scholarly journals Socio-economic and health costs of porcine/human cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis and epilepsy to small-scale pig producers in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nestory Kayuni
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Health Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Negative Perceptions

Abstract Background Porcine cysticercosis, human cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis, and epilepsy pose a serious public health risk and lead to economic losses to the small-scale pig farmers in Tanzania’s rural areas. It also resulted in lowering the pig’s prices, high treatment expenses, lower labour productivity, and social discrimination. In Tanzania, small-scale pig producers are unaware of the methods that are used to manage and prevent the diseases associated with Taenia solium. Main body The main goal of the reviewed article was to investigate the socio-economic and health costs of porcine/human cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis, and epilepsy on small-scale pig producers in Tanzania. Several search engines yielded 80 peer-reviewed publications, 44 of which were considered to be relevant to the study. Taenia solium cysticercosis has been reported to cause huge financial losses in the management of pigs posing a burden in terms of vaccination and treatment. Conclusion The information on porcine/human cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis, and epilepsy is still insufficient in Tanzania. Poor habits, negative perceptions, and attitudes are the result of this misinformation. This review suggests that health education should be emphasized as one of the intervention methods for eliminating all forms of cysticercosis and epilepsy in Tanzania to promote and increase awareness about all forms of cysticercosis and epilepsy in rural areas.

scholarly journals Development of an Oral Vaccine for the Control of Cysticercosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisela Hernández ◽  
Anabel Ortiz Caltempa ◽  
Jacquelynne Cervantes ◽  
Nelly Villalobos ◽  
Cynthia Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Health It ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Parasitic diseases fecally transmitted, such taeniasis/cysticercosis Taenia solium binomial, represent a health problem whose incidence continues due to the prevalence of inadequate sanitary conditions, particularly in developing countries. When the larval stage of the parasite is established in the central nervous system causes neurocysticercosis a disease than can severely affect human health. It can also affect pigs causing cysticercosis causing economic losses. Since pigs are obligatory intermediate hosts, they have been considered as the targets for vaccination to interrupt the transmission of the parasitosis and eventually reduce the disease. Progress has been made in the development of vaccines for the prevention of porcine cysticercosis. In our research group, three peptides have been identified that, expressed synthetically (S3Pvac) or recombinantly (S3Pvac-phage), reduced the amount of cysticerci by 98.7% and 87%, respectively, in pigs exposed to natural conditions of infection. Considering that cysticercosis is orally acquired, it seems feasible to develop an edible vaccine, which could be administered by the pig farmers, simplifying the logistical difficulties of its application, reducing costs, and facilitating the implementation of vaccination programs. This chapter describes the most important advances towards the development of an oral vaccine against porcine cysticercosis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Porcine Cysticercosis in India: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAJENDRA BHANGALE
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Porcine cysticercosis (PCC) caused due to Taenia solium a tapeworm; is one of the important neglected tropical diseases with a significant zoonotic importance. In view of the underdeveloped swine husbandry practices coupled with negligence of people towards hygienic food habits, a comprehensive estimate on the presence of porcine cysticercosis in India will be helpful for planning control measure. We performed a systematic literature review regarding data about PCC epidemiology in India and meta-analyses for its prevalence in different zones of country and the methods employed for detection and based on this discussed possible control strategies. A total 27 studies spanned over period from 2000 to 2019 from different parts of India were included for meta-analysis which were obtained through a systematic search from online free databases. The overall prevalence using random effects model was found 5.21% with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 96.52, p = 0.0001). However subgroup analysis revealed higher prevalence due to smaller sample size and also method of detection has also significant effect on the pooled data. Considering the zoonotic significance as well as economic losses to pork industry, control strategies need to be devised with regards to health monitoring, improvements in ante-mortem diagnostics, hygienic meat practices coupled with education to both the producers and consumers about this important disease through one health approach.

scholarly journals How is the jaguar Panthera onca perceived by local communities along the Paraguai River in the Brazilian Pantanal?

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grasiela Porfirio ◽  
Pedro Sarmento ◽  
Stephanie Leal ◽  
Carlos Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Economic Losses ◽  
Panthera Onca ◽  
Livestock Depredation ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Habitat Conversion ◽  
Human Perceptions ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
Brazilian Pantanal ◽  
Pantanal Wetland

AbstractRapid habitat conversion, hunting as a retaliatory response to livestock depredation and, potentially, lack of knowledge regarding the species’ ecological role are the main factors influencing conservation of the Near Threatened jaguar Panthera onca in the Pantanal wetland of Brazil. Investigation of people's perceptions and attitudes towards a species is an important element of conservation initiatives but most information concerning human perceptions of jaguars in the Pantanal comes from conflict with ranchers, who typically perceive this species negatively as a result of economic losses. No information is available concerning perceptions of the jaguar by other inhabitants, particularly along riversides where the main activity is professional and recreational fishing. We used semi-structured questionnaires to interview 50 riverside inhabitants on how they perceive the jaguar and to investigate the influence of education and age on such perceptions compared to local people from rural properties in the Pantanal and other Brazilian biomes. ‘Dangerous’ was the predominant perception. We found that the negative perceptions of jaguars related to people's safety and not to economic losses from livestock depredation. We highlight environmental education programmes, ecotourism and better strategies to reduce livestock losses as useful tools for minimizing the perception that jaguars are dangerous in all situations.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for porcine cysticercosis in rural communities of eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 905-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio C. Acevedo-Nieto ◽  
Paulo S.A. Pinto ◽  
Letícia F. Silva ◽  
Rafaella P.M. Guimarães-Peixoto ◽  
Tatiane O. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Faeces ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis

ABSTRACT: Cysticercosis is caused by Taenia solium, a parasitic zoonosis that affects human and pigs raised free-range in developing countries. The epidemiology of the taeniosis cysticercosis complex in Brazil is poorly understood especially when it comes to field research. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis in rural communities located in the east of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. From 371 farms in the county of Tumiritinga/MG, 101 farms from 14 communities were randomly sampled. Blood samples from pigs were collected, and epidemiological questionnaires were carried out. The serum samples obtained were analyzed through immunodiagnosis techniques, including ELISA and Western Blot, both for the detection of antibodies. The data obtained by different surveys were analyzed using EpiInfo 3.5.1 software to determine seroprevalence and risk factors associated with cysticercosis. The prevalence of farms with porcine cysticercosis was 9.9% (10/101) and antibody-based seropositive was 5.3% (13/247). The results indicate that cysticercosis occurs in high level in the rural area never studied before. These results suggest the presence of tapeworm carriers contributing to the occurrence and maintenance of this zoonotic life cycle in the county. Regarding risk factors, the most significant determinants for porcine cysticercosis in the field were free-range pig management (OR: 17.4, p: 0.0001), the method of disposal of human faeces in the environmental (OR: 7.6; p 0.012), and the size of the farm. Porcine cysticercosis was diagnosed only in areas represented by Agrarian Reform Settlements. From the results, it is possible to recommend as a means of control and prevention the destination of human faeces in appropriate sanitary landfills and the production of pigs in an enclosed area. Additionally, improving education in the communities sampled will indirectly affect the spreading of this disease. The results draw attention to the largest studies of this zoonotic disease in human settlements from rural areas due to the lack of knowledge about the epidemiology of the taeniosis-cysticercosis complex. The results could serve as the basis to support public policies aimed at creating an effective program to control the taeniosis-cysticercosis complex in the studied area. Awareness of TC among medical doctors, veterinarians, meat animal family producers and the public should be developed through appropriate information and education.

Occurrence of Taenia species in pigs in slaughterhouses in Phu Tho province, northern Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.T.M. Nguyen ◽  
V. Dermauw ◽  
J. Noh ◽  
N.H. Chien ◽  
T.T.H. Dao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taenia Solium ◽  
First Record ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
Lentil Lectin ◽  
Circulating Antigens ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract Pigs act as the intermediate hosts of the zoonotic tapeworms Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica, as well as of the non-zoonotic Taenia hydatigena. In Vietnam, human taeniasis and cysticercosis have been reported throughout the country; however, data on porcine cysticercosis are scarce. Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Taenia spp. in slaughtered pigs in two districts in Phu Tho, a mountainous province in northern Vietnam from where neurocysticercosis patients commonly originate. The carcasses of 399 pigs from 51 small-scale abattoirs were checked for cysticerci, while tongue, liver, masseter muscles, diaphragm and heart were sliced and examined. Retrieved cysticerci underwent polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing for species confirmation. Blood was also collected to detect antibodies by lentil lectin-purified glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (LLGP-EITB) and recombinant T24H antigen (rT24H)-EITB and circulating antigens by B158/B60 Ag-ELISA. In two pigs, T. asiatica cysticerci were found, confirming the presence of the parasite in pigs in Vietnam at a low prevalence (0.5%; 95% exact confidence interval (CI): 0–1.19%). Cysticerci of T. solium were found in none of the pigs, although one serum sample was positive for antibodies in both LLGP-EITB and rT24H-EITB. Furthermore, a high prevalence of T. hydatigena cysticercosis was observed (18.0%; 95% Wilson score CI: 14.6–22.1%). In more than half of the T. hydatigena-positive pigs, circulating antigens were detected by Ag-ELISA, confirming that this test cannot be used to diagnose T. solium cysticercosis in this region. Finally, Spirometra erinaceieuropaei was found in one pig liver. It is the first record of this zoonotic cestode species in pigs in Vietnam. Overall, the findings confirmed the complex epidemiology of Taenia spp. in pigs in Vietnam.

scholarly journals Sumber Daya Manusia dan Pengelolaan Lahan Pertanian di Pedesaan Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Faisal Kasryno
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Poor People

<p><strong>English<br /></strong>Agricultural development during the last three decades was able to stimulate the growth of agricultural produciton, and decrease the number of poor people in rural areas. The benefits accured from the development however, were still unevenly distributed, especially when taking account on farmers' family welfare, which was still far from what has formerly been expected. Viewed from the aspect of human resource development it can be showen that labour productivity in the agricultural sector was still far behind those in the other sectors, and this was mainly due to the large portion of labour concentrated in agriculture, resulting in an average contribution of labour in agriculture of 26 hours per week per labourer, compared with those of the other sectors which is 44 hours per week per labourer. One cause of this was the bimodal or dual policy in economy, applied in agricultural development in Indonesia, which is noncundicive for developing a sector with surplus of labourer like agriculture. A strategy of unimodal agricultural development, giving priority to small scale family operated farmlands by providing access to arable lands, technology and financial resources, is therefore considered a proper strategy to be implemented in the future. For implementing this policy, support from macro-economic policy through establishment of proper exchange value and interest rate in accordance with market mechanism accompanied by a balanced and fair fiscal policy should be recommended.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian<br /></strong>Pembangunan pertanian selama tiga dasa warsa yang lalu telah berhasil memacu pertumbuhan produksi pertanian dan mengurangi jumlah penduduk miskin di pedesaan. Walaupun demikian ditinjau dari aspek pemerataan pemanfaatan hasil pembangunan apalagi terkait dengan kesejahteraan petani, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa apa yang dicapai masih jauh dari yang diharapkan. Dari aspek pengembangan sumber daya manusia, produktivitas tenaga kerja pertanian masih jauh di bandingkan sektor lainnya, dan ini terutama disebabkan masih besarnya porsi tenaga kerja yang bekerja di pertanian, sehingga rata-rata partisipasi tenaga kerja pertanian hanya 26 jam per minggu, jauh dibawah sektor lainnya yang telah mencapai 44jam per minggu. Salah satu penyebab dari kenyataan diatas akibat diterapkannya kebijakan Bimodal atau dual economy dalam pembangunan pertanian di Indonesia, yang kurang kondusif bagi sektor yang surplus tenaga kerja seperti pertanian. Strategi pembangunan pertanian Unimodal dengan memberikan prioritas pada pengembangan pertanian keluarga skala kecil dan meningkatkan akses mereka terhadap lahan, teknologi dan sumber pembiayaan merupakan salah satu strategi yang tepat untuk di lakukan pada masa yang akan datang. Agar kebijaksanaan ini dapat terlaksana dibutuhkan dukungan kebijaksanaan Ekonomi makro melalui kebijakan nilai tukar dan tingkat suku bunga yang mengikuti mekanisme pasar serta kebijaksanaan fiskal yang berimbang dan adil.</p>

scholarly journals SPEAR (Solar Pyrolysis Energy Access Reactor): Theoretical Design and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Low-Cost Pyrolysis Unit for Implementation in Rural Communities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189
Author(s):  
Cesare Caputo ◽  
Ondřej Mašek
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Pyrolysis Unit

Energy access and waste management are two of the most pressing developmental and environmental issues on a global level to help mitigate the accelerating impacts of climate change. They are particularly relevant in Sub–Saharan Africa where electrification rates are significantly below global averages and rural areas are lacking a formal waste management sector. This paper explores the potential of integrating solar energy into a biomass pyrolysis unit as a potentially synergetic solution to both issues. The full design of a slow pyrolysis batch reactor targeted at biochar production, following a strict cost minimization approach, is presented in light of the relevant considerations. SPEAR is powered using a Cassegrain optics parabolic dish system, integrated into the reactor via a manual tracking system and optically optimized with a Monte-Carlo ray tracing methodology. The design approach employed has led to the development an overall cost efficient system, with the potential to achieve optical efficiencies up 72% under a 1.5° tracking error. The outputs of the system are biochar and electricity, to be used for soil amendment and energy access purposes, respectively. There is potential to pyrolyze a number of agricultural waste streams for the region, producing at least 5 kg of biochar per unit per day depending on the feedstock employed. Financial assessment of SPEAR yields a positive Net Present Value (NPV) in nearly all scenarios evaluated and a reasonable competitiveness with small scale solar for electrification objectives. Finally, SPEAR presents important positive social and environmental externalities and should be feasibly implementable in the region in the near term.

scholarly journals Control trial of porcine cysticercosis in Uganda using a combination of the TSOL18 vaccination and oxfendazole

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Nsadha ◽  
Chris Rutebarika ◽  
Chrisostom Ayebazibwe ◽  
Bukenya Aloys ◽  
M. Mwanja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
Intervention Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Village Communities

Abstract Background Neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium when the parasite lodges in the central nervous system, is an important cause of human seizures and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite is prevalent in many regions of Uganda. Pigs are intermediate hosts for T. solium, and we evaluated a T. solium control program in pigs, involving vaccination of pigs with the TSOL18 vaccine and treatment with oxfendazole. Methods The study was conducted in two districts of Eastern Uganda involving the rural village communities of Bukedea (intervention area) and Kumi (control area) during 2016–2017. Seven hundred and thirty-four households were enrolled in the study. Pigs in the intervention area received intramuscular immunizations with TSOL18 (Cysvax™) and an oral medication with 30 mg/kg oxfendazole (Paranthic™) at approximately 3-monthly intervals for 18 months. Porcine cysticercosis was evaluated by post-mortem examination. At the beginning of the study, 111 pigs were examined. In an interim evaluation in the intervention area, 55 pigs were evaluated 12 months after starting the project. At the end of the study approximately 3 months after the final intervention, 55 pigs from the intervention area and 56 pigs from the control area were evaluated. Results The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis for the two sites was 16.2% at the beginning of the study (17.2% in the intervention area and 15.1% in the control area) with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.759) between the two study sites. Among the 110 animals assessed from the intervention site (55 at the interim evaluation and 55 at the final evaluation), no pig with viable T. solium cysts was found. There was a statistically significant difference between the prevalence at baseline (17.2%) and at the end of the study (0%) in the intervention area (P = 0.001) and a statistically significant difference between the intervention (0%) and control areas (5.4%) (P = 0.041) at the end of the study. Conclusions Three-monthly concurrent vaccination of pigs with the TSOL18 vaccine and medication with oxfendazole eliminated T. solium transmission by the animals involved in the study. Application of vaccination with medication in pigs has the potential to reduce transmission of T. solium in Uganda and other endemic countries.

scholarly journals Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Wildland Fires: Sensing, Perception, Cooperation and Assistance

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Moulay A. Akhloufi ◽  
Andy Couturier ◽  
Nicolás A. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Natural Risk ◽  
Aerial Vehicles

Wildfires represent a significant natural risk causing economic losses, human death and environmental damage. In recent years, the world has seen an increase in fire intensity and frequency. Research has been conducted towards the development of dedicated solutions for wildland fire assistance and fighting. Systems were proposed for the remote detection and tracking of fires. These systems have shown improvements in the area of efficient data collection and fire characterization within small-scale environments. However, wildland fires cover large areas making some of the proposed ground-based systems unsuitable for optimal coverage. To tackle this limitation, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were proposed. UAVs have proven to be useful due to their maneuverability, allowing for the implementation of remote sensing, allocation strategies and task planning. They can provide a low-cost alternative for the prevention, detection and real-time support of firefighting. In this paper, previous works related to the use of UAV in wildland fires are reviewed. Onboard sensor instruments, fire perception algorithms and coordination strategies are considered. In addition, some of the recent frameworks proposing the use of both aerial vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) for a more efficient wildland firefighting strategy at a larger scale are presented.

scholarly journals Influencing Factors of Commercial Energy Consumption Intention of Rural Residents: Evidence from Rural Chengdu

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Aichun Jiang ◽  
Qian Zhong ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Yibin Ao ◽  
Chuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural Construction ◽  
Commercial Energy ◽  
New Rural Construction

With rapid rural urbanization and new rural construction, the commercial energy consumption of rural residents shows a trend of rapid growth, and China’s rural areas are also faced with environmental challenges brought by the increase of commercial energy consumption. China’s commercial energy consumption behavior of rural residents has also undergone tremendous changes. However, scholars have neglected the research on rural residents’ commercial energy consumption intention from a micro perspective. Therefore, this study takes the 5 villages in Chengdu out of the 100 representative villages in the Sichuan province as examples. From the perspective of the head of a family of permanent rural residents, extended planned behavior theory, exploratory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling are used to explore the influencing factors of rural resident commercial energy consumption intention and their relationship. Findings show that subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and habit significantly affect residents’ behavioral intention. Habits significantly influence subjective norms and PBC. Therefore, in the new rural construction, rural residents are the main body and participants of energy consumption. Local government departments should plan reasonably according to the needs and characteristics of residents, constantly improve commercial energy infrastructure, improve service level, and further strengthen farmers’ attitude and satisfaction toward commercial energy. Moreover, they should increase the publicity and education of commercial energy, advocate green housing, and promote energy saving consumption reduction, and sustainable development in new rural areas.

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