiate physiological changes from underlying myocardial pathology. It is fundamental to distinguish athletes undergoing CMR because of concerning symptoms from athletes evaluated for screening purposes with little pre-test probability for disease. We will briefly highlight state-of-the-art imaging sequences and post-processing techniques that are being used to assess cardiac morphology, function, and viability in athletes. Finally, we will discuss CMR findings present in inherited and acquired cardiomyopathies and how to distinguish these from physiological changes observed in highly trained athletes.

scholarly journals Structural Consequences of Copper Binding to the Prion Protein

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Salzano ◽  
Gabriele Giachin ◽  
Giuseppe Legname
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Cellular Prion Protein ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Copper Binding ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
And Function

Prion, or PrPSc, is the pathological isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) and it is the etiological agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) affecting humans and animal species. The most relevant function of PrPC is its ability to bind copper ions through its flexible N-terminal moiety. This review includes an overview of the structure and function of PrPC with a focus on its ability to bind copper ions. The state-of-the-art of the role of copper in both PrPC physiology and in prion pathogenesis is also discussed. Finally, we describe the structural consequences of copper binding to the PrPC structure.

scholarly journals The role of endothelial glycocalyx in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Yilmaz ◽  
Baris Afsar ◽  
Alberto Ortiz ◽  
Mehmet Kanbay
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Surrogate Markers ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe endothelium is the largest organ in the body and recent studies have shown that the endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) plays a major role in health and disease states. The integrity of eGCX is vital for homoeostasis and disruption of its structure and function plays a major role in several pathologic conditions. An increased understanding of the numerous pathophysiological roles of eGCX may lead to the development of potential surrogate markers for endothelial injury or novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a state-of-the-art update on the structure and function of the eGCX, emphasizing the current understanding of interorgan crosstalk between the eGCX and other organs that might also contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney diseases.

Tooth Enamel: Current State of the Art

1979 ◽  
Vol 58 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 684-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Frank
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Growth Structure ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Information ◽  
Hole Configuration ◽  
And Function ◽  
Important Progress

Important progress has been made relative to the growth, structure and function of enamel. Better understanding of the epithelial mesenchymal interactions during odontogenesis has been gained through tissue culture, and the predominant role of the dental papilla has been established. Differences between rodent and human amelogenesis have been demonstrated. With radioautography and cytochemistry, a significant amount of new information has been obtained on the metabolism of the ameloblasts, concerning the synthesis of proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans, as well as calcium transport. Numerous biochemical investigations have been devoted to developing and mature enamel matrix. The organic components of human adult enamel are mainly constituted of lipids and proteins, but further investigations are still needed to elucidate their precise nature. The so-called key-hole configuration of adult enamel can be questioned when amelogenesis is considered since the tissue does not develop in a prismatic head-tail fashion. The most important results have probably been obtained in the field of individual enamel apatite crystals shape and ultrastructure as well as in the description of the precise patterns of their carious dissolution which bears great similarities to the dissolution of synthetic apatites in acids.

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