Emotionality, Extraversion and Aggression in Paranoid and Nonparanoid Schizophrenic Offenders

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (515) ◽  
pp. 1301-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cortical Modulation ◽  
Descriptive Level

Investigations of schizophrenia have shown that the presence or absence of primary paranoid delusions is correlated with differences in dealing with information from the environment (Venables, 1964; Silverman, 1964) which may well relate to stable personality characteristics. Claridge (1967) has recently proposed a psycho-physiological model in which it is hypothesized that paranoid schizophrenics are more sympathetically reactive, but show lower levels of cortical modulation of subcortical functions than non-paranoid schizophrenics. At the descriptive level of behaviour, this theory would predict greater emotionality (neuroticism) and extraversion in the former group, and this proposition was examined in a sample of psychiatric offenders. Since aggressive behaviour is prominent in this population, it was also predicted from Claridge's theory that the paranoids would more frequently have a history of aggressive behaviour and would show higher attitudinal hostility. However, since extreme (i.e. homicidal) aggression appears to occur in individuals who are not characteristically aggressive (Megargee, 1966), it was predicted that such offences would be more frequent among the non-paranoid schizophrenics.

Workplace Deviance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Bennett ◽  
Shelly Marasi ◽  
Lauren Locklear
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Sexual Misconduct ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Workplace Deviance ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Employee Theft ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
History Of

The history of workplace deviance research has evolved from a focus on singular behaviors, such as theft or withdrawal in the 1970s and 1980s, to the broader focus on a range of behaviors in the 21st century. This more inclusive cluster of related “dark side” behaviors is made up of voluntary behaviors that violate significant organizational norms and in so doing threaten the well-being of an organization, its members, or both. Examples of behaviors that fall in this domain are employee theft and sabotage of organizational goods, services, data, customer lists, materials, working slow, calling in sick when you are not, bullying, harassment, discrimination, and gossip. Workplace deviance can be targeted at other individuals in the organization (coworkers, supervisors, subordinates) or at the organization itself, or both. Typically the actor’s perspective is considered, but other relevant views of the behavior include the supervisor/the organization, peers, customers, or other third parties. Many causes have been studied as sources of deviant workplace behaviors, for example personality characteristics such as neuroticism or low conscientiousness, modeling others’ behavior, experiences of injustice, uncertainty, lack of control or feelings of anger, frustration, and dissatisfaction. Nowadays, some researchers are returning to a focus on individual behaviors, or smaller clusters of behaviors such as sexual misconduct, gossip, and even constructive deviance, and the outcomes of workplace deviance on actors, targets, and observers are being investigated.

The History of the Concept Adult and Research Regarding Adult Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Hoare
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Journal Title ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Physical Maturation ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Concepts ◽  
Parent Discipline ◽  
Descriptive Level

The history of concepts about the adult and that of research into adult constructs show progression from a simple characterization of growth to a variety of complex constructs that define the terrain. Originally, the term adult encompassed all species and events that had attained full physical maturation, a product connotation. Later, time and events (e.g., marriage, the birth of children) became proxies for adult development. The absence of considerations of adult development was augmented by the fact that, for much of the past, adults could not be seen in long-term individual evolution since lifetimes were not extensive. In the 73 years of Psychological Abstracts, adults under various headings (e.g., adulthood, middle age) was referenced in a mere .01% of citations. The first mention of “adult” in a journal title was in 1994. Into the 21st century, although the exploration of various adult constructs abounds, the use of single terms (e.g., intelligence, wisdom) to describe multidimensional attributes leads to misunderstanding and reductionism. There is scant cross-construct analysis and, along with its parent discipline of psychology, analysis of adult development remains at the nascent descriptive level. Looking at the two major constructs of adult personality and intelligence, personality has had the lion’s share of publications. An examination of trends in its analysis reveals that the constructs are defined in various ways, little in the way of socio-contextual appraisal has occurred, and, with respect to the appraisal of intelligence, motivation to perform is ill-examined.

Differences in personality characteristics between body‐modified and non‐modified individuals: associations with individual personality traits and their possible evolutionary implications

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 931-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Wohlrab ◽  
Jutta Stahl ◽  
Thomas Rammsayer ◽  
Peter M. Kappeler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Body Modification ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Piercing ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Body Modifications

After a long history of negative stigmatisation, the practices of tattooing and body piercing have become fashionable in the last decade. Today, 10% of the population in modern western societies have some form of body modification. The aim of this study was to quantify the demographic and personality traits of tattooed and pierced individuals and to compare them with a control group of individuals without body modifications. These comparisons are based on questionnaires completed by 359 individuals that investigate the details of body modification, and which incorporate five personality scales. We describe several sex differences in ornament style and location. We found no relevant differences between modified and non‐modified individuals in relation to demographic variables. This indicates that some of the traditional attitudes towards tattoos and piercings appear to be outdated. However, we found striking differences in personality traits which suggest that body‐modified individuals are greater sensation seekers and follow a more unrestricted mating strategy than their non‐modified contemporaries. We discuss these differences in light of a potential signalling function of tattoos and piercings in the mating context. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Aggression on the psychiatric ward: Prevalence and risk factors. A systematic review of the literature

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258346
Author(s):  
Irene Weltens ◽  
Maarten Bak ◽  
Simone Verhagen ◽  
Emma Vandenberk ◽  
Patrick Domen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Job Strain ◽  
Psychiatric Ward ◽  
Patient Factors ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Burn Out ◽  
History Of ◽  
Restrictive Environment

Introduction On psychiatric wards, aggressive behaviour displayed by patients is common and problematic. Understanding factors associated with the development of aggression offers possibilities for prevention and targeted interventions. This review discusses factors that contribute to the development of aggression on psychiatric wards. Method In Pubmed and Embase, a search was performed aimed at: prevalence data, ward characteristics, patient and staff factors that are associated with aggressive behaviour and from this search 146 studies were included. Results The prevalence of aggressive behaviour on psychiatric wards varied (8–76%). Explanatory factors of aggressive behaviour were subdivided into patient, staff and ward factors. Patient risk factors were diagnosis of psychotic disorder or bipolar disorder, substance abuse, a history of aggression, younger age. Staff risk factors included male gender, unqualified or temporary staff, job strain, dissatisfaction with the job or management, burn-out and quality of the interaction between patients and staff. Staff protective factors were a good functioning team, good leadership and being involved in treatment decisions. Significant ward risk factors were a higher bed occupancy, busy places on the ward, walking rounds, an unsafe environment, a restrictive environment, lack of structure in the day, smoking and lack of privacy. Conclusion Despite a lack of prospective quantitative data, results did show that aggression arises from a combination of patient factors, staff factors and ward factors. Patient factors were studied most often, however, besides treatment, offering the least possibilities in prevention of aggression development. Future studies should focus more on the earlier stages of aggression such as agitation and on factors that are better suited for preventing aggression such as ward and staff factors. Management and clinicians could adapt staffing and ward in line with these results.

scholarly journals Association Between Bone-lead Concentration and Aggression in Youth From a Sub-cohort of the Birth to Twenty Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nonhlanhla Tlotleng ◽  
Nisha Naicker ◽  
Angela Mathee ◽  
Andrew C. Todd ◽  
Palesa Nkomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Aggression Questionnaire ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: An association between blood-lead levels and aggression has been demonstrated in children and adolescent youth in South Africa. However, there are limited studies that have assessed aggression as an outcome for cumulative lead exposure using bone-lead concentration. The aim of this study was to assess the association between bone-lead concentration and aggressive behaviour among a sample of the youth in South Africa. Methods: Bone lead in 100 participants (53 males and 47 females) recruited and followed in the Birth to Twenty (BT20) Cohort were measured using 109Cd-based, K-Shell X-ray Fluorescence (KXRF). The Buss-Perry Aggression questionnaire was used to measure aggressive behaviour. Linear regression models were fitted to determine the association between aggression score for physical, verbal, anger and hostility and bone lead, adjusting for known confounders. Results: The study participants were between the ages of 23 and 24 years. A one-microgram-per-gram increase in bone lead was found to increase the score for all four scales of aggression, but significantly only for anger (β=0.2 [95% CI 0.04-0.370]). Psychosocial factors such as a history of family violence and exposure to neighbourhood crime were found to be significant predictors for aggression. Conclusion: The study provides a preliminary overview of the relationship between cumulative lead exposure and behavioural problems such as aggression. A larger sample, across exposed communities, may prove more definitive in deciding whether further investigating this association could maximize generalizability. Such information could be crucial in the drafting of policies designed to combat crime associated with youth aggression in South Africa.

scholarly journals Surgical Management of Keratoconus in a Young Adult with Cognitive and Behavioral Disability

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
W. Walker Motley ◽  
Patricia I. Cobb ◽  
W. Walker Motley
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Issues ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Corneal Collagen Crosslinking ◽  
Behavioral Disability

Case Presentation: A 25-year-old man with cognitive impairment (CI) and behavioral issues presented for corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) surgical management of progressive keratoconus. Results: The conventional CXL technique was modified to avoid complications due to potential postoperative behavioral issues. Conclusions: Significant post-operative pain and aggressive behaviour can occur following epi-on CXL. Aggressive behaviour can result in significant complications in relatively low-risk eye surgery. Preoperatively, it is appropriate to devise a multifaceted surgical, medical and behavioural treatment plan including psychotropic if needed in patients with history of cognitive impairment and aggressive behaviour.

scholarly journals New Clinically Relevant Findings about Violence by People with Schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheilagh Hodgins ◽  
Sanja Klein
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Persons With Schizophrenia ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Objective: To review findings with clinical relevance that add to knowledge about antisocial and aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia. Method: Nonsystematic literature review. Results: Recent evidence shows that individuals who develop schizophrenia present cognitive deficits, psychotic-like experiences, and internalizing and externalizing problems from childhood onwards. Many of their relatives present not only schizophrenia-related disorders but also antisocial behaviour. While the increased risk of aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia has been robustly established, recent findings show that by first contact with clinical services for psychosis, most people with schizophrenia who will engage in aggressive behaviour may be identified. At first episode, 2 distinct types are distinguishable: those who present a history of antisocial and aggressive behaviour since childhood and those who began engaging in aggressive behaviour as illness onsets. Antipsychotic medications and other treatments shown to be effective for schizophrenia are needed by both types of patients. Additionally, those with a history of antisocial and aggressive behaviour since childhood require cognitive-behavioural programs aimed at reducing these behaviours and promoting prosocial behaviour. Reducing physical victimisation and cannabis use will likely reduce aggressive behaviour. Evidence suggests that threats to hurt others often precede assaults. Conclusions: At first contact with services, patients with schizophrenia who have engaged in aggressive behaviour should be identified and treated for schizophrenia and for aggression. Research is needed to identify interactions between genotypes and environmental factors, from conception onwards, that promote and that protect against the development of aggressive behaviour among persons with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Management of violent behaviour in acutely relapsed schizophrenics

Curationis ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Koen ◽  
B.H. Lategan ◽  
E. Jordaan ◽  
D.J.H. Niehaus ◽  
R.A. Emsley
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Behaviour Management ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

The management of aggressive behaviour has always been a criticai issue in psychiatry. Finding measures that can be used to accurately predict the likelihood of assaultative behaviour and thus ensure timeous appropriate pharmacological management remains a dilemma. The study objective was to investigate the naturalistic, pharmacological management of inpatient aggressive behaviour in a group of 50 schizophrenic subjects with a view to determine: (1) whether a presenting history of recent violence lead to altered pharmacological management and (2) whether the NOSIE could be regarded as a useful assessment tool with regards to inpatient behaviour management. No significant difference could be demonstrated between the 2 subsets of subjects (history of violence vs none) with respect to total doses of medication administered. No statistical correlation could be found between the total NOSIE score and the dose of psychotropic medication used. The relationship between a subset of NOSIE-items and the total dose of medication was more complex and a clear linear relationship could be demonstrated for a total score of 0 to 5. In this particular ward setting a presenting history of recent violent behaviour did not influence the administration of medication and neither could the clinical judgement employed by the nursing staff to manage inpatient behaviour be captured by the NOSIE. However, a five-item subset of the NOSIE with questions relating to aggression and irritability warrants further scrutiny in this regard.

A Psychiatric Study of Adult Arsonists

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
K J B Rix
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Mentally Handicapped ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clinical Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychiatric Study

A series of 153 adult arsonists is described with particular reference to motives for fire-raising and psychiatric diagnosis. All had been referred for pretrial psychiatric reports and were assessed by routine clinical methods, supplemented where possible by the Personality Assessment Schedule. The series comprised mainly men, and most were relatively young, although these are also the characteristics of criminals in general. Most suffered from some form of mental disorder. Half of them had a personality disorder and a tenth were mentally handicapped. In addition to the mentally handicapped, a further 13 per cent had a history of special schooling, so that arsonists with some educational or learning difficulties made up a quarter of the total. Revenge was the most common motive, although present in only a third of the total, and the sexual element in motivation was much less common than appears to have been the case in the past. The motive of re-housing, not previously identified, was more common in women than in men. Almost two-thirds of the properties set on fire were domestic dwellings, and over a third of arsonists were intoxicated when they started the fires. Suggestions are made for further research focusing on personality characteristics which may be associated with fire-setting.

The Aetiology of Aggression in Temporal-Lobe Epilepsy

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L Herzberg ◽  
P. B. C. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Cat Scan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Iq Scores

A retrospective case-note survey was carried out on 31 subjects admitted with temporal-lobe epilepsy to the Maudsley hospital from 1974–1983 inclusive. Fourteen aggressive subjects were compared with the non-aggressive patients on 95 organic, developmental, and social variables. Aggressive behaviour was associated with male sex, early onset of seizures, and a history of long-standing behavioural problems. Aggressive subjects had lower mean IQ scores and poorer occupational records than controls. No relationship was found between aggression and the presence of specific EEG or CAT scan findings, or a history of psychosis. The results demonstrate the complex interplay between organic and socially mediated factors underlying aggressive behaviour in temporal-lobe epilepsy.

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