Whey Protein and Essential Amino Acids Promotethe Reduction of Adipose Tissue and Increased Muscle ProteinSynthesis During Caloric Restriction-Induced Weight Loss in Elderly, Obese Individuals

Inadequate protein intake can impair protein balance and lead to skeletal muscle atrophy, impaired body growth, and functional decline. Foods provide both non-essential (NEAAs) and essential amino acids (EAAs) that may convey different metabolic stimuli to specific organs and tissues. In this study, we sought to evaluate the impact of six diets with various EAA/NEAA blends on body composition and the risk of developing tissue wasting in late middle-aged male mice. Mice consuming NEAA-based diets, although showing increased food and calorie intake, suffered the most severe weight loss. Interestingly, even moderate NEAAs prevalence was able to induce inflammatory catabolic stimuli, generalized body wasting and systemic metabolic alterations. Complete depletion of retroperitoneal white adipose tissue and a severe loss (>75%) of brown adipose tissue were observed together with muscle wasting. Conversely, EAA-based diets induced significant decreases in weight by reducing primarily fat reserves, but improved clinical parameters. Tissue wasting was caused by altered AA quality, independent of reduced nitrogen or caloric intake. Our results indicate that an optimized balance of AA composition is necessary for preserving overall bodily energy status. These findings are particularly relevant in the context of aging and may be exploited for contrasting its negative correlates including body wasting.

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Zinc increases the effects of essential amino acids-whey protein supplements in frail elderly

The journal of nutrition health & aging ◽

10.1007/s12603-009-0117-7 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

A. Rodondi ◽

Patrick Ammann ◽

S. Ghilardi-Beuret ◽

R. Rizzoli

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Frail Elderly ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protein Supplements

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Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/1743-7075-7-51 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

Juha J Hulmi ◽

Christopher M Lockwood ◽

Jeffrey R Stout

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy

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Lipolysis defect in white adipose tissue and rapid weight regain

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00542.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 317 (2) ◽

pp. E185-E193 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michal Kasher-Meron ◽

Dou Y. Youn ◽

Haihong Zong ◽

Jeffery E. Pessin

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Weight Regain ◽

Serine Phosphorylation ◽

Lean Body Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Short Period

Weight regain after weight loss is a well-described phenomenon in both humans and animal models of obesity. Reduced energy expenditure and increased caloric intake are considered the main drivers of weight regain. We hypothesized that adipose tissue with obesity memory (OM) has a tissue-autonomous lipolytic defect, allowing for increased efficiency of lipid storage. We utilized a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, which was subjected to 60% caloric restriction to achieve lean body weight, followed by a short period of high-fat diet (HFD) rechallenge. Age-matched lean mice fed HFD for the first time were used as the control group. Upon rechallenge with HFD, mice with OM had higher respiratory exchange ratios than lean mice with no OM despite comparable body weight, suggesting higher utilization of glucose over fatty acid oxidation. White adipose tissue explants with OM had comparable lipolytic response after caloric restriction; however, reduced functional lipolytic response to norepinephrine was noted as early as 5 days after rechallenge with HFD and was accompanied by reduction in hormone-sensitive lipase serine phosphorylation. The relative lipolytic defect was associated with increased expression of inflammatory genes and a decrease in adrenergic receptor genes, most notably Adrb3. Taken together, white adipose tissue of lean mice with OM shows increased sensitization to HFD compared with white adipose tissue with no OM, rendering it resistant to catecholamine-induced lipolysis. This relative lipolytic defect is tissue-autonomous and could play a role in the rapid weight regain observed after weight loss.

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Body Weight Loss and Tissue Wasting in Late Middle-Aged Mice on Slightly Imbalanced Essential/Non-essential Amino Acids Diet

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2018.00136 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Giovanni Corsetti ◽

Evasio Pasini ◽

Claudia Romano ◽

Riccardo Calvani ◽

Anna Picca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Aged Mice

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Effects of yo-yo diet, caloric restriction, and olestra on tissue distribution of hexachlorobenzene

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00285.2004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 288 (2) ◽

pp. G292-G299 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Ronald J. Jandacek ◽

Nicole Anderson ◽

Min Liu ◽

Shuqin Zheng ◽

Qing Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Fold Increase ◽

The Body ◽

Tissue Loss ◽

Weight Cycling ◽

Diet Regimen ◽

The Brain

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are lipophilic, toxic, and persistent in the environment and animal tissues. They enter the body in food and are stored in adipose tissue. Loss of body fat through caloric restriction mobilizes stored lipophilic xenobiotics and results in distribution to other tissues. We have studied the reversibility of this process in mice that followed a regimen of body weight cycling. Weight gain was followed by weight loss, a second gain, and a second loss (“yo-yo diet regimen”). We measured the distribution of orally gavaged [14C]hexachlorobenzene, which is sparingly metabolized. We found that weight cycling has different effects in different organs. Continued weight loss resulted in a threefold increase of 14C amount and concentration in the brain. After weight regain, 14C in the brain decreased but then increased again after a second weight loss. Weight loss resulted in an increase in the concentration of 14C in adipose tissue without changing the total amount in that tissue. Weight loss and regain resulted in an increase of 14C in the liver, which reflected an increase of fat in the liver. The regimen of weight gain and loss was repeated in mice gavaged with [14C]hexachlorobenzene, with one group receiving the nonabsorbable fat olestra in the diet. Combined dietary olestra and caloric restriction caused a 30-fold increase in the rate of excretion of 14C relative to an ad libitum diet or a reduced caloric diet alone. Distribution of 14C into the brain resulting from the restricted diet was reduced by 50% by dietary olestra.

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Whey Protein Supplement: An Exclusive Food or Need of the Hour: Review

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i430367 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 110-119

Author(s):

Sonia Sangwan ◽

Raman Seth

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Protein Source ◽

Health Concern ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Significant Public Health Concern ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

Complete Protein

Background: Protein is an essential portion of food that exerts beneficial effects on body composition and metabolism. However, protein-rich foods are costly and scarcely available in developing countries, and protein deficiency is a significant public health concern. In this situation, searching for additional dietary protein sources is of utmost importance due to decreasing resources because of the growing global population. The current literature review is about whey protein as it is the cheapest, readily available protein source. Methods: Milk is formed of two proteins, casein and whey. Whey is different from the casein in milk and is formed as a by-product of the cheese-making process. Whey (the liquid left after milk curdling) was deemed a waste by the dairy industry for decades. However, it is the cheapest protein source for the poor growing populations in developing countries. Whey protein is a complete protein as it contains all nine essential amino acids. It is low in lactose content. Conclusion: Human body cannot make essential amino acids, so it is necessary to get enough of them from the diet. Due to the availability of carbohydrates, fat, immunoglobulins, lactose, and minerals, including essential amino acids in whey protein, it is necessary for human energy. There are many benefits related to whey protein consumption, such as muscle building and loss of fat. New possible therapeutic properties of whey protein have to be investigated further for the full utility to humans.

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