Seismic Behavior of Framed Masonry Panels with Prior Damage When Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Komaraneni ◽  
Durgesh C. Rai ◽  
Vaibhav Singhal
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Dissipation Potential ◽  
Plane Failure ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Overall Stability ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Direction ◽  
Inertia Forces

Framed masonry panels are subjected to both in-plane and out-of-plane loading during earthquakes and their load-carrying capacity in the out-of-plane direction after being damaged is crucial for overall stability and safety. To assess the effect of in-plane damage on their out-of-plane behavior, three half-scaled clay brick framed masonry panels were subjected to a sequence of slow cyclic in-plane drifts and shake table-generated out-of-plane ground motions. The framed panels maintained structural integrity and out-of-plane stability even when severely damaged. Also, failure of specimens was primarily due to excessive out-of-plane deflection, rather than amplified inertia forces. Weaker interior grid elements divided masonry in smaller subpanels, and helped delay failure by controlling out-of-plane deflection and significantly enhancing the in-plane response. This subpaneling also greatly improved the in-plane response and energy dissipation potential, and consequently, the out-of-plane failure of the masonry was delayed and large in-plane drifts of up to 2.2% could be safely sustained.

Behavior of Confined Masonry Walls with Openings under In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Loads

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 817-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaibhav Singhal ◽  
Durgesh C. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Solid Wall ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Confined Masonry ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Out Of Plane

Six half-scaled wall panels were tested to investigate the effect of openings on their load-carrying capacity; these walls were subjected to a sequence of slow cyclic in-plane drifts and shake table–generated out-of-plane ground motions. Two specimens were masonry-infilled frames with and without openings. The other four specimens were confined-masonry (CM) walls, with one solid wall and three walls with openings bounded by reinforced-concrete (RC) confining elements on all sides. The infill walls demonstrated higher risk of out-of-plane collapse, whereas the CM walls maintained structural integrity and out-of-plane stability. The test results clearly indicate the necessity of confinement all around the openings for good seismic performance. The confining scheme with no continuous horizontal bands was ineffective in confining wall piers at large drifts, and piers remain vulnerable to out-of-plane collapse due to severe damage. However, the wall with continuous horizontal bands at the lintel and sill levels was not only able to compensate for deficiencies in strength due to the presence of openings, but also achieved a better overall behavior due to more distributed damage and greater ductility.

Limit-Load Analysis of Pipe Bends Under Out-of-Plane Moment Loading and Internal Pressure

2001 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashem M. Mourad ◽  
Maher Y. A. Younan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Factor H ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Pipe Bend ◽  
Loading Mode ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Direction

The purpose of this work is to study the load-carrying capacity of pipe bends, with different pipe bend factor h values, under out-of-plane moment loading; and to investigate the effect of internal pressure on the limit moments in this loading mode. The finite element method is used to model and analyze a standalone, long-radius pipe bend with a 16-in. nominal diameter, and a 24-in. bend radius. A parametric study is performed in which the bend factor takes ten different values between 0.0632 and 0.4417. Internal pressure is incremented by 100 psi for each model, until the limit pressure of the model is reached. The limit moments were found to increase when the internal pressure is incremented. However, beyond a certain value of pressure, the effect of pressure is reversed due to the additional stresses it engenders. Expectedly, increasing the bend factor leads to an increase in the value of the limit loads. The results are compared to those, available in the literature, of a similar analysis that treats the in-plane loading mode. Pipe bends are found to have the lowest load-carrying capacity when loaded in their own plane, in the closing direction. They can sustain slightly higher loads when loaded in the out-of-plane direction, and considerably higher loads under in-plane bending in the opening direction.

scholarly journals Strengthening Strategies for Existing Rammed Earth Walls Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading

CivilEng ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Phuntsho Wangmo ◽  
Kshitij C. Shrestha ◽  
Takayoshi Aoki ◽  
Mitsuhiro Miyamoto ◽  
Pema
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Experimental Campaign ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Direction ◽  
Strengthening Technique ◽  
Earth Walls

The paper reports an experimental campaign to study the effectiveness of strengthening measures proposed for rammed earth (RE) wall in an out-of-plane direction. Two simple and feasible strengthening techniques were explored, namely, mesh-wrapped and timber-framed strengthening techniques. The test involved testing three full-scale U-shaped RE walls in an out-of-plane direction. The first specimen without any intervention served as the reference wall, while the two others were strengthened with two different strengthening methods. It was observed that both proposed strengthening techniques improved the load-carrying capacity of the wall and the maximum displacement and the energy absorption. The mesh-wrapped strengthening technique was found to be more effective than the timber-framed strengthening technique, which disrupted the visual aspects of the wall’s facade and needed proper anchoring to the foundation.

Implementation and Verification of a Masonry Infill Model Considering the Out-Of-Plane Behaviour

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 1836-1845
Author(s):  
Zhi Xiong Chen ◽  
Ying Hu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Plane Failure ◽  
Masonry Infill ◽  
Earthquake Loads ◽  
Equivalent Strut ◽  
Column Type ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Direction

The response of reinforced concrete buildings to earthquake loads can be substantially affected by the influence of infill walls. Also the out-of-plane failure of the infill can cause heavy casualties. In this article, an improved numerical model for the simulation of the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infill is proposed. First, the proposed model is presented. This is an upgrading equivalent strut model composed of two beam-column type elements, with a node at the mid-span assigned a mass in the in-plane and the out-of-plane direction to account for the inertial forces in both directions. Second, the main results of the calibration analyses obtained with two experiments are presented and discussed.

Theoretical Investigation of Couple Stress Squeeze Films in a Curved Circular Geometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimala Manivasakan ◽  
Govindarajan Sumathi
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Couple Stress ◽  
Squeeze Flow ◽  
Squeeze Film ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Fluid Inertia ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Inertia Forces ◽  
Good Agreement

A theoretical investigation of the laminar squeeze flow of a couple-stress fluid between a flat circular static disk and an axisymmetric curved circular moving disk has been carried out using modified lubrication theory and microcontinuum theory. The combined effects of fluid inertia forces, curvature of the disk and non-Newtonian couple stresses on the squeeze film behavior are investigated analytically. Each of these effects and their combinations show a significant enhancement in the squeeze film behavior, and these are studied through their effects on the squeeze film pressure and the load carrying capacity of the fluid film as a function of time. Two different forms of the gapwidth between the disks have been considered, and the results have been shown to be in good agreement with the existing literature.

Summary 1: The Influence of Engine Component Inertia Forces on Minimum Oil Film Thickness in Connecting Rod Big-End Bearings

1966 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-155
Author(s):  
J. F. Booker ◽  
F. A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Eccentricity Ratio ◽  
Connecting Rod ◽  
Oil Film ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
The Many ◽  
Inertia Forces

when Designing steadily loaded bearings the designer can usually predict the position of the journal centre quite easily with the aid of one of the many load carrying capacity/eccentricity relationships available. With dynamically loaded bearings, however, the journal path will vary in magnitude and direction throughout the loading cycle and one of the designer's interests is in the trends of maximum eccentricity ratio and the corresponding oil film thickness for various bearing and engine conditions. From experience with journal path predictions for big-end bearings it has been found that the eccentricity ratio in the bearing due to the peak firing load seldom exceeds that obtained by the inertia load loop (although this load is smaller) and therefore, as a first approximation, it is thought justifiable to neglect the gas forces. The results of this inertia study (numerical solution) applied to big-end bearings are presented in a general graphical form. Further work can be carried out on the same basis for main bearings, but this is more difficult to present in a general fashion as there are many more variables to consider, such as the phasing and magnitude of the crank out of balance and the firing order. This report therefore concentrates on the first step, i.e. that of big-end bearings.

The Effects of Fluid Inertia Forces on the Static Characteristics of Sector-Shaped, High-Speed Thrust Bearings in Turbulent Flow Regime

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Static Characteristics ◽  
Fluid Inertia ◽  
Thrust Bearings ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Inertia Forces

This paper describes a study on the performance characteristics of sector-shaped, high-speed thrust bearings subjected to the effects of both turbulence and fluid inertia forces. The basic lubrication equations are derived by integrating the momentum and continuity equations in the polar coordinates including the full inertia terms throughout the film thickness; and a numerical calculation technique combining the control volume integration and the Newton-Raphson linearization method is applied to solve the equations. The static characteristics such as the load carrying capacity and the pressure center are calculated for various values of pad extent angle and inner-to-outer radius ratio of a pad. The theoretical results of the load carrying capacity are compared with the experimental results. It was found that the fluid inertia forces have significant effects on the static characteristics of the bearings. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical and experimental results.

Use of nondestructive testing to establish mechanistic-based seasonal load-carrying capacity of thin-paved highways in Saskatchewan

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 708-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Berthelot ◽  
Erin Stuber ◽  
Diana Podborochynski ◽  
Jena Fair ◽  
Brent Marjerison
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Frost Depth ◽  
Thaw Depth ◽  
The Impact

It has long been known that increased load-carrying capacity during the winter months is very beneficial to rural road transportation in Saskatchewan. However, it has been observed that rapid weakening of thin-paved roads during spring thaw is highly detrimental to the load-carrying capacity of these roads. Direct measures of the structural integrity of Saskatchewan roads as a function of seasonal changes have not been quantified in the past. The objective of this study was to directly quantify the impact frost action has on the load-carrying capacity of thin-surfaced roads. This study examined the magnitude and rate of change of in situ structural deflection responses of a typical Saskatchewan thin-surfaced road during fall freeze-up and spring thaw in 2006–2007. This study showed that structural deflection responses significantly improved with frost depth greater than 50 cm and that deflection response significantly worsened with minimal thaw depth, as expected. The data obtained also indicated a significant increase in nonlinear strain weakening behavior during fall freeze-up at frost depths less than 50 cm. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, the frost thickness and the rate of change in frost thickness need to be directly considered in the fall and in the spring when calculating seasonal load limits of thin-paved roads.

scholarly journals Strength Calculation and Equal Load-Carrying-Capacity Design of an Undermatched HSLA Lap Joint under Out-of-Plane Bending

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Junli Guo ◽  
Zhibo Dong ◽  
Hongyuan Fang ◽  
Jiajie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Strength Calculation ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Lap Joint ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Bending

This work aimed to design an undermatched lap joint that has an equal load-carrying capacity (ELCC) with a traditional equalmatched joint under out-of-plane bending. A weld strength calculation method was proposed based on the similarity of a lap joint and a T joint, as shown using linear elastic finite element (FE) analysis, and then applied in the analysis of a lap joint and the design of an ELCC lap joint. A single lap joint of HQ785 steel was chosen for experimental verification. The bending force limit of the ELCC joint was 93.35% of the theoretical prediction and 96.90% of the traditional equalmatched joint. The results show that the weld strength calculation method and the ELCC design method are reasonable and feasible.

Fracture Assessment of the High Strength Super-Martensitic Stainless Steel Welds by SINTAP Defect Assessment Procedure

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Motarjemi ◽  
M. Koc¸ak ◽  
R. Segar ◽  
S. Riekehr
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Deformation And Failure ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Load Carrying

13% Cr supermartensitic stainless steel is an adequate substitute material for the conventional carbon and duplex stainless steel pipes for mild corrosive environments in the oil and gas industries. By development of these new steel and respective welding technologies, structural integrity analysis of the welded pipes, is essential and a challenging task. Depending on the welding process, filler wire used, the deformation and failure behaviours of the welded pipes could be different. In this study, fitness for service analysis verified with Submerged Arc welded Middle Tension, M(T), plates as well as for the reeling deformation during the pipe-laying process. This was done by applying analysis Levels 0, I, II and III of a recently developed European Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure (SINTAP). The goal was first of all to verify SINTAP’s load-carrying capacity predictions for welded M(T) specimens (wide plates) by comparing them with corresponding experimental data. SINTAP was also used for estimating the maximum tolerable crack size within the base or weld regions under about 2.7% applied strain, which is the strain equal to the reeling process. The estimated load-carrying capacity of the plates were found on the safe side with acceptable conservatism for all the SINTAP analysis Levels.

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