Earthquake Response of Underground Pipeline Networks in Christchurch, NZ

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. O'Rourke ◽  
Sang-Soo Jeon ◽  
Selcuk Toprak ◽  
Misko Cubrinovski ◽  
Matthew Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Underground Pipeline ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ground Surface Settlement

This paper explores key aspects of underground pipeline network response to the Canterbury earthquake sequence in Christchurch, New Zealand, including the response of the water and wastewater distribution systems to the MW6.2 22 February 2011 and MW6.0 13 June 2011 earthquakes, and the response of the gas distribution system to the MW7.1 4 September 2010 earthquake, as well as the 22 February and 13 June events. Repair rates, expressed as repairs/km, for different types of pipelines are evaluated relative to (1) the spatial distribution of peak ground velocity outside liquefaction areas and (2) the differential ground surface settlement and lateral ground strain within areas affected by liquefaction, calculated from high-resolution LiDAR survey data acquired before and after each main seismic event. The excellent performance of the gas distribution network is the result of highly ductile polyethylene pipelines. Lessons learned regarding the earthquake performance of underground lifeline systems are summarized.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS ISSUES OF REGULATORY PROVISION OF PRODUCTION ACTIVITY OF NATURAL GAS MARKETS

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
A. M. Klyun ◽  
G. M. Kogut ◽  
M. O. Karpash ◽  
О.М. Karpash
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Natural Gas Market ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Eu

The formation of the modern Ukrainian natural gas market is accompanied by profound transformations of the national gas infrastructure: the creation and operation of new market operators, the redistribution of infrastructure facilities, the development and implementation of new requirements for the effective functioning of the entire system. At the same time, this requires from all parties a verified and balances strategy for the optimal implementation of all the obligations that Ukraine has undertaken to fully implement the requirements of the EU Third Energy Package, which aims to create an effective natural gas market based on the principles of free competition, proper consumer protection and security of supply. Despite the fact that the capacity of the Ukrainian gas transmission system and gas storages is one of the largest in Europe, the unbanding process has caused a number of threats in the area of regulatory support for production activities, requiring the consolidation of specialists' efforts to form optimal solutions to the problems that have arisen. In addition, the lengthy process of reforming and reorganizing the Ukrainian gas distribution system has led to a situation where the work of a natural gas distribution operator is facing a risk of imbalance in terms of inefficient standardization of the main areas of operation to meet the EU legislation requirements implemented in Ukraine. Therefore, to develop basic directions for the future work of gas infrastructure operators, it is necessary to take into account the acting capabilities of existing system for transportation, underground storage and gas distribution (taking into account the significant number of standardized indicators defined by the existing normative documents of the former USSR) and in accordance with the trends in the development of the European gas infrastructure introduce economically and technically feasible measures to standardize performance activities. Such works have to be incorporated into integrated research programs, during which regional and international trends are to be taken into account and adapted, the results of which will be the basis for future roadmaps and programs for the development of natural gas supply and distribution systems.

scholarly journals Determining the probability of accidents on gas distribution and gas consumption pipelines

Vestnik MGSU ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1363-1377
Author(s):  
Oksana N. Medvedeva ◽  
Aleksander Yu. Chilikin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
The State ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
The Russian Federation

Introduction. The aim of this study is to analyze the current state of the Russian Federation gas distribution system, based on statistical material on accidents on gas distribution and gas consumption networks. The problem of ensuring reliable operation and safe operation of systems becomes most urgent in large cities and settlements with multi-stage and branched gas distribution networks, since every year the number of gas pipelines, equipment and fittings that have exhausted their design life increases. The objective of the study is to determine the causes and dynamics of accidents, identify the determining factors, develop an algorithm for quantitative assessment of the risk of emergencies and accidents at the facilities of the gas distribution system. Materials and methods. In the work, proven research methods were used, including analysis and generalization of theory and experience in the field of reliability of gas distribution pipelines, a systematic approach and mathematical modeling were used. Results. The materials on gasification of the territory of the Russian Federation using the methods of system analysis are generalized and systematized. Mechanisms of development of failures in gas distribution and gas consumption networks are considered, data on accidents are analyzed. The review of existing methods of troubleshooting and methods of assessing the state of gas pipelines, gas fittings and gas-using equipment is carried out. Methods for improving the efficiency, reliability and safety of gas distribution systems are proposed. The main results of the study are to summarize and systematize the materials of gas distribution organizations for the gasification of the territory of the Russian Federation using systems analysis methods. Conclusions. The results obtained during the analysis on the state of the accident rate of the structural elements of the gas distribution system can be used to monitor the technical condition of the system, including taking preventive measures to prevent accident incidents.

The role of particle breakage in pile creep in sand

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
C F Leung ◽  
F H Lee ◽  
N S Yet
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Stress Transfer ◽  
Particle Breakage ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ground Surface Settlement ◽  
Centrifuge Models

It has been reported in the literature that the settlement of pile foundations in sand under sustained service loads is time dependent. As this phenomenon is not well understood, an experimental study is conducted to investigate the mechanism of pile creep in sand. In the first part of the study involving centrifuge modelling of piles, the test results show that the pile settlement increases with the logarithm of time and the rate of settlement increase is dependent upon the magnitude of applied load and sand density. The changes in the soil and pile stresses observed from instruments installed in the soil and along the pile shaft reveal that under sustained loads, stress relaxation takes place at and around the pile tip area with consequent stress transfer to the shaft. Associated ground surface settlement shows that creep is related to volumetric compression rather than dilation of sand. The centrifuge test findings are then related to the creep behaviour of sand subjected to one-dimensional compression. Examination of sand particles before and after sustained compression loads reveals that sand grains have been broken with their angular protrusions gradually ground off with time. The phenomena of sand particle breakage and stress relaxation around the pile tip provide evidence for the hypothesis that the observed creep is due to the progressive breakdown of sand particules. Key words: centrifuge models, creep, mechanism, one-dimensional compression, pile, sand.

scholarly journals The main directions of increasing the reliability of gas distribution systems in high-rise districts

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 03016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Zhila ◽  
Elena Solovyeva
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Automatic Equipment ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Main Requirement ◽  
Gas Supply

The main source of energy in the economy is gas fuel. The specific weight of natural gas in the fuel and energy balance is about 50%. †The main requirement for the gas distribution system is to ensure the reliability, safety of this system. One of the ways to improve the reliability of gas supply systems is to use the reliability of automatic equipment to determine the gas contamination of premises. Based on the analysis of calculation formulas, an algorithm for the hydraulic calculation of gas pipelines is compiled. Based on the characteristics of gas distribution systems, it is advisable to apply such a solution, when gas supply of domestic consumers, boiler houses of municipal agricultural enterprises is carried out from the distribution network of high and medium pressure through autonomous combined pressure regulators installed in areas of high-rise buildings.

Alternative Piping Material for Malaysian Fuel Gas Distribution

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulkifli Abdul Majid ◽  
Zulkefli Yaacob
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Copper Pipe

Sistem pengagihan bahan api gas di Malaysia boleh dibahagikan kepada sistem pengagihan gas asli dan sistem pengagihan gas petroleum cecair. Sistem talian paip pengagihan untuk gas asli dan gas petroleum cecair di Malaysia menggunakan bahan perpaipan sama ada dari jenis keluli ataupun jenis plastik (paip polietilena). Walau bagaimanapun, adalah menjadi kebiasaan bagi negara–negara seperti Amerika Syarikat, Australia, Kanada, Eropah dan Jepun menggunakan paip “copper” dalam sistem talian paip pengagihan mereka. Paip tembaga telah didapati sebagai bahan yang alternatif yang sesuai dan selamat untuk sistem pengagihan dalaman. Oleh itu, paip “copper” sepatutnya turut dipertimbangkan sebagai bahan alternatif bagi perpaipan untuk pengagihan gas di Malaysia. Kertas keria ini akan membincangkan tentang apa yang dinyatakan dalam piawai dan kod antarabangsa serta tempatan mengenai paip “copper”, had penggunaan dan pengujian ke atas kandungan hidrogen sulfida dalam bahan api gas di Malaysia dalam menentukan kesesuaian penggunaan “copper” sebagai bahan alternatif bagi perpaipan. Perbandingan terhadap penggunaan paip “copper” pada sistem talian paip di negara lain dan had sistem talian paip gas di Malaysia, penilaian terhadap prestasi dan juga had penggunaan paip “copper” dari perspektif kod amalan antarabangsa dan kod amalan di Malaysia juga dibincangkan. Kata kunci: Paip “Copper”; retikulasi bahan api gas; perpaipan gas Fuel gas distribution system in Malaysia can be divided into the Natural Gas (NG) and the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) distribution system. The distribution pipeline system for NG and LPG in Malaysia are using either steel pipes or plastic pipes (polyethylene pipe). However it has become common in other parts of the world such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Europe and Japan that copper pipes are being used for their distribution system. They have found that copper is an altemative for safe and superior piping material suitable for interior distribution systems. Therefore copper pipes should also be considered as an alternative piping material for Malaysian gas distribution. This paper will discuss what the International Code and Malaysian Code of Practice has to say about copper, what are the limitations of using copper and also the testing of Malaysian Gas in order to determines its suitability in using copper as pipe material. The comparisons were made between the utilisation of copper pipe in gas pipeline installation in other countries and the limitations of gas pipeline systems in Malaysia, the assessment of their performance and the duty limit of copper pipes. Key words: Copper pipe; fuel gas reticulation; gas pipeline

scholarly journals Environmental safety of the gas distribution system

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 07016
Author(s):  
Elena Solovyeva
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Complex Index ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Gas Supply

This article analyzes the causes of accidents on overhead gas pipelines. Special attention is paid to the operating conditions of gas distribution and gas consumption systems. The main measures aimed at reducing the environmental danger of gas supply systems operation have been identified. The main methods of increasing the reliability of gas distribution systems in the design of gas networks are considered. The complex index of reliability of gas distribution systems is used, which allows choosing the optimal version of the gas supply system.

scholarly journals Development of analysis methods for ensuring the reliability of gas distribution systems in the problems of complex energy supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Nikolay I. Ilkevich ◽  
Tatyana.V. Dzyubina ◽  
Zhanna.V. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Reliability Assessment ◽  
Complex Energy ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Main Pipelines ◽  
Linear Sections ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with the issues devoted to reliability studies of gas distribution systems for complex energy supply of large industrialized areas. Given is a brief review of the reliability assessment methods, existing models for reliability assessment of the main pipelines, and their implementation. Special attention is paid to such reliability-specific properties as failure-free operation and maintainability of the elements constituting the gas distribution systems (linear sections and booster stations). These properties depend on the failure and recovery rates. Consideration is given to potentials of studying the impact of failure and recovery rates on integral indicators of gas distribution systems reliability. For that purpose mathematical models are proposed to be used for gas distribution systems reliability assessment using the analytical method of a ‘loss multiplication’ scheme. Reliability assessment of a conventional gas distribution system was taken as an example.

scholarly journals Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971–2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (13) ◽  
pp. 2790-2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. ADAM ◽  
J. S. YODER ◽  
L. H. GOULD ◽  
M. C. HLAVSA ◽  
J. W. GARGANO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Food Handler ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Prevention Measures

SUMMARYGiardia intestinalis is the leading parasitic aetiology of human enteric infections in the United States, with an estimated 1·2 million cases occurring annually. To better understand transmission, we analysed data on all giardiasis outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for 1971–2011. The 242 outbreaks, affecting ~41 000 persons, resulted from waterborne (74·8%), foodborne (15·7%), person-to-person (2·5%), and animal contact (1·2%) transmission. Most (74·6%) waterborne outbreaks were associated with drinking water, followed by recreational water (18·2%). Problems with water treatment, untreated groundwater, and distribution systems were identified most often during drinking water-associated outbreak investigations; problems with water treatment declined after the 1980s. Most recreational water-associated outbreaks were linked to treated swimming venues, with pools and wading pools implicated most often. Produce was implicated most often in foodborne outbreaks. Additionally, foods were most commonly prepared in a restaurant and contaminated by a food handler. Lessons learned from examining patterns in outbreaks over time can help prevent future disease. Groundwater and distribution system vulnerabilities, inadequate pool disinfection, fruit and vegetable contamination, and poor food handler hygiene are promising targets for giardiasis prevention measures.

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