Effect of mineralogy and organic matter on mechanical properties of shale

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. SV9-SV15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Carl Sondergeld ◽  
Chandra S. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Quartz Content ◽  
Eagle Ford ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Heterogeneous Samples

We report a nanoindentation study of shales on 144 samples from Barnett, Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Kimmeridge, Ordovician, and Woodford plays. Mineralogy is found to play an important role in controlling mechanical properties of shales: An increase in carbonate and quartz content is correlated with an increase in Young’s modulus, whereas an increase in total organic content, clay content, and porosity decreases Young’s modulus. We had a close agreement between indentation moduli measured on small samples (millimeter scale) and dynamic moduli calculated from velocity and density measurements made on larger samples (centimeter scale). By taking an average of a large number of indentation Young’s moduli, 100 indentations in our case, and using an appropriate penetration force, nanoindentation technology measured an acceptable average Young’s modulus even for heterogeneous samples such as shale highlighting the potential of applying this technology to plug and perhaps field-scale problems.

Manuscript Title: Mechanical and Microstructural Studies of Volcanic Ash Beds in Unconventional Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C Acosta ◽  
Mark E Curtis ◽  
Carl H Sondergeld ◽  
Chandra S Rai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Eagle Ford ◽  
Diagenetic Alteration

Abstract Volcanic ash beds are thin layers commonly observed in the Eagle Ford, Niobrara and, Vaca Muerta formations. Because of their differences in composition, sedimentary structures, and diagenetic alteration, they exhibit a significant contrast in mechanical properties with respect to surrounding formation layers. This can impact hydraulic fracturing, affecting fracture propagation and fracture geometry. Quantifying the mechanical properties of ash beds becomes significant; however, it is a challenge with traditional testing methods. Common logging fails to identify the ash beds, and core plug testing is not possible because of their friability. In this study, nanoindentation was used to measure the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, creep, and anisotropy) in Eagle Ford ash beds, and to determine the contrast with the formation matrix properties. Two separate ash beds of high clay and plagioclase composition were epoxied in an aluminum tray and left for 48 hours curing time. Horizontal and vertical samples of ash beds were acquired and mounted on a metal stub, followed by polishing and broad beam ion milling. Adjacent samples were also prepared for high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) microstructural analysis. The Young's modulus in ash beds ranged from 12 to 24 GPa, with the horizontal direction Young's modulus being slightly greater than that of the vertical samples. The Young's modulus contrast with adjacent layers was calculated to be 1:2 with clay-rich zones and 1:4 with calcite rich zones. The creep deformation rate was three times higher for ash beds compared to other zones. Using Backus averaging, it was determined that the presence of ash beds can increase the anisotropy in the formation by 15-25%. SEM results showed a variation in microstructure between the ash beds with evidence of diagenetic conversion of rhyolitic material into clays. Key differences between the two ash beds were due to the presence of plagioclase and the occurrence of porosity within kaolinite. Overall porosity varied between the two ash beds and adjacent carbonate layers showing a significant increase in porosity. Understanding the moduli contrast between adjacent layers can improve the hydraulic fracturing design when ash beds are encountered. In addition, the presence of these beds can lead to proppant embedment and loss in fracture connectivity. These results can be used for improving geomechanical models.

Mechanical Properties Of Cu-Based Composites with in Situ Formed Ultrafine Filaments

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bevk ◽  
W. A. Sunder ◽  
G. Dublon ◽  
David E. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Size Dependence ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Lattice Softening

ABSTRACTElastic and plastic properties of in situ Cu-based composites with Nb, V, and Fe filaments are reviewed. The evidence is presented for a pronounced size dependence of both the ultimate tensile strength and the Young's moduli. In composites with the smallest filaments (d∼50–200Å) and filament densities as high as 1010/cm2 dislocation density reaches values of 1013 cm/cm3. The yield stress of these samples increases dramatically over the predictions based on the “rule of mixtures” and their ultimate tensile strength approaches the estimated theoretical strength of the material (∼2.7GPa). The observed decrease of Young's modulus as a function of inverse wire diameter in the as-drawn composites is attributed to lattice softening due to high density of extended lattice defects. Upon annealing, Young's modulus increases by as much as 100% and exceeds the maximum values calculated from bulk elastic constants. Possible mechanisms leading to modulus enhancement and to related changes in magnetic and superconducting behavior of in situ composites are discussed.

Effects of Hydrogen Absorption on the Mechanical Properties of Zr-Nb Alloys

2007 ◽  
Vol 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunichiro Nishioka ◽  
Masato Ito ◽  
Hiroaki Muta ◽  
Masayoshi Uno ◽  
Shinsuke Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Hydrogen Absorption ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Characteristic Vibration ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Vibration Technique

AbstractYoung's moduli of hydrogenated Zr-Nb alloys were evaluated by using a multiple elastometer in the temperature range from room temperature to 773 K, based on the cantilever characteristic vibration technique. The decreasing rate of Young's modulus against the temperature was independent on the additive amount of Nb. The Young's modulus for the hydrogen solid solution of Zr-Nb alloys decreased and that those for the alloys with partially precipitated hydride slightly changed with increasing hydrogen content in both of Zr-1.0Nb and Zr-2.5Nb. The decreasing rates with hydrogen content of hydrogen solid solution of Zr-Nb alloys were almost same as that of Zr hydrogen solid solution. This result was considered because all specimens largely consisted of α-zirconium in which the solute hydrogen was found to decrease the Young's modulus.

scholarly journals Microscopic mechanism of sandstone hydration in Yungang Grottoes, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 598-609
Author(s):  
Jiawei Chen ◽  
Jinming Xu ◽  
Jizhong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Microscopic Mechanism ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Yungang Grottoes

AbstractThe macroscopic engineering properties of sandstone are dominated primarily by mineral features in a microscopic scale. This study will investigate the microscopic physical and mechanical properties of the main minerals (quartz, K-feldspar, Na-feldspar and kaolinite) in Yungang Grottoes sandstone, using the molecular mechanics and the molecular dynamics simulations. The microscopic physical properties were represented by density and volume. The microscopic mechanical properties were represented by Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The microscopic mechanical properties of the minerals in various directions were then explored. The influences of water molecules and the surrounding temperature on the microscopic physical and mechanical properties of the minerals were furthermore investigated. It is found that the differences in the microscopic densities between the simulated results and those from the open data set are, respectively, 0.37%, 1.15% and 9.16%, for the quartz, Na-feldspar and kaolinite cells; the microscopic mechanical properties of various minerals have a significant anisotropy; the Young’s modulus of halloysite decreases by 75.86% compared with that of kaolinite; as the water molecule number increased from 0 to 5, the Young’s moduli of K-feldspar, Na-feldspar and kaolinite cells decreases by 31.31%, 55.05% and 42.60%, respectively; for each mineral, as the temperature increases from 243.15 to 303.15 K under one atmospheric pressure, the volume increases and the density decreases. Those results may have a theoretical significance for the analysis of microscopic mechanism of hydration in the Yungang Grottoes sandstone.

scholarly journals Relationship between Thermal Diffusivity and Mechanical Properties of Wood

Materials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Yuri I. Golovin ◽  
Alexander I. Tyurin ◽  
Dmitry Yu. Golovin ◽  
Alexander A. Samodurov ◽  
Sergey M. Matveev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Brinell Hardness ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Diffusivity Tensor

This paper describes an experimental study of the relationships between thermal diffusivity and mechanical characteristics including Brinell hardness, microhardness, and Young’s modulus of common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), and small-leaf lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) wood. A dependence of Brinell hardness and thermal diffusivity tensor components upon humidity for common pine wood is found. The results of the measurement of Brinell hardness, microhardness, Young’s modulus, and main components of thermal diffusivity tensor for three perpendicular cuts are found to be correlated. It is shown that the mechanical properties correlate better with the ratio of longitude to transversal thermal diffusivity coefficients than with the respective individual absolute values. The mechanical characteristics with the highest correlation with the abovementioned ratio are found to be the ratio of Young’s moduli in longitude and transversal directions. Our technique allows a comparative express assessment of wood mechanical properties by means of a contactless non-destructive measurement of its thermal properties using dynamic thermal imaging instead of laborious and material-consuming destructive mechanical tests.

scholarly journals Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Organic-Rich Gas Shale

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Chi Dong ◽  
Hongwei Yu ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Eagle Ford Shale ◽  
Eagle Ford ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Rock Mechanical Properties

Rock mechanical properties are critical for drilling, wellbore stability, and well stimulation. There are usually two laboratory methods to determine rock mechanical properties: static compression tests and acoustic velocity measurements. Rocks are heterogeneous, so there are significant differences between static elastic constants and the corresponding dynamic ones. Usually, static test results are more representative than dynamic methods but the static tests are time consuming and costly. Dynamic methods are nondestructive and less expensive, which are practical in the laboratory and field. In this paper, we compare the static and dynamic elastic properties of Eagle Ford Shale by triaxial compressive tests and ultrasonic velocity tests. Correlations between static and dynamic elastic properties are developed. Conversion from dynamic mechanical properties to static mechanical properties is established for better estimating reservoir mechanical properties. To better understand the relationship of static and dynamic mechanical properties, 30 Eagle Ford Shale samples were tested. According to the test results, the dynamic properties are considerably different from the static counterparts. For all tested samples, static Young’s modulus is lower than dynamic Young’s modulus, ranging from 55% to 90%. The difference of the static and dynamic Young’s moduli decreases with the increasing of confining pressure. The reason may be because the microcracks closed in high confining pressure. Correlations between static and dynamic Young’s modulus are developed by regression analysis, which are crucial to understand the rock mechanical properties and forecast reservoir performance when direct measurement of static mechanical properties is not available or expensive. There are no strong correlations between static and dynamic Poisson’s ratios observed for the tested samples. Two potentially major reasons for the discrepancy of the static and dynamic properties of Eagle Ford Shale are discussed. Lithology and heterogeneity may be the inherent reasons, and external causes are probably the difference in strain amplitude and frequency.

scholarly journals Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb2S3 nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 278-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liga Jasulaneca ◽  
Raimonds Meija ◽  
Alexander I Livshits ◽  
Juris Prikulis ◽  
Subhajit Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Increasing Trend

In this study we address the mechanical properties of Sb2S3 nanowires and determine their Young’s modulus using in situ electric-field-induced mechanical resonance and static bending tests on individual Sb2S3 nanowires with cross-sectional areas ranging from 1.1·104 nm2 to 7.8·104 nm2. Mutually orthogonal resonances are observed and their origin explained by asymmetric cross section of nanowires. The results obtained from the two methods are consistent and show that nanowires exhibit Young’s moduli comparable to the value for macroscopic material. An increasing trend of measured values of Young’s modulus is observed for smaller thickness samples.

scholarly journals Potential Bone Replacement Materials Prepared by Two Methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Lee ◽  
Michael Porter ◽  
Scott Wasko ◽  
Grace Lau ◽  
Po-Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Bone Replacement ◽  
Synthetic Scaffolds ◽  
Synthetic Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

ABSTRACTNatural and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds for potential load-bearing bone implants were fabricated by two methods. The natural scaffolds were formed by heating bovine cancellous bone at 1325°C, which removed the organic and sintered the HA. The synthetic scaffolds were prepared by freeze-casting HA powders, using different solid loadings (20–35 vol.%) and cooling rates (1–10°C/min). Both types of scaffolds were infiltrated with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The porosity, pore size, and compressive mechanical properties of the natural and synthetic scaffolds were investigated and compared to that of natural cortical and cancellous bone. Prior to infiltration, the sintered cancellous scaffolds exhibited pore sizes of 100 – 300 μm, a strength of 0.4 – 9.7 MPa, and a Young’s modulus of 0.1 – 1.2 GPa. The freeze-casted scaffolds had pore sizes of 10 – 50 μm, strengths of 0.7 – 95.1 MPa, and Young’s moduli of 0.1 –19.2 GPa. When infiltrated with PMMA, the cancellous bone- PMMA composite showed a strength of 55 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 4.5 GPa. Preliminary data for the synthetic HA-PMMA composite showed a strength of 42 MPa and a modulus of 0.8 GPa.

Effect of Y2O3 on Mechanical Properties of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr for Biomedical Applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 2138-2141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Song ◽  
Mitsuo Niinomi ◽  
Harumi Tsutsumi ◽  
Toshikazu Akahori ◽  
Masaaki Nakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Good Balance ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Β Phase

Y2O3 was added to β-type Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ) in order to achieve excellent mechanical performance and low Young’s modulus. TNTZ specimens with 0.05%–1.0% Y are all found to be composed of a β phase. Young’s moduli of TNTZ with 0.05–1.0% Y are all maintained low, and are almost the same as that of TNTZ without Y2O3. The grain size of TNTZ with 0.05%–1.0% Y is smaller than that of TNTZ without Y2O3. Moreover, Y2O3 precipitates can prevent the texture movement, and this effect becomes more obvious with an increase in the Y concentration. The tensile strength of TNTZ is successfully improved by adding Y2O3. TNTZ specimens with 0.2% and 1.0% Y exhibit good balance between the tensile strength and the elongation.

Prediction of Young's Moduli of Low Dielectric Constant Materials by Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyuk Soon Choi ◽  
Taebum Lee ◽  
Hyosug Lee ◽  
Jongseob Kim ◽  
Ki-Ha Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Young’S Moduli

ABSTRACTThe interests of low-k dielectric materials to reduce capacitance in multilevel metal interconnects of integrated circuits are well known in the semiconductor industry. Mechanical properties of low-k film are currently the main issues. Improved hardness and modulus are desirable because, when building a multilayered stack and doing sequential processing, films go through chemical mechanical planarization. In this proceeding, we reports the Young's moduli of the typical low k materials, and the effects of various factors for Young's moduli of materials, such as, structures of precursors, density, and porosity. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulation with experimental measurements, the Young's moduli of films of amorphous silicon oxide in which 25% of Si-O-Si chains were replaced by Si-(CH3 H3C)-Si, Si-CH2-Si, Si-(CH2)2-Si, Si-(CH2)3-Si, Si-(CH2)4-Si, Si-(CH2)6-Si, were measured and analyzed. The predicted trends of Young's moduli of films formed by above precursors are in good consistent with those observed from experiments. The Young's moduli of materials are largely dependent on the densities of materials. Young's modulus of material increases as the density of the material increases. The chemical properties, chain length, and connectivity of material take effects on the Young's modulus of material. Given the same densities of material the smaller number of cavities per unit volume the material has, the lower Young's modulus it shows. Based on the results, the method of predict mechanical properties of materials by the conjunction of basic experimental measurements and atomistic simulation will be discussed.

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