scholarly journals The diagnostic validity of depression scales and clinical judgement in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerak Al-salihy ◽  
Twana A. Rahim ◽  
Mahmud Q. Mahmud ◽  
Asma S. Muhyaldin ◽  
Alex J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Mental Health Practitioners ◽  
Clinical Judgement ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Depression Scales

We aimed to find the depression rating scale with the greatest accuracy when applied by psychiatrists in Iraqi Kurdistan. We recruited 200 patients with primary depression and 200 controls living in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The Mini International Neuropsychiatry Inventory (MINI) was used as a gold standard for DSM-IV depression. We also used: the two-item and the nine-item versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ2, PHQ9), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Interviews were performed by psychiatrists who also rated their clinical judgement using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale and other mental health practitioners. All scales and tools performed with high accuracy and reliability. The least accurate tool was the PHQ2; however, with only two items it was efficient. Sensitivity and specificity for all tools were above 90%. Clinicians using the CGI were accurate in their clinical judgement. The CDSS appeared to be the most accurate scale for DSM-IV major depression and the PHQ2 the most efficient. However, only the CDSS appeared to offer an advantage over psychiatrists' judgement.

scholarly journals The Validity and Reliability of the Sinhala Translation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 Screener

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raveen Hanwella ◽  
Shakya Ekanayake ◽  
Varuni A. de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Depression Scale ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Patient Health Questionnaire ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
The Mean

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was adapted and translated into Sinhala. Sample consisted of 75 participants diagnosed with MDD according to DSM-IV criteria and 75 gender matched controls. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating total score of PHQ-9 with that of Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-II) conducted by a psychiatrist was the gold standard. Mean age of the sample was 33.0 years. There were 91 females (60.7%). There was significant difference in the mean PHQ-9 scores between cases (14.71) and controls (2.55) (P<0.001). The specificity of the categorical algorithm was 0.97; the sensitivity was 0.58. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis found that cut-off score of ≥10 had sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.97. The area under the curve (AOC) was 0.93. The sensitivity of the two-item screener (PHQ-2) was 0.80 and the specificity was 0.97. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90. The PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable instrument for diagnosing MDD in a non-Western population. The threshold algorithm is recommended for screening rather than the categorical algorithm. The PHQ-2 screener has good sensitivity and specificity and is recommended as a quick screening instrument.

Overview of Depression Scales and Tools

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
High Uptake ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Depression Scales ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Monitoring Progress

There have been a large number of depression tools published for the purposes of detecting depression or rating its severity. Choosing between them is difficult without adequate information on their validity, reliability, and acceptability. Recently, ever-shorter-version mood measures have been released. Is a shorter scale a better scale? It is important to study each method against our best standard and ideally compare scales head to head to judge the optimal scale for each situation. Clinicians and researchers have developed a bewildering number of tools for the assessment of depression. These are most often questionnaires designed to help elicit symptoms of depression for the purpose of screening, diagnosis, and monitoring progress (Textbox 2.1). Although we often use the terms screening, diagnosis, and case-finding interchangeably, in an epidemiologic sense screening refers to the attempted detection of disorder in those who had not sought testing or did not suspect they had a particular condition. Often a screening test is not usually intended to be diagnostic, in that those with suspicious findings may be referred for more definitive examination. The latter is perhaps better known as case-finding. This means a screening tool can favor negative predictive value (NPV) over positive predictive value (PPV) (see Chapter 5). In both screening and case-finding the test may be applied ‘‘routinely’’ to all cases, or selectively to those thought to be at high risk. A screening test applied to many individuals should be as simple as possible to retain high uptake, and positive results must be paired with an acceptable next step. A case-finding measure may be more involved but should still consider acceptability. Adoption of a test in clinical practice probably depends more on acceptability than accuracy. During the past five decades there has been a considerable effort to improve the methods used to detect and quantify depression (Textbox 2.2). Some scales, such as theCronholm-Ottosson Depression Scale, have fallen into obscurity,while others, such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, have each been cited over 10,000 times. Given that there are so many similar depression scales, it is not surprising that clinicians have trouble choosing between them.

scholarly journals Online Mental Health Survey for Addressing Psychosocial Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Instrument Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deni Sunjaya ◽  
Bambang Sumintono ◽  
Elvine Gunawan ◽  
Dewi Herawati ◽  
Teddy Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Online Assessment ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Psychosocial Conditions

Abstract Background: Regular monitoring of the pandemic’s psychosocial impact could be conducted among the community but is limited through online media. This study aims to evaluate the self-rating questionnaire commonly used for online monitoring of the psychosocial implications of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: The data was taken from the online assessment results of two groups, with a total of 765 participants. The instruments studied were: Self-Rating Questionnaire (SRQ-20), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10 (CESD-10), used in the online assessment. Data analysis used Rasch modeling and Winsteps applications. Validity and reliability were tested, data were fit with the model, rating scale, and item fit analysis.Results: All the scales for outfit mean square (MnSq) were very close to the ideal value of 1.0, and the Chi-square test was significant. Item reliability was greater than 0.67, item separation was greater than 3, and Cronbach’s alpha was greater than 0.60; all the instruments were considered very good. The raw variance explained by measures for the SRQ-20, PTSD, and CESD-10 was 30.7%, 41.6%, and 47.6%, respectively. The unexplained Eigen-value variances in the first contrast were 2.3, 1.6, and 2.0 for the SRQ-20, PTSD, and CESD-10, respectively. All items had positive point-measure correlations. Conclusions: The internal consistency of all the instruments was reliable. Data were fit to the model as the items were productive for measurement and had a reasonable prediction. All the scales are functionally one-dimensional.

scholarly journals Depression in diabetes mellitus: to screen or not to screen? A patient-centred approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M van der Feltz-Cornelis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Care Model ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Patient Health

Background Comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) occurs frequently in diabetes mellitus and is associated with high symptom burden, disability and costs. Effective treatments are available but persons with diabetes with comorbid MDD are generally under-detected. A survey showed that comorbid MDD should be identified in a systematic way, such as by screening. Aim To identify and describe possible strategies to screen for MDD in persons with diabetes. Method After a survey exploring patients’ needs, a description of best practice is provided based on a review of the literature and clinical experience. Results Valid instruments for screening are the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Research shows that screening and informing patients and physicians about comorbid MDD in diabetes is inadequate and more intensive treatment as follow-up is needed to change treatment and outcomes. Screening should identify patients willing and able to follow treatment if comorbid MDD is detected and should be followed by a stepwise approach to tailor treatment to patient need and ability. Conclusion Screening is best performed in a clinical setting, not by mail, and may be achieved by healthcare professionals using a collaborative care model.

Prevalence of depressive disorders in shanghai children aged 8∼12 years

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 623-623
Author(s):  
J. Fan ◽  
H.-L. Gu ◽  
H.-L. Yang ◽  
W.-Y. Wang ◽  
J. Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Dsm Iv

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigated the prevalence child depression in primary schools.Methods3685 students from Grade 3 to Grade 5 were selected from 7 primary schools of Pudong district in Shanghai by random and cluster sampling. The study design consisted of a screening stage in which the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children(CES-DC) were used, and a clinical interview stage in which the K-SADS-present state version (K-SADS) and DSM-IV were used. The diagnoses of depressive disorder were made according the DSM-IV criteria.ResultsThe prevalence of children depression was 1.60% (95%CI = 1.19%∼2.00%). The prevalence rate of male(2.08%) was significant higher than that of female (1.09%)(X2=5.40, P = 0.02). The rate of depressive disorder increased with age from 0.57% (8 years old) to 2.47% (12 years old). The prevalence of depression was no significant difference between ages from 8 to 12 years old (X2 = 4.49, P = 0.34).ConclusionThe prevalence rate of children depression in Shanghai is low. The prevalence of depression among boys is much higher than that of girls.It shows the prevalence of depression is no significant difference between ages from 8 to 12 years old.

Changes in the Rate of Diagnosis of Major Depression in Adolescents Following Routine Use of a Depression Rating Scale

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M Rey ◽  
David Grayson ◽  
Tayebeh Mojarrad ◽  
Garry Walter
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Service ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Self Rating

Objective: Because major depression in adolescents often goes undiagnosed, it is useful to establish whether clinicians’ rates of making this diagnosis in a specialist adolescent mental health service change when a self-rating depression scale is routinely administered. Method: A retrospective, naturalistic study examining the rate of diagnosis of major depression in a mental health service between 1993 and 1997. The intervention was the administration of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) prior to initial assessment from September 1995 onwards. The proportion of clinical diagnoses of DSM-III-R or DSM-IV major depression was the outcome measure. Age, gender, ratings of depression and other confounding variables were used to control for changes in patient population over time. Results: One thousand three hundred and ten adolescents aged 12 to 17 years assessed between 1993 and 1997 were included. After taking into account potential confounders, diagnosis of major depression was 2.8 times (95% confidence interval 1.8, 4.3) as likely when the CES-D was in use. Increase was more marked when adolescents were more disturbed overall. There was no evidence suggesting this was due to changes in diagnostic practices or in the patient population. Conclusion: Availability to clinicians of a self-rating depression scale completed prior to assessment was associated with an increase in the frequency of diagnosis of depression in a specialist mental health service for adolescents.

scholarly journals Validation of the Korean Version of the Anosognosia Questionnaire for Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-331
Author(s):  
Gi Hwan Byeon ◽  
Woo Jin Kim ◽  
Min Soo Byun ◽  
Jun Ho Lee ◽  
So Yeon Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Living ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Activity Of Daily Living ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Korean Version ◽  
Basic Activity ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Objective Anosognosia is a common phenomenon in individuals with dementia. Anosognosia Questionnaire for dementia (AQ-D) is a well-known scale for evaluating anosognosia. This study aimed to establish a Korean version of the AQ-D (AQ-D-K) and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the AQ-D-K in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia.Methods We translated the original English version of AQ-D into Korean (AQ-D-K). Eighty-four subjects with very mild or mild AD dementia and their caregivers participated. Reliability of AQ-D-K was assessed by internal consistency and one-month test-retest reliability. Construct validity and concurrent validity were also evaluated.Results Internal consistencies of the AQ-D-K patient form and caregiver form were high (Cronbach alpha 0.95 and 0.93, respectively). The test-retest reliability of AQ-D-K measured by intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.84. Three factors were identified: 1) anosognosia of instrumental activity of daily living; 2) anosognosia basic activity of daily living; and 3) anosognosia of depression and disinhibition. AQ-D-K score was significantly correlated with the clinician-rated anosognosia rating scale (ARS), center for epidemiological studies-depression scale (CES-D) and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI).Conclusion The findings suggest that the AQ-D-K is a reliable and valid scale for evaluating anosognosia for AD dementia patients using Korean language.

Emotional Schemas: A New Cognitive Perspective for the Distinction Between Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S243-S243 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Onur
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Young Mania ◽  
Exploratory Investigation ◽  
General Activation ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionClinicians need to make the differential diagnosis between unipolar depression and bipolar disorder to guide their treatment choices. Looking at the differences observed in the emotional schemas might help with this differentiation. This study is an exploratory investigation of schema theory's Leahy's emotional schemas among individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression.MethodsThree groups of subjects 56 unipolar depression in the remission period, 70 bipolar eutimic and 58 healthy controls were asked to fill out the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS). The clinicians diagnosed the participants according to the criteria of DSM-IV-TR with SCID-I, and rated the moods of the subjects with the Beck Depression Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Statistical analyses were undertaken to identify the group differences on LESS.ResultsThe bipolar eutimic and unipolar depression patients’ scores on the LESS dimensions were significantly different from the healthy participants in the areas of control, consensus, acceptance of feelings, dissimilarity and simplistic view of emotions.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the metacognitive model of unipolar depression might be extrapolated for patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder may be associated with a general activation of the emotional schemas.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Validation of Montgomery-Åsberg Rating Scale and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia in Brazilian elderly patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1291-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria da Glória Portugal ◽  
Evandro Silva Freire Coutinho ◽  
Cloyra Almeida ◽  
Maria Lage Barca ◽  
Anne-Brita Knapskog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Latin American Studies ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Elderly Outpatients ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Depression Scales

ABSTRACTBackground: There are few studies on validation of depression scales in the elderly in Latin America. This study aimed to assess the validity of Montgomery-Åsberg. Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) in Brazilian elderly outpatients.Methods: A convenience sample of 95 outpatients was diagnosed for dementia and depression according to DSM-IV-TR, ICD-10, and PDC-dAD criteria. Receiver Operating Curves (ROC) were used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) and to assess MADRS and CSDD cut-offs for each diagnostic criterion.Results: Dementia was diagnosed in 71 of 95 patients. Depression was diagnosed in 35, 30, and 51 patients by ICD-10, DSM-IV, and PDC-dAD, respectively. MADRS cut-off score of 10 correctly diagnosed 67.4% and 66.3% patients as depressed according to DSM-IV and ICD-10. A cut-off of 9 correctly identified 74.7% by PDC-dAD criteria; a CSDD cut-off score of 13 best recognized depression according to DSM-IV and ICD-10. A score of 11 diagnosed depression according to PDC-dAD, while MADRS = 9 recognized depression in dementia. CSDD was more efficient in showing depression in mild than in moderate/severe dementia according to DSM-IV/ICD-10. PDC-dAD behaved nicely for any severity stage.Conclusion: MADRS and CSDD cut-offs of 10 and 13 were the optimal ones to diagnose depression in elderly, respectively. CSDD cut-offs are higher than those found in other countries. Other Latin American studies are needed to compare results with our study.

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