scholarly journals Development and application of a spectrophotometric method in quality evaluation of benzimidazole anthelminthics in Nairobi city county

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson K. Murage ◽  
Beatrice K. Amugune ◽  
Peter Njogu ◽  
Stanley Ndwigah
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Market Surveillance

Abstract Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of communicable diseases which are prevalent in the tropics affecting more than one billion people. Treatment and prevention of these infections is very costly to developing economies. Helminthiases are classified among NTDs. The communities afflicted are poor and have limited access to essential resources for their livelihood. Poor-quality drugs for NTDs may lead to death or prolonged treatment without achieving the desired results. The limited resources used in purchasing poor-quality drugs will therefore be wasted instead of being put to good use. Most of the methods available for the analysis of benzimidazole anthelminthics utilize high-performance liquid chromatography. They are therefore time consuming, require sophisticated and expensive equipment, utilize rare and expensive reagents and solvents, and call for skilled personnel. A simple, rapid, and inexpensive ultraviolet spectrophotometric method of analysis would therefore come in handy especially in the analysis of many samples as occurs during post-authorization market surveillance for quality. Results The suitable solvent for the spectroscopic analysis was established as 0.1 M methanolic HCl. The wavelength of analysis was set at 294 nm. Upon validation, the method was found to have good linearity. The range over which linearity was established was way beyond the 80 to 120% of the working concentration specified by the ICH. The method exhibited good precision. Out of 32 commercial samples analyzed, five (15.6%) did not comply with compendial specifications. Intra-brand batch variation was also observed. Out of three batches of product A002T analyzed, one did not comply with compendial specifications. Conclusion A major limitation in the analysis of benzimidazole anthelminthics is the lack of reliable, simple, rapid, and low-cost methods of analysis with high throughput. The developed method serves to fill this gap. It can be used in the analysis of raw materials and finished products. It can also be used in the establishment of the quality of products prior to registration. The method will prove very useful in post-market surveillance of quality of benzimidazole anthelminthics.

Moisture Reliability Improvement of a High Performance Depletion Mode 0.15 um Gate PHEMT Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 000050-000054
Author(s):  
Jon Abrokwah ◽  
John Stanback ◽  
Jerry Wang ◽  
Molly Johnson ◽  
Chi L. Jiaa
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Optical Lithography ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Reliability Improvement ◽  
Deep Uv ◽  
Metal Migration

Moisture reliability of a 0.15-um gate PHEMT technology for mm-wave applications was investigated. The PHEMT technology is fabricated with a deep UV optical lithography, and typically exhibits transconductance of ~550 mS/mm and fT of ~90 GHz. Moisture reliability, THBL or BHAST performed at 85% relative humidity, and 95 °C, or 130 °C and 85% RH, respectively, initially showed failures up to 70%, under various process splits. Extensive failure analysis pointed to a number of mechanisms contributing to failure, the key culprit being moisture ingress, enabled by poor quality of SiN, stresses, seams, and voids in the passivation dielectric around the gate topology. Moisture penetrated the SiN to GaAs surface through seams in the dielectric around the gate or regions of high local stress such as gate feeds and ends. A corrosion process ensued with the applied voltage bias on the device drain and gate during the THBL or BHAST environmental stress, leading to GaAs oxidation, metal migration and shorts. By designing the gate topology appropriately, failures were reduced to the range of 0–3.4 %. Further, using a BCB overcoat, failures were completely eliminated.

Assessment of near-surface mapping capabilities by airborne transient electromagnetic data — An extensive comparison to conventional borehole data

Geophysics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. B187-B199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Schamper ◽  
Flemming Jørgensen ◽  
Esben Auken ◽  
Flemming Effersø
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Aquifer Vulnerability ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Surface Mapping ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Transient Electromagnetic

A newly developed helicopter transient electromagnetic (TEM) system has the ability to measure very early times within just a few μs after the turn off of the primary current. For such a system, careful calibration and accurate modeling of the electromagnetic (EM) response is critical to get true resistivities of the very shallow geologic layers. We discovered that this leads to resolution of the same level or in some cases even better than what can be obtained from airborne frequency EM systems. This allowed a range of important applications where high and accurate resolution is mandatory, e.g., geotechnical applications such as urban planning, railroad and road investigations, landslides or distribution of raw materials, and assessing aquifer vulnerability. We evaluated the results of a pilot survey covering the Norsminde catchment south of Aarhus, Denmark, where we found that near-surface layers (top 30 m) can be mapped with an accuracy of a few meters in a complicated glacial sedimentary environment. The mapping of the geologic layers was assessed by a detailed analysis in which we developed a general methodology for crosschecking the EM and borehole data. This methodology is general and can easily be adapted to other data types and surveys. After rating the quality of the boreholes based on a list of predefined criteria, we concluded that the EM data matched with about three-quarters of the boreholes located within less than 15 m from the closest EM soundings. The remaining quarter of the boreholes fell into two groups in which half of the boreholes were of very poor quality or had inaccurate coordinates. Only eight of all the boreholes could not be reproduced by the data, and we attributed this to be caused by very strong lateral or vertical geologic variations not resolvable by the TEM technique.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Robustness of Spectrophotometric Method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Pioglitazone in Solid Dosage Form

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Sara Zahid ◽  
Fatima Zahid ◽  
Asma Ahmed ◽  
Waqas Safir
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solid Dosage Form ◽  
Solid Dosage

Pioglitazone is a drug that reduces the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It is included in the class of anti-diabetic drugs called “thiazolidinedione” that are used in the treatment of type II diabetes. It attaches to the peroxisomes proliferated- activated receptor gamma (PPARϒ) on tissues throughout the body and causes the cells to become more sensitive to insulin. As a result, more glucose is removed from the blood.The aim of the study is more precisely to find out the better analytical method for the quantitative measurement of the content of pioglitazone in commercially available drugs using two analytical methods i-e Spectrophotometric method and HPLC method.The analytical method for the pioglitazone hydrochloride was developed by HPLC, and then validated the method according to compendial requirements. Pioglitazone in various Dowglit and Gliden tablets was determined by this developed methodPrecision, Accuracy and stability of Pioglitazone was checked which came out to be100.40% and 100.19% respectively. The analysis of pioglitazone hydrochloride in solid dosage form using the HPLC method shows the results are more sensitive, accurate, validated and economical and can be easily applied to raw materials and finished goods compared to the Spectrophotometer method.

scholarly journals Quality assessment of selected co-trimoxazole suspension brands marketed in Nairobi County, Kenya

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257625
Author(s):  
Beatrice Njeri Irungu ◽  
Lilian C. Koech ◽  
Joyce M. Ondicho ◽  
Lucia K. Keter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
United States Pharmacopeia ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
States Pharmacopeia

Introduction Quality of medicines in both developed and developing countries is sometimes compromised due to infiltration of counterfeit, substandard or degraded medicines into the markets. It is a public health concern as poor quality medicines endanger public health where patients are exposed to chemical toxins and/or sub-therapeutic doses. This could lead to reduced treatment efficacy and promote development of drug resistance. Co-trimoxazole, a fixed dose combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, is a broad spectrum for bacterial diseases and is also used as a prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in HIV infected individuals. This study evaluated quality of selected co-trimoxazole suspension brands marketed in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods A total of 106 samples were collected, categorized into 15 brands and evaluated for active pharmaceutical ingredient content (API) and pH following United States Pharmacopeia. Assay for API was conducted using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results were compared with pharmacopeia references. Visual examination of labels and confirmation of retention status of the brands with Pharmacy and Poisons Board retention register was carried out. Results The samples were primarily of local origin (86.7%). On October 23, 2019, retention status of six of the fifteen brands documented were no longer listed in the Pharmacy and Poisons Board retention register. Of the 106 samples tested 70.6% and 86.8% were compliant with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications for pH and API respectively while 84.0% adhered to packaging and labelling requirements. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that majority of co-trimoxazole suspensions tested were compliant with USP requirements. Additionally, it has provided evidence of poor quality co-trimoxazole medicines that could compromise treatment of infectious diseases in children. This emphasizes the need for regular quality assurance tests to ensure only quality medicines are in the market.

scholarly journals A Strategy for Quality Control of Vespa magnifica (Smith) Venom Based on HPLC Fingerprint Analysis and Multi-Component Separation Combined with Quantitative Analysis

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 2920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Tong Zhou ◽  
Kai Luan ◽  
Lian-Li Ni ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Shi-Meng Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Fingerprint Analysis ◽  
Wasp Venom ◽  
Chemical Fingerprint ◽  
Hplc Fingerprint ◽  
Relative Standard

As a folk medicine of the Jingpo minority in Yunnan province, the venom of Vespa magnifica has been commonly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Quality standardization of the wasp venom is a necessary step for its pharmaceutical research and development. To control the quality of the wasp venom, a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for chemical fingerprint analysis. In the chromatographic fingerprinting, chemometrics procedures, including similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied to classify 134 batches (S1–S134) of wasp venom from different origins. The HPLC fingerprint method displayed good precision (Relative standard deviation, RSD < 0.27%), stability (in 16 h, RSD < 0.34%), and repeatability (RSD < 1.00%). Simultaneously, four compounds (VMS1, VMS2, VMS3, and VMS4) in the wasp venom were purified and identified. VMS1 was 5-hydroxytryptamine, and the other compounds were three peptides that were sequenced as follows: Gly–Arg–Pro–Hyp–Gly–Phe–Ser–Pro–Phe–Arg–Ile–Asp–NH2 (VMS2), Ile–Asn–Leu–Lys–Ala–Ile–Ala–Ala–Leu–Ala–Lys–Lys–Leu–Leu–NH2 (VMS3), and Phe–Leu–Pro–Ile–Ile–Gly–Lys–Leu–Leu–Ser–Gly–Leu–Leu–NH2 (VMS4). The quantifications for these components were 110.2 mg/g, 26.9 mg/g, 216.3 mg/g, and 58.0 mg/g, respectively. The results of this work indicated that the combination of the chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis offers a reasonable way to evaluate the quality of wasp venom.

Influences of Process and Equipment on Filament Unevenness

2012 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
Jiang Ping Wang ◽  
Zhi Hui Tian
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Melt Spinning ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Unstable State ◽  
Temperature Quenching ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Dyeing Performance

The yarn irregularity of polyester POY in melt spinning influences not only the follow-up spinning property, but also the dyeing performance. The yarn irregularity is caused mainly by unstable state during which the filament is formed. It is presented in this paper that the main factors which affect the filament unevenness in melt spinning. They are the quality of raw materials, the improper choice and fluctuation of technological parameters, the structure of equipments and running conditions, etc. Such factors as steady spinning temperature, quenching conditions, the high performance finishes, proper collection oiling point and correct operation will guarantee lower filament unevenness.

scholarly journals ВЕТЕРИНАРНО–САНІТАРНА ЕКСПЕРТИЗА І ВЕТЕРИНАРНО–САНІТАРНА ОЦІНКА М’ЯСА КРОЛІВ РІЗНОВІКОВИХ ГРУП, ВИРОЩЕНИХ У ПРИВАТНОМУ СЕКТОРІ СМТ. ЄМІЛЬЧИНЕ, ЄМІЛЬЧИНСЬКОГО РАЙОНУ, ЖИТОМИРСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3(70)) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
V.A. Kotelevych
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Adult Rabbit ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Rabbit Meat

Among the global problems of today to the victims of the Chernobyl accident areas Zhytomyr region priority is safety and quality of animal products in Postchernobyl period. Safety and quality of food and raw materials is one of the key factors that ensure public health and preserve its gene pool. At the request of the Law of Ukraine. On the safety and quality of food and other regulatory legal acts, subject to the provisions of international law Codexalimentarius State Veterinary and Phytosanitary Service of Ukraine took the implementation in practice of veterinary medicine guidelines of good manufacturing and hygienic practices (GMP / GHP) «meat production», according to which «the conditions of growing animals for meat production should contribute to the production of safe and quality meat».Conducted research found that addressing diet, nutrition of the population, especially children and the elderly, as environmentally hazardous environments rabbit should take the lead. For radionuclide content in rabbit meat is very low. The specific activity of meat rabbits 4–month old was at <1.9 ± 0.47 Bq/kg for the content of 137 Cs and 3.7 ± 0.88 Bq/kg for the content of 90 Sr. In adult rabbit meat, these figures were respectively 4.8 ± 0.46 Bq/kg and 6.2 ± 1.2 (at a rate of 200 and 20 Bq/kg). In comparative perspective Meat 4–monthly Californian rabbits precocious meat breed has a high performance organoleptically–tasting than in adults. The taste, juiciness, color and flavor overall GPA was, neck and chest muscles – 4.3 points, lumbar–pelvic – 4.7 points, while the rate in adult animals was respectively 3.6 and 3.8 points. . Index zbytosti California precocious males breed in 4–months of age was 74.9%, and in two years – 86.2%. Slaughter output respectively – 49.2% and 44.2%, out of pure meat – 82.0% and 81.8%. In the carcass of rabbits that were grown in the farm, prosperous in infectious and parasitic diseases, pathological changes available. 

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN ABU LIMBAH KERTAS PADA PEMBUATAN BATU BATA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Herix Sonata ◽  
Dewi Yudiana Shinta ◽  
Mulyadi Mulyadi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Paper Waste ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
Home Industries ◽  
Average Compressive Strength

The increasing number of population each year makes the number of building needs for houses, buildings, schools, offices and other infrastructure will increase. In general, building consumption cannot be separated from the use of bricks as a form of wall construction in building construction. The size and compressive strength of bricks circulating in the market are of poor quality which comes from fabrication, local work or home industries. In the brick-making process, bricklayers only use certain types of soil to maintain the quality of brick production. As a result, the availability of soil as the main material in brick making will decrease. Another alternative to meet the shortcomings of the brick-forming material and make it stronger and more durable, can be used as a substitute for other materials such as waste paper. The use of paper waste is an effort to find new types of building materials and to reduce environmental pollution problems due to paper waste. This study aims to analyze the concentration of the addition of paper waste ash on the strength of the bricks. The benefit of this research is as an alternative study of meeting the needs of brick raw materials for environmentally friendly buildings by utilizing paper waste ash. The results showed the effect of a mixture of paper waste ash as a clay additive on the compressive strength of normal bricks (fc '2.9 MPa). The percentage value of compressive strength with a mixture of paper waste ash 3% obtained an average compressive strength of 40.10 kg / cm2, 5% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength of 61.48 kg / cm2 and 7% mixture variation obtained an average compressive strength average 64.12 kg / cm2 against the compressive strength of normal bricks 37.28 kg / cm2. The conclusion of this research is that the variation of the mixture of paper waste ash with a variation of 7% paper waste ash mixture exceeding 60 kg / cm² (compressive strength class III) SNI 15-2094-2000a. This shows that paper waste ash can increase the compressive strength of bricks.

scholarly journals Performance of Fluorescence and Diffuse Reflectance Hyperspectral Imaging for Characterization of Lutefisk: A Traditional Norwegian Fish Dish

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdo Hassoun ◽  
Karsten Heia ◽  
Stein-Kato Lindberg ◽  
Heidi Nilsen
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques

Lutefisk is a traditional Norwegian fish dish made from dried fish, such as cod or other whitefish. In Norway and other Nordic countries, lutefisk is considered among the most popular dishes served during Christmas or other festive occasions. However, to date, little attention has been paid to this product, and available research on the quality, processing, and chemistry of lutefisk is still limited. The quality of this very delicate product, with a high pH value, depends on many factors, such as the initial quality of raw materials (stockfish), the quantity of lye used during the preparation process of lutefisk, and time during soaking in the lye and water, among others, making it challenging to both optimize processing and monitor the quality of lutefisk. In this study, four commercially available lutefisk brands (labelled as A, B, C, and D) were characterized using two online spectroscopic techniques, namely fluorescence and diffuse reflectance hyperspectral imaging, implemented on conveyor belts to mimic industrial applications. The samples were also analyzed by the use of an offline laboratory instrument based on visible/near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Three traditional measurements, including texture, water content, and pH, were also conducted on the same samples. Supervised classification PLS-DA models were built with each dataset and relationships between the spectroscopic measurements and the traditional data were investigated using canonical correlations. The spectroscopic methods, especially fluorescence spectroscopy, demonstrated high performance for the discrimination between samples of the different brands, with high correlations between the spectral and traditional measurements. Although more validations of the results of this study are still required, these preliminary findings suggest that the destructive, laborious, and time-consuming traditional techniques can be replaced by rapid and nondestructive online measurements based on hyperspectral imaging used in fluorescence or diffuse reflectance mode.

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