Methodologies for Evaluating the Socio-Economic Consequences of Large Earthquakes

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. King ◽  
Anne S. Kiremidjian ◽  
Nesrin Basöz ◽  
Kincho Law ◽  
Mladen Vucetic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Palo Alto ◽  
Earthquake Scenarios ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Seismic Rehabilitation ◽  
The City ◽  
Large Earthquakes

A comprehensive methodology for evaluating the socio-economic impacts of large earthquakes was developed during a three-year project carried out by a team of researchers assembled by the nonprofit organization California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREe). New models were developed for some of the methodology components, such as the identification and ranking of critical facilities. For other components, such as the estimation of building and lifeline component damage, existing models from the ATC-13 and NIBS studies were adopted and modified for use within a GIS environment. The methodology was illustrated through a case study for the city of Palo Alto, California. Damage and loss estimates were made for several earthquake scenarios. Critical buildings were identified and the water distribution system for the city was analyzed in terms of its post-earthquake service capacity. An analysis of the hospital facilities in Palo Alto was made to illustrate the use of benefit-cost analysis for seismic rehabilitation decisions.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Fluoride Levels for a City in Northern Mexico (Durango) Determined Using a Direct Electrochemical Method and Their Potential Effects on Oral Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Molina Frechero ◽  
Leonor Sánchez Pérez ◽  
Enrique Castañeda Castaneira ◽  
Anastasio Oropeza Oropeza ◽  
Enrique Gaona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Fluoride is ingested primarily through consuming drinking water. When drinking water contains fluoride concentrations >0.7 parts per million (ppm), consuming such water can be toxic to the human body; this toxicity is called “fluorosis.” Therefore, it is critical to determine the fluoride concentrations in drinking water. The objective of this study was to determine the fluoride concentration in the drinking water of the city of Durango. The wells that supply the drinking water distribution system for the city of Durango were studied. One hundred eighty-nine (189) water samples were analyzed, and the fluoride concentration in each sample was quantified as established by the law NMX-AA-077-SCFI-2001. The fluoride concentrations in such samples varied between 2.22 and 7.23 ppm with a 4.313 ± 1.318 ppm mean concentration. The highest values were observed in the northern area of the city, with a 5.001 ± 2.669 ppm mean value. The samples produced values that exceeded the national standard for fluoride in drinking water. Chronic exposure to fluoride at such concentrations produces harmful health effects, the first sign of which is dental fluorosis. Therefore, it is essential that the government authorities implement water defluoridation programs and take preventative measures to reduce the ingestion of this toxic halogen.

Microbiological safety of a small water distribution system: evaluating potentially pathogenic bacteria using advanced sequencing techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. M. Batista ◽  
P. Meynet ◽  
G. P. P. Garcia ◽  
S. A. V. Costa ◽  
J. C. Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Intermediate Point ◽  
Microbiological Safety ◽  
The City

Abstract This study evaluated the microbiological safety of the water distribution system of a city in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), population 120,000 inhabitants. During the study, the city suffered a severe drought that had a significant impact on water availability and quality in the river that supplies water to the city. Samples (2 liters) were collected from the distribution system over a period of six months, which included wet and dry months, from three points: the point with the lowest altitude in the distribution network, the farthest point from the water treatment works, and an intermediate point. Free chlorine was measured in situ using a Hach kit. DNA was extracted using a FastDNA Spin Kit Soil (Qbiogene). Advanced sequencing techniques (Ion Torrent) were used to identify and quantify the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria present in the samples. Coliforms and Escherichia coli, indicators currently used worldwide to assess microbiological safety of drinking water, were measured on all samples using an enzyme substrate method (ONPG-MUG Colilert®). Next generation sequencing results retrieved 16SrRNA sequences of E. coli and some potentially pathogenic bacteria, even in the presence of free chlorine. Operational taxonomic units related to pathogenic bacteria were present in all samples from the drinking water distribution system (DWS) and, in general, at high relative abundance (up to 5%). A total of 19 species related to bacterial pathogens were detected. Inadequate operational practices that could affect the microbiological safety of the DWS were identified and discussed. The current paper is the first to evaluate the community of potentially pathogenic bacteria in a real DWS.

scholarly journals Microplastics in the drinking water of the Riobamba city, Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Paredes ◽  
Elba Bodero ◽  
Tito Castillo ◽  
Gabriela Fuentes ◽  
Rafaela Viteri
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
The City ◽  
Cellulose Filter

The city of Riobamba captures for human consumption groundwater from melting glaciers, from seven wells in the foothills of the Chimborazo volcano. The objective is determine the percentage of existing microplastics in drinking water distribution system. Sixty two samples were collected, analysed with a cellulose filter and Nile red dye. Then observed in a stereoscope, obtaining presence in 12 samples of the 62 analysed. The results of the analysis show that there is a 19% presence of microplastics.

scholarly journals Observations from the 26th November 2019 Albania earthquake: the earthquake engineering field investigation team (EEFIT) mission

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 2013-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Freddi ◽  
Viviana Novelli ◽  
Roberto Gentile ◽  
Enes Veliu ◽  
Stoyan Andreev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The City

AbstractOn the 26th of November 2019, an earthquake of moment magnitude 6.4 struck the northwest region of Albania as the result of thrust faulting near the convergent boundary of the Africa and Eurasia plates causing widespread damage to buildings in the city of Durrës and the surrounding areas. Based on the official data from the national authorities, the earthquake caused 51 casualties and 985 million-euro losses, corresponding to 7.5% of the 2018 gross domestic product. This paper summarises field observations made by the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) after the event. The paper presents an overview of the seismological aspects of the earthquake together with a brief overview of the damage, official loss statistics and the estimated macro- and socio-economic consequences of the event. In addition, it provides a summary of the observed damage to both recent and historical buildings as well as the description of several case studies to illustrate the characteristic damage patterns observed in the main structural typologies of the Albanian building stock. These observations try to identify possible links between the observed damage patterns and the deficiencies in construction practice and use of inappropriate retrofit techniques for historical assets. As many severe damages were observed on modern buildings, this also allows the identification of some gaps and possible areas of development of the current seismic design code. In the end, the lessons learned from the field survey are resumed.

scholarly journals Assessment of Corrosion and Scale forming Potential of Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-133
Author(s):  
Girmaye Haile Gebremikael ◽  
Aman Hussien Dawod
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Calibration Plot ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dire Dawa ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

Almost 100% of the water supply of Dire Dawa City is from groundwater (including boreholes, dug wells, and springs). Recently, groundwater cause corrosion and scale problems to water distribution systems due to its content of dissolved ions that can cause public health and economic issues. The present paper investigates the corrosion and scale-forming potential of the groundwater in the city and visualizes it with mapping. Spectrophotometer, EDTA/Acid titration with calculation methods were used for water quality parameters analysis. GW Chart Calibration plot applied for the Piper diagram to categorizes the water types. Langelier saturation (LSI), Ryznar (RSI), aggressive (AI), Puckorius Scale (PSI), and Larson-Skold (LRI) indices were manipulated with Excel ® and visualized their spatial distribution using ArcGIS 10®. The mean values of LSI, RSI, PSI, AI, and LRI obtained were 0.29 ± 0.28, 6.4 ± 0.5, 5.10 ± 0.48, 12.20 ± 0.24, and 1.4±1.57 respectively. LSI and RSI results indicate moderate to low scale-forming tendency of groundwater in most parts except the northeastern part with corrosive groundwater. Based on the AI value, the groundwater ranges low corrosion in almost all zones except the edge of the northeast and northwest region. PSI indicated the water tends to form salt-scale at a medium rate. The LSI results showed that chloride and sulphate are unlikely to interfere with the formation of protecting film except in northwestern and northeastern regions where localized corrosion might occur. In conclusion, in almost all distribution system of the city is affected by calcium carbonate scale formation. The groundwater in the northwest and northeast resulted in localized corrosion because of relatively high contents of chlorides and sulphates.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of the Water Distribution System of the City of Messina Through Sustainability Indices

10.29007/sr9c ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iolanda Borzì ◽  
Brunella Bonaccorso ◽  
Giuseppe Tito Aronica
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Local Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Sustainability Indices

The main purpose of this study is to assess the performance of the water distribution system (WDS) of the city of Messina (Italy) under different management scenarios that can be operated by the local water utility, AMAM S.p.A. To this end, a methodology is here applied for determining sustainability indices for pressure in WDS. The sustainability indices are based upon performance criteria including reliability, resiliency and vulnerability. In particular, six different scenarios are analyzed and the results are compared in order to identify possible solutions to increase sustainability in WDS.

Optimization of the city of Winnipeg water distribution system

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Terrence M. Miles ◽  
Barbara J. Lence
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
High Demand ◽  
The City

A simplified representation of the city of Winnipeg water distribution system is developed and a linear programming model is formulated to represent this system. Six scenarios of the linear programming model are analyzed to determine the most efficient operating policy when the objective functions vary from minimizing reservoir drawdowns to minimizing pumping. This analysis reveals that low total pumping values and low maximum pumping values can be obtained if storage at the inner-city reservoirs is utilized. It is also shown that the system cannot satisfy demand during high demand periods without drawing down the Deacon Reservoir. Key words: reservoirs, water distribution, optimization.

The Ancient Middle East

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
City Development ◽  
City Life ◽  
City Water ◽  
Piping Networks ◽  
The Many ◽  
The City

The origins of Nabataean Petra began c. 300 BCE from nomadic settlement origins and extended to later Roman administration of the city at 106 CE with final Byzantine occupation (Basile 2000) to the 7th century CE. Trade networks that extended throughout much of the ancient orient and Mediterranean world intersected at Petra and brought not only strategic and economic prominence but also the impetus to develop water resources to sustain increasing population and city elaboration demands. City development was influenced by architectural, cultural, and technological borrowings from Seleucid, Syro-Phoenician, Greek, Roman, and Far Eastern civilizations. The city water distribution system utilized many hydraulic technologies derived from these contacts that together with original technical innovations helped to maintain a high living standard throughout the centuries. Analysis of Nabataean piping networks indicates that design criteria were employed that promoted stable flows within piping, employed sequential particle settling basins to purify potable water supplies, promoted open-channel flow within piping at critical (maximum) flow rates that avoided leakage associated with pressurized systems, and matched spring supply rates to the maximum carrying capacity of pipelines. This demonstration of engineering capability indicated a high degree of skill in solving complex hydraulics problems to ensure a stable water supply and is a key reason behind the many centuries of flourishing city life. Because of Petra’s location between Egyptian, Babylonian, and Assyrian territories, many exterior influences dominated the Nabataean cultural landscape over time. The sacred spring created by Moses, as described in Exodus accounts, has been equated with the Ain Mousa spring outside of Petra although controversy exists as to its location (and historical accuracy) with contending Sinai sites. Biblical and Koranic references to areas around Petra relate to the use of water channels and springs by the inhabitants to maintain agriculture and settlements; Assyrian texts ascribed to the Sargonic era (715 BCE) mention tent cities in this area. The earliest proto-Nabataean period (6th century BCE) is derived from Edomite agriculturalists assimilating with nomadic tribal groups familiar with caravan-based trade activities. Although the origins of the Nabataeans remain controversial (Gleuck 1959, 1965; Taylor 2001; Guzzo and Schneider 2002), their final consolidation in areas around Petra in the early 3rd century BCE is evident from the archaeological record.

Bacterial Contamination Associated With Electronic Faucets: A New Risk for Healthcare Facilities

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hargreaves ◽  
Larry Shireley ◽  
Shannon Hansen ◽  
Virginia Bren ◽  
Gordon Fillipi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Surgical Critical Care ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
City Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Plate Counts ◽  
The City

AbstractObjective:To investigate the safety of the hospital water supply following a major flood.Design:Surveillance was conducted of the hospital water supply as it entered the hospital and at randomly selected water faucets throughout the facility.Setting:A newly constructed surgical critical-care unit in a 265-bed community hospital that had to be evacuated and was out of operation for 6 weeks following a major flood of the city.Methods:Random water samples throughout the facility were analyzed for heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs), chlorine, and coliforms utilizing standard methods.Results:Water samples entering the hospital met appropriate standards, indicating the city water distribution system was not contaminated. Of 169 faucets tested, 13 (22%) of 59 electronic faucets exceeded the HPC threshold, and 12 (11%) of 110 manual faucets exceeded the HPC threshold (P<.14). A comparison of two brands of electronic faucets with manual faucets and with each other revealed that the HPC threshold was exceeded by 11 (32%) of 34 brand A faucets as compared to 12 (11%) of 110 manual faucets (P<.006). The HPC threshold was exceeded by 2 (8%) of 25 brand B faucets compared to 12 (11%) of 110 manual faucets (P<.94). Contamination rates of brand A and brand B faucets differed significantly (P<.003). Similar testing 2 months after hyperchlorination of the water supply indicated that the HPC threshold was exceeded by 16 (52%) of 31 brand A faucets compared to 10 (9.%) of 110 manual faucets (P<.0000003) and by 2 (18%) of 25 brand B faucets compared to 10 (9%) of 110 manual faucets (P=1.0).Conclusions:A certain brand of electronic water faucet used in the hospital was associated with unacceptable levels of microbial growth in water and was a continuing source of bacteria potentially hazardous to patients.

scholarly journals Water Distribution in a Socio-Technical System: Resilience Assessment for Critical Events Causing Demand Relocation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2062
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Logan ◽  
Michaela Leštáková ◽  
Nadja Thiessen ◽  
Jens Ivo Engels ◽  
Peter F. Pelz
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Technical System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Component Failures ◽  
The City ◽  
Resilience Assessment

This study presents an exploratory, historically-informed approach to assessing resilience for critical events that cause demand relocation within a water distribution system (WDS). Considering WDS as an interdependent socio-technical system, demand relocation is regarded as a critical factor that can affect resilience similarly to the more commonly analyzed component failures such as pipe leaks and pump failures. Critical events are modeled as events during which consumer nodes are evacuated within a perimeter varying in size according to a typical length scale in the studied network. The required demand drops to zero in the evacuated area, and the equivalent demand is relocated according to three sheltering schemes. Results are presented for analyzing the effect of the size of the evacuated area, the feasibility of sheltering schemes, vulnerability of particular parts of the city as well as the suitability of network nodes to accommodate relocated demand using a suitable resilience metric. The results provided by this metric are compared with those drawn from common graph-based metrics. The conclusions are critically discussed under the consideration of historical knowledge to serve as a basis for future research to refine resilience assessment of socio-technical systems.

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