On the Excitation Processes of the Conscious and Subconscious Mind

1929 ◽  
Vol 75 (310) ◽  
pp. 371-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Burridge
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Excitable Tissue ◽  
Excitation Processes ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Studies of the mind of man and of the heart of the frog, though normally deeply divided, can be bridged when two postulates are granted. The first postulate is that the quality of excitability, on which nerve-cell activity is based, can be studied in any other excitable tissue; the second is that mental activity, as we know it, depends on the presence of excitable nerve-cells in the brain. The postulates being granted, it becomes legitimate to apply the results of experiments on excitability performed with the frog's heart in explanation of the mode of working of the brain and mind.

Calcium Signals in Nerve Cells

Physiology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Kostyuk ◽  
AV Tepikin
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Calcium Signals ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Ca Ions

Increases in intracellular Ca ions follow each cycle of nerve cell activity. Sources of Ca are voltage- and receptor-operated membrane ion channels and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ca release from ER can be triggered by different second messengers, and uptake into the ER can terminate the Ca signal.

Mindscape: An Attempt to Visualize the Workings of the Brain

Leonardo ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O'Shea ◽  
Sol Sneltvedt
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
The Brain

The authors describe Mindscape, an artwork in the form of an audiovisual installation. The work visualizes complex brain activity, attempting to bridge the distance between scientific imagery and artistic representations. Starting with images and data drawn from nerve cell activity, artist Sol Sneltvedt and neuroscientist Michael O'Shea collaborate to create a visualization of the unlimited scale of human thought.

scholarly journals DA RELAÇÃO CORPO-ALMA À MENTE-CÉREBRO: A ANTROPOLOGIA CRISTÃ E AS NOVAS ANTROPOLOGIAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (129) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Renato Alves De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que a questão referente aos dois princípios metafísicos constitutivos da antropologia cristã, o corpo/matéria e a alma/espírito, e a forma de conceber a relação entre eles encontra-se presentes no subsolo das novas antropologias materialistas, mas com um novo verniz através da relação entre a mente e o cérebro. Para a antropologia cristã, a existência do binômio corpo-alma é uma questão resolvida. As discussões se concentram na forma de conceber a relação entre ambos os princípios. Analogamente, para algumas antropologias materialistas atuais, a existência da mente e do cérebro é uma questão fechada. Os confrontos encontram-se na forma de conceber as relações entre a mente e o cérebro: há uma identificação ou distinção entres ambas as realidades? A mente seria uma qualidade emergente do cérebro? ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to show that the question concerning the two constituent metaphysical principles of Christian anthropology, body/matter and soul/spirit, and the way of conceiving the relationship between them is presente in the basement of the new materialist anthropologies, but with a new varnish through the relationship between mind and brain. For Christian anthropology, the existence of the binomial soul/body is a settled issue. The discussions focus on how to design the relationship between the two principles. Similarly, for some current materialistic anthropologies, the existence of the mind and the brain is a closed question. The clashes are the way of conceiving the relationship between mind and brain: Is there an identification or a distinction between the two realities? Would be the mind an emergent quality of the brain?

Mind, Intelligence and Spirit

1998 ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Pascual F. Martínez-Freire
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Chinese Room ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Personal Project ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

The mind is a collection of various classes of processes that can be studied empirically. To limit the field of mental processes we must follow the criteria of folk psychology. There are three kinds of mind: human, animal and mechanical. But the human mind is the paradigm or model of mind. The existence of mechanical minds is a serious challenge to the materialism or the mind-brain identity theory. Based on this existence we can put forward the antimaterialist argument of machines. Intelligence is a class of mental processes such that the mind is the genus and the intelligence is a species of this genus. The capacity to solve problems is a clear and definite criterion of intelligence. Again, like in the mind, the human intelligence is the paradigm of the intelligence. There are also three kinds of intelligence: human, animal and mechanical. Searle’s Chinese room argument is misleading because Searle believes that it is possible to maintain a sharp distinction between syntax and semantics. The reasonable dualism in the brain-mind problem defends the existence of brain-mental processes, physical-mental processes, and nonphysical-mental (spiritual) processes. Constitution of the personal project of life, self-consciousness and free volitions are examples of spiritual processes. Usually the intelligence has been considered the most important quality of human beings, but freedom, or the world of free volitions, is a more specific quality of human beings.

Do Eye Movements Have a Special Importance to Mental Activity?

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
Peripheral Motor ◽  
The Brain

Several areas of research are reviewed in which associations between eye movements and the nature of mental processes have been attributed to hypothesized third factors. It is suggested that a simpler hypothesis—that eye movements are related in some fundamental manner to cognitive functioning—deserves consideration. A metaphor is presented to show that the quality of information processing need not exclusively reflect processes deep inside the brain but could also be affected by peripheral motor mechanisms.

scholarly journals Otak dan Akal dalam Ayat-Ayat Neurosains

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Fuad Arif Noor
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Neuroscience is simply the science that specifically studies Neurons (nerve cells). These nerve cells make up the nervous system, both the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves (31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of head nerves). Nerve cells themselves are no longer the smallest unit of nerve cells, the smallest unit of nerve cells (neurons) in synapses, which are the meeting points of two nerve cells that move and forward information (neurotransmitters). At the level of molecular biology, the smallest units are like genes (genetic studies). Generally, neuroscientists focus on nerve cells in the brain. In the Qur'an, the mind has a noble position. It was proven that the word "reason" in the Qur'an is mentioned in large numbers. The word "reason" in the Qur'an is mentioned 49 times. All of them are in the form of 'muilāri' (a verb that indicates the present and the future), except for the one in the form of 'māḍī (a verb denoting the past). Although the Qur'an does not mention "reason" in its form as "a certain part of humanity" (جوهرا مستقلا فى النفس), which is the source of birth for all rational actions, but the Qur'an refers to "reason" in its meaning as " activities using reason '(عملية التعقل), i.e. calls to use reason as a path to truth (التعقل), think (التفكر), pay attention (النظر), understand and learn (التفقه), take wisdom and lessons from each event (الاعتبار), etc.

scholarly journals A METHOD OF COUNTING THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF PURKINJE CELLS PRESENT IN A GIVEN AREA OF CEREBELLUM, AND ITS APPLICATION IN TEN CLINICAL CASES

1914 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-598
Author(s):  
Frederic Wade Hitchings
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Cell Exhaustion ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clinical Cases

1. This method of determining the actual number of Purkinje cells present in a given area of cerebellum is practicable and of sufficient accuracy to make it another useful means of studying nerve cell activity. 2. In its application to clinical cases it is found that increasing nerve cell exhaustion is accompanied by increasing nerve cell disappearance, although it is recognized that theoretically complete nerve cell exhaustion could be present without nerve cell disappearance on account of the individual dying before phagocytic action could take place. 3. This disappearance of nerve cells corroborates the theories and observations made on phagocytosis of nerve cells, inasmuch as it shows that nerve cells disappear from the brain. 4. While there are too few cases to establish a normal actual Purkinje cell count, it is of interest to note that there were 16.6 per cent. fewer cells in the case with the maximum cell exhaustion (57 per cent.) than in the case of the normal man (2 per cent.).

The mind and brain in time: implications for modern neuropsychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
Jason W. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

In this paper, I wish to describe the categorical nature of the mind/brain state from its origins in drive to the refinements of human cognition. Categories are concepts with a broader scope. The virtual quality of category members corresponds to the relation of whole and part. A successive individuation of categories is the foundational operation of the mind/brain state. There is a similarity to fractal theory and the mereology of wholes and parts, though categories are not sums or containers, members are virtual and the whole/part specification is qualitative, unlike the self-similar replications of fractal theory. The discussion takes up the problem of causal transmission between the mind and brain and within and across mental states, concluding that an assimilation model has more explanatory power than a strictly causal one, in keeping with the distinction of potential/actual from cause/effect. The idea that mind-brain interaction is causal introduces the possibility of subjectivity independent of a material substrate. This leads to speculation on a world soul animating the brain as part of nature, and conversely, the effort to extract all vestiges of spirit to leave a purely material organism and universe. There is no bifurcation of the mental and physical; rather a graded series of stages with properties of material and subjective entities that eventuate in human mentality. This conforms to a neutral monism. Duration is inherent in nature and evolves in company with organisms of increasing complexity.

scholarly journals II. The relationships of the nerve-cells of the cortex to the lymphatic system of the brain

1878 ◽  
Vol 26 (179-184) ◽  
pp. 326-334 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
German School ◽  
Cerebral Pathology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

The great importance attached to an accurate appreciation of the relationships existing between the nerve-cells and the lymphatic and vascular systems in the brain cortex will be recognized by all who are engaged upon investigations in cerebral pathology, and cannot be well werestimated. These anatomical relationships have had great attention estowed upon them by continental histologists, and more especially those of the German school. Amongst the more important subjects in which their acumen has served to enlighten us we may take, as an illustration, the demonstration of the intimate connexion existing between he lymph-sacs and perivascular channels of the brain, and the successful injection of the former by Obersteiner. Although several years ave elapsed since the publication of Obersteiner’s views, the accuracy of his statements has not received that appreciation and acknowledgment by English observers which the importance of the subject imperatively demands, nor does it appear that a critical examination of these; “pericellular spaces” has been instituted with the object of finally getting the question at rest. In his work on this subject Obersteiner’s views are expressed so clearly, and the illustrations are so definite, that little doubt as to their accuracy can, I think, remain on the mind of the unprejudiced reader.

The brain structure and neurosecretory cells of noctuid moth Anadevidia peponis: Noctuidae

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
M. Sato ◽  
Y. Ogawa ◽  
M. Sasaki ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
The Right ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The Brain

A virgin female of the noctuid moth, a kind of noctuidae that eats cucumis, etc. performs calling at a fixed time of each day, depending on the length of a day. The photoreceptors that induce this calling are located around the neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the central portion of the protocerebrum. Besides, it is considered that the female’s biological clock is located also in the cerebral lobe. In order to elucidate the calling and the function of the biological clock, it is necessary to clarify the basic structure of the brain. The observation results of 12 or 30 day-old noctuid moths showed that their brains are basically composed of an outer and an inner portion-neural lamella (about 2.5 μm) of collagen fibril and perineurium cells. Furthermore, nerve cells surround the cerebral lobes, in which NSCs, mushroom bodies, and central nerve cells, etc. are observed. The NSCs are large-sized (20 to 30 μm dia.) cells, which are located in the pons intercerebralis of the head section and at the rear of the mushroom body (two each on the right and left). Furthermore, the cells were classified into two types: one having many free ribosoms 15 to 20 nm in dia. and the other having granules 150 to 350 nm in dia. (Fig. 1).

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