Assessment of near-surface mapping capabilities by airborne transient electromagnetic data — An extensive comparison to conventional borehole data

Geophysics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. B187-B199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Schamper ◽  
Flemming Jørgensen ◽  
Esben Auken ◽  
Flemming Effersø
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Aquifer Vulnerability ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Surface Mapping ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Transient Electromagnetic

A newly developed helicopter transient electromagnetic (TEM) system has the ability to measure very early times within just a few μs after the turn off of the primary current. For such a system, careful calibration and accurate modeling of the electromagnetic (EM) response is critical to get true resistivities of the very shallow geologic layers. We discovered that this leads to resolution of the same level or in some cases even better than what can be obtained from airborne frequency EM systems. This allowed a range of important applications where high and accurate resolution is mandatory, e.g., geotechnical applications such as urban planning, railroad and road investigations, landslides or distribution of raw materials, and assessing aquifer vulnerability. We evaluated the results of a pilot survey covering the Norsminde catchment south of Aarhus, Denmark, where we found that near-surface layers (top 30 m) can be mapped with an accuracy of a few meters in a complicated glacial sedimentary environment. The mapping of the geologic layers was assessed by a detailed analysis in which we developed a general methodology for crosschecking the EM and borehole data. This methodology is general and can easily be adapted to other data types and surveys. After rating the quality of the boreholes based on a list of predefined criteria, we concluded that the EM data matched with about three-quarters of the boreholes located within less than 15 m from the closest EM soundings. The remaining quarter of the boreholes fell into two groups in which half of the boreholes were of very poor quality or had inaccurate coordinates. Only eight of all the boreholes could not be reproduced by the data, and we attributed this to be caused by very strong lateral or vertical geologic variations not resolvable by the TEM technique.

scholarly journals Development and application of a spectrophotometric method in quality evaluation of benzimidazole anthelminthics in Nairobi city county

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson K. Murage ◽  
Beatrice K. Amugune ◽  
Peter Njogu ◽  
Stanley Ndwigah
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Market Surveillance

Abstract Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of communicable diseases which are prevalent in the tropics affecting more than one billion people. Treatment and prevention of these infections is very costly to developing economies. Helminthiases are classified among NTDs. The communities afflicted are poor and have limited access to essential resources for their livelihood. Poor-quality drugs for NTDs may lead to death or prolonged treatment without achieving the desired results. The limited resources used in purchasing poor-quality drugs will therefore be wasted instead of being put to good use. Most of the methods available for the analysis of benzimidazole anthelminthics utilize high-performance liquid chromatography. They are therefore time consuming, require sophisticated and expensive equipment, utilize rare and expensive reagents and solvents, and call for skilled personnel. A simple, rapid, and inexpensive ultraviolet spectrophotometric method of analysis would therefore come in handy especially in the analysis of many samples as occurs during post-authorization market surveillance for quality. Results The suitable solvent for the spectroscopic analysis was established as 0.1 M methanolic HCl. The wavelength of analysis was set at 294 nm. Upon validation, the method was found to have good linearity. The range over which linearity was established was way beyond the 80 to 120% of the working concentration specified by the ICH. The method exhibited good precision. Out of 32 commercial samples analyzed, five (15.6%) did not comply with compendial specifications. Intra-brand batch variation was also observed. Out of three batches of product A002T analyzed, one did not comply with compendial specifications. Conclusion A major limitation in the analysis of benzimidazole anthelminthics is the lack of reliable, simple, rapid, and low-cost methods of analysis with high throughput. The developed method serves to fill this gap. It can be used in the analysis of raw materials and finished products. It can also be used in the establishment of the quality of products prior to registration. The method will prove very useful in post-market surveillance of quality of benzimidazole anthelminthics.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN ABU LIMBAH KERTAS PADA PEMBUATAN BATU BATA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Herix Sonata ◽  
Dewi Yudiana Shinta ◽  
Mulyadi Mulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Paper Waste ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
Home Industries ◽  
Average Compressive Strength

The increasing number of population each year makes the number of building needs for houses, buildings, schools, offices and other infrastructure will increase. In general, building consumption cannot be separated from the use of bricks as a form of wall construction in building construction. The size and compressive strength of bricks circulating in the market are of poor quality which comes from fabrication, local work or home industries. In the brick-making process, bricklayers only use certain types of soil to maintain the quality of brick production. As a result, the availability of soil as the main material in brick making will decrease. Another alternative to meet the shortcomings of the brick-forming material and make it stronger and more durable, can be used as a substitute for other materials such as waste paper. The use of paper waste is an effort to find new types of building materials and to reduce environmental pollution problems due to paper waste. This study aims to analyze the concentration of the addition of paper waste ash on the strength of the bricks. The benefit of this research is as an alternative study of meeting the needs of brick raw materials for environmentally friendly buildings by utilizing paper waste ash. The results showed the effect of a mixture of paper waste ash as a clay additive on the compressive strength of normal bricks (fc '2.9 MPa). The percentage value of compressive strength with a mixture of paper waste ash 3% obtained an average compressive strength of 40.10 kg / cm2, 5% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength of 61.48 kg / cm2 and 7% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength average 64.12 kg / cm2 against the compressive strength of normal bricks 37.28 kg / cm2. The conclusion of this research is that the variation of the mixture of paper waste ash with a variation of 7% paper waste ash mixture exceeding 60 kg / cm² (compressive strength class III) SNI 15-2094-2000a. This shows that paper waste ash can increase the compressive strength of bricks.

scholarly journals Geostatistical inversion of electromagnetic induction data for landfill modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Narciso ◽  
Leonardo Azevedo ◽  
Marc Van Meirvenne ◽  
Ellen Van De Vijver
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Simultaneous Inversion ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Geostatistical Inversion

<p>The characterization and monitoring of landfills has become a major concern, not only for assessing the associated environmental impact (e.g., groundwater contamination) but also for evaluating the potential for recovery of secondary resources, in particular for the production of raw materials and energy. For both objectives, it is crucial to have knowledge of the waste composition and the current landfill conditions (e.g. water saturation level). Near-surface geophysical surveys have been proven effective for the non-invasive investigation of landfills, in which different methods have been used depending on the specific survey targets.  Because of its sensitivity to two subsurface physical properties, electrical conductivity (EC) and magnetic susceptibility (MS), frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) induction has been successfully applied to the qualitative characterization of urban and industrial landfills, including mine tailings. Yet, due to the generally complex composition and strongly heterogeneous spatial distribution of waste deposits, reconstructing a reliable landfill model from surface geophysical measurements remains challenging. Geostatistical inversion emerges as powerful tool to improve the landfill modelling from geophysical data, allowing for a more detailed description of the spatial distribution of the properties of interest and the associated uncertainty. Additionally, it provides a flexible framework for integrating data from geophysical surveys and conventional sampling from drilling or trenching.</p><p>In this work, we present a new geostatistical inversion technique able for the simultaneous inversion of FDEM data for EC and MS, which optimize the landfill modelling procedure and is sensitive towards change on the physical properties of interest. This method is based on an iterative procedure where ensembles of subsurface models of EC and MS are generated with stochastic sequential simulation and co-simulation. These simulated models are conditioned locally by existing borehole data for these properties and by a spatial continuity pattern imposed by a variogram model. Synthetic instrument response data, including both the in-phase and quadrature-phase components of the FDEM response, are generated from each model using a forward model connecting the data domain (FDEM data) with the model domain (subsurface physical properties). The misfit between the observed and forward-modelled FDEM data, weighted according to the depth sensitivity of the FDEM response toward changes in EC and MS, is used to drive the generation of a new set of models in the next iteration. We illustrate the inversion procedure with synthetic landfill example data sets which were created based on real data collected at a mine tailing in Portugal and a municipal solid waste landfill in Belgium.</p>

scholarly journals KARATERISTIK SIFAT FISIKA BAMBU TALI (GIGANTOLOCHLOA APUS KURZ ), SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU BAMBU KERAJINAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Febriana Tri Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Bamboo Species

The centre of bamboo crafts in Gunung Sari District is the largest bamboo centre in West Lombok Regency. One of the bamboo species which is usually used as raw materials is tali bamboo. Studies of physical properties of this bamboo have not been carried out resulting poor quality of bamboo crafts. The physical property was essensial information which would be used for enhancing the products because it correlated with dimensional stability of the bamboo. The objectives of this study were to identify the physical properties of the bamboo with reference to the axial direction. The experiment design was complete random design employing the axial directions (bottom, middle, and top portions) as treatments. The statistical analyses were Anova with range tests at α = 5%. The results showed that the physical properties were: fresh moisture content 51-119.82%; air-dried moisture content 13.03-15.04%; fresh volume density 0.51 – 0.72; air-dried volume density 0.62 – 0.75; oven volume density 0.63 – 0.78. Axial directions of the physical properties were not significantly different except for the fresh moisture content. Therefore all portions of tali bamboo (bottom, middle, and top portions) could be utilized as raw materials for bamboo crafts.

scholarly journals Variable evaluation of efficiency of milk production in conditions unstable market

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Galushko ◽  
◽  
N. Sarabai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Milk Market

ProducƟon efficiency characterizes the effecƟveness of producƟon. This category shows the increase in producƟon volumes and at what price for the products and what costs of resources for the producƟon of these products this increase is achieved, that is, it indicates the quality of economic growth. To determine the economic efficiency of producƟon, it is necessary to study the results of producƟon and sales acƟviƟes, to analyze expenses, sales prices, cost and profitability. The milk market is part of the structure of the food market of any country. The state of the country’s economy, its food security, the standard of living and health of the populaƟon depend on its development. Such factors as a constant and unpredictable change in the economic situaƟon in the country, changes in legislaƟon, inadequate state regulaƟon of producƟon and sales of products, poor quality of raw materials and auxiliary materials, lack of moƟvaƟonal levers, a decline in the populaƟon’s income, reducƟon in the animal feed base and high-quality livestock influence the milk market. The pricing situaƟon on the milk market in Ukraine, the producƟvity of cows and the costs of producing the milk are considered to evaluate the effecƟveness of milk producƟon. A method is proposed for calculaƟng a variable assessment of the economic efficiency of milk producƟon depending on costs, cow producƟvity and selling prices in an unstable market, which takes into account the possible market situaƟon, milk producƟon technologies, price factors, opƟmisƟc and pessimisƟc condiƟons for the development of the industry. Variable calculaƟons of the break-even price of milk sales have been carried out depending on the producƟvity of cows, producƟon costs and the projected market condiƟons for milk. The proposed methodological approaches enable the government of the agro-industrial complex to monitor the livestock producƟon market and develop sound strategies to support agricultural producers, taking into account tax policies, internal and external condiƟons in food markets.

Changes in the Microbial Quality of Nephrops norvegicus during Processing for Retail Packs

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 460-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. MADDEN ◽  
S. KINGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Nephrops Norvegicus ◽  
The Irish Sea

The microbial quality of whole tails of prawns, Nephrops norvegicus, caught in the Irish Sea, was determined after freezing. The effects of subsequent processing into frozen prawns and breaded and battered scampi, in retail packs, were then monitored. The mean TVC of the whole tails was 1.3 × 106/g whilst that of the processed tails was 9.7 × 105/g. Peeling and polyphosphate treatment caused a significant reduction in the total count of bacteria whilst gutting/sorting and reforming caused increases. Overall, processing caused an insignificant change in the TVC, when compared with the initial load. The ratio of coliforms: total count of bacteria increased steadily during processing and might serve as an indicator of the source of contamination with poor quality final product. Low-grade raw materials would have a low ratio and poor hygiene in processing but good quality raw materials would result in a high ratio. Both TVC and coliform counts are required to determine microbial quality.

tTEM — A towed transient electromagnetic system for detailed 3D imaging of the top 70 m of the subsurface

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. E13-E22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esben Auken ◽  
Nikolaj Foged ◽  
Jakob Juul Larsen ◽  
Knud Valdemar Trøllund Lassen ◽  
Pradip Kumar Maurya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Aquifer Vulnerability ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Electromagnetic System ◽  
Aquifer Storage ◽  
Transient Electromagnetic ◽  
Subsurface Layers

There is a growing need for detailed investigation of the top 30–50 m of the subsurface, which is critical for infrastructure, water supply, aquifer storage and recovery, farming, waste deposits, and construction. Existing geophysical methods are capable of imaging this zone; however, they have limited efficiency when it comes to creating full 3D images with high resolution over dozens to hundreds of hectares. We have developed a new and highly efficient towed transient electromagnetic (tTEM) system, which is capable of imaging the subsurface up to depth of 70 m at a high resolution, horizontally and vertically. Towed by an all-terrain vehicle, the system uses a [Formula: see text] transmitter coil and has a [Formula: see text]-component receiver placed at 9 m offset from the transmitter. The tTEM uses dual transmitter moment (low and high moment) measurement sequence to obtain the early and late time gates corresponding to shallow and deep information about the subsurface layers. The first bias-free gate is as early as [Formula: see text] from beginning of the ramp ([Formula: see text] after end of ramp). Data are processed and inverted using methods directly adopted from airborne electromagnetics. The system has been successfully used in Denmark for various purposes, e.g., mapping raw materials, investigating contaminated sites, and assessing aquifer vulnerability. We have also used the tTEM system in the Central Valley of California (United States) for locating artificial recharge sites and in the Mississippi Delta region, to map complex subsurface geology in great detail for building hydrogeologic models.

scholarly journals Productivity Analysis of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in PT. Ramajaya Pramukti Using Value Stream Mapping Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Dhimas B. Pratama ◽  
◽  
Anita Susilawati ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Value Stream Mapping ◽  
Productivity Analysis ◽  
Value Stream ◽  
Future Value ◽  
Productivity Process

This study aims to analyze the productivity of CPO processing using Value Stream Mapping (VSM) approach. A case study conducted in PT. Ramajaya Pramukti, Indonesia. The research method used the VSM and Process Activity Mapping (PAM) to determine wastes in the process flow of CPO production. The data was collected in 1 month. The preliminary result of CPO productivity process was average of 73.67%. Based the Future Value Stream Mapping (FVSM) the CPO processing time can be efficient from 1.981 seconds/kg to 1.963 seconds/kg. The productivity processing for value added 1.525 seconds/kg, which non value added of 0.012 and the non necessary value added of 0.383 seconds/kg. The quality of raw materials was the biggest waste contributor. It was caused a longer processing time due to poor quality of raw materials.

scholarly journals Commodity characteristics and quality assessment of green tea sold in retail chains of Saint-Petersburg

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-241
Author(s):  
A. K. Aliea ◽  
E. O. Barbashenova
Keyword(s):  
Green Tea ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Trading Networks

Tea is one of the most favorite drinks in the world. About the useful effect of green tea on the human body is known very much. In connection with the fall of the economy, the quality of products entering the trading networks is also deteriorating, so we decided to check the quality of green tea sold by trading networks in St. Petersburg. There are the results of a study on the quality of green tea from different manufacturers in the article and accordance with their normative documents. Organoleptic and physico-chemical methods were used to allowable the quality of tea. We studied these samples for safety according to the maximum permissible content of toxins, radionuclides, mycotoxins and microorganisms in tea. According to the physico-chemical examination revealed violations in terms of: the content of tannin, water-soluble extractive substances, active acidity, increased mold content, which attests about assortment falsification of green tea, the use of poor quality raw materials, violation of technological processes and storage processes. As a result, it can be concluded that in production of tea it is necessary to take into account all regulatory requirements and comply with all technological processes, consider the requirements for storage and transportation of tea, certify the goods and use more manual labor when collecting tea leaves. Trading enterprises should use only certified goods and to use the conclusions of expert laboratoriesmore often.

An experience of performing spirometry by trained general practitioners

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
M. A. Pokhaznikova ◽  
E. A. Andreeva ◽  
O. Yu. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Study Research ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Forced Expiratory Maneuver ◽  
Maximal Effort

The article discusses the experience of teaching and conducting spirometry of general practitioners as part of the RESPECT study (RESearch on the PrEvalence and the diagnosis of COPD and its Tobacco-related aetiology). A total of 33 trained in spirometry general practitioners performed a study of 3119 patients. Quality criteria met 84.1% of spirometric studies. The analysis of the most common mistakes made by doctors during the forced expiratory maneuver is included. The most frequent errors were expiration exhalation of less than 6s (54%), non-maximal effort throughout the test and lack of reproducibility (11.3%). Independent predictors of poor spirogram quality were male gender, obstruction (FEV1 /FVC<0.7), and the center where the study was performed. The number of good-quality spirograms ranged from 96.1% (95% CI 83.2–110.4) to 59.8% (95% CI 49.6–71.4) depending on the center. Subsequently, an analysis of the reasons behind the poor quality of research in individual centers was conducted and the identified shortcomings were eliminated. The poor quality of the spirograms was associated either with the errors of the doctors who undertook the study or with the technical malfunctions of the spirometer.

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