Growth, decline and revival of cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-102
Author(s):  
Colin Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Decline

Powerbrokers and Patronage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Said ◽  
Khwima Singini
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Key Sectors ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Weak Growth

This chapter investigates the patterns of growth in Malawi from 1954 to 2013. Using the deals and development framework, it highlights four growth regimes during this period. First, a period of growth stagnation under colonial rule. Second, a period of growth acceleration post-independence as a clientelist structure emerged in key sectors of the economy under president Banda. Third, from 1978 onwards the lack of sustainability of these structures led to a period of growth decline. In 1994 Malawi transitioned to multiparty elections, however the country failed to modernize and the systems of patronage were further entrenched. Fourth, from 2003 the country has seen weak growth acceleration. However, the country has failed to transform how the economy is organized, meaning that many of the structures remain in place. An overreliance on powerbrokers and rentiers within the economy has meant that the structural changes needed to improve living standards within the country remain elusive.

Tree growth decline as a response to projected climate change in the 21st century in Mediterranean mountain forests of Chile

2020 ◽  
pp. 103406
Author(s):  
Vladimir Matskovsky ◽  
Alejandro Venegas-González ◽  
René Garreaud ◽  
Fidel A. Roig ◽  
Alvaro G. Gutiérrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Growth Decline

Radial Growth Decline of White Spruce (Picea glauca) During Hot Summers without Drought: Preliminary Results from a Study Site South of a Boreal Forest Border

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Lapenis ◽  
George Robinson ◽  
Gregory B. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Hot Days

Here we investigate the possible<sup></sup> future response of white spruce (Picea glauca) to a warmer climate by studying trees planted 90 years ago near the southern limit of their climate tolerance in central New York, 300 km south of the boreal forest where this species is prevalent. We employed high-frequency recording dendrometers to determine radial growth phenology of six mature white spruce trees during 2013-2017. Results demonstrate significant reductions in the length of radial growth periods inversely proportional to the number of hot days with air temperature exceeding 30 oC. During years with very hot summers, the start of radial growth began about 3 days earlier than the 2013-2017 average. However, in those same years the end of radial growth was also about 17 days earlier resulting in a shorter (70 versus 100 day), radial growth season. Abundant (350-500 mm) summer precipitation, which resulted in soil moisture values of 20-30% allowed us to dismiss drought as a factor. Instead, a likely cause of reduced radial growth was mean temperature that exceeded daily average of 30<sup> o</sup>C that lead to photoinhibition.

scholarly journals Evaluating Bayesian radiocarbon-dated event-count [REC] models for the study of long-term human and environmental processes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Christopher Carleton
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Radiocarbon Date ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
New Class ◽  
Environmental Processes ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Marine Ingression ◽  
Event Times

Chronological uncertainty complicates attempts to use radiocarbon dates as proxies for processes like human population growth/decline, forest fires, and marine ingression. Established approaches involve turning databases of radiocarbon-date densities into single summary proxies that cannot fully account for chronological uncertainty. Here, I use simulated data to explore an alternate Bayesian approach that instead models the data as what they are, namely radiocarbon-dated event-counts. The approach involves assessing possible event-count sequences by sampling radiocarbon date densities and then applying MCMC to estimate the parameters of an appropriate count-based regression model. The regressions based on individual sampled sequences were placed in a multilevel framework, which allowed for the estimation of hyperparameters that account for chronological uncertainty in individual event times. Two processes were used to produce simulated data. One represented a simple monotonic change in event-counts and the other was based on a real palaeoclimate proxy record. In both cases, the method produced estimates that had the correct sign and were consistently biased toward zero. These results indicate that the approach is widely applicable and could form the basis of a new class of quantitative models for use in exploring long-term human and environmental processes.

scholarly journals Searching for Antagonistic Activity of Bacterial Isolates Derived from Food Processing Environments on Some Food-Borne Pathogenic Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-423
Author(s):  
B. Baráti-Deák ◽  
Cs. Mohácsi-Farkas ◽  
Á. Belák
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Growth Decline

Bacterial strains with inhibitory effect on Salmonella Hartford, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli, respectively, were isolated. Out of the 64 bacteria originated from food processing environments, 20 could inhibit at least one of the tested pathogens, and it was proved that growth decline of the pathogenic bacteria was more remarkable by co-culturing than by using cell-free supernatants of the isolates. Seven different genera (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Macrococcus, Staphylococcus, Serratia, and Rothia) reduced the pathogens’ growth during the time period of analysis, and the strongest inhibitory effect was observed after 24 h between 15 and 30 °C. Sensitivity of the tested human pathogenic bacteria against the inhibitory strains was distinct, as Y. enterocolitica could be inhibited by numerous isolates, while S. Hartford proved to be the most resistant. Our results reveal that the isolated bacteria or their excreted metabolites could hinder pathogen growth when used in sufficient quantities.

Red spruce decline on Whiteface Mountain, New York. II. Relationships between apical and radial growth decline

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1415-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc ◽  
Dudley J. Raynal
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Spruce Decline ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Whiteface Mountain ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the relationship between apical and radial growth decline can contribute toward the evaluation of hypotheses regarding causal mechanisms of red spruce decline. The etiology of red spruce decline in montane spruce-fir forests of the northeastern United States includes loss of foliage at branch apices, crown dieback, and unreversed radial growth decline since the 1960s. Demographic analyses of crown damage and radial growth decline for red spruce on Whiteface Mountain, New York, indicate that large, canopy-emergent trees with exposed crowns exhibit greater decline than codominant trees within an intact canopy. In this paper, radial growth decline is shown to have been coincident with decreased apical growth and increased incidence of injury to terminal leaders. Incidence of leader mortality is greatest for canopy-emergent red spruce or trees with exposed crowns, similar to patterns described for radial growth. This relationship suggests that the post-1960 decline of red spruce on Whiteface Mountain is caused, at least in part, by stresses that act directly on the crown.

The migration component in the demographic development of Russia in the post-war period (1951–2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
Leonid Rybakovsky ◽  
Vladimir Savinkov ◽  
Natalia Kozhevnikova
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Growth Decline ◽  
Migration Potential ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Post War ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Migration Component

The article discusses possible combinations of the impact on the dynamics of the population of migration growth (decline) and natural decline (increase). Variants of combinations with the corresponding values of natural and migration movements are shown using examples of the demographic dynamics of Russia. Reliable information about the migration movement of the population refers only to the time that began in the 50s. It is distributed over periods that differ in the nature of the impact of the reproductive and migration components on demographic dynamics. During these periods spanning seventy years, the country's population increased by almost 44 million. In the first 25 years, there was a migration decline, more than offset by natural population growth. Then migration, along with natural movement, acted as a component of population dynamics. Due to natural growth, the population increased to the 1951 level. by 33.8 million people. The migration component accounted for 10.6 million people. Their ratio was 3/4 to 1/4. It is shown that in the second half of the tenth years of the twenty-first century, Russia entered a difficult demographic time for it, aggravated by the fact that by now in the new abroad the migration potential oriented towards Russia has significantly decreased

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