Association Between Body Size Phenotypes and Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Abstract Context The underlying relationship between body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic disorders, and subclinical atherosclerosis is poorly understood. Objective To evaluate the association between body size phenotypes and subclinical atherosclerosis. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Cardiovascular disease-free cohort. Participants Middle-aged asymptomatic subjects (n = 3909). A total of 6 cardiometabolic body size phenotypes were defined based on the presence of at least 1 cardiometabolic abnormality (blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) and based on BMI: normal-weight (NW; BMI <25), overweight (OW; BMI = 25.0-29.9) or obese (OB; BMI >30.0). Main Outcome Measures Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated by 2D vascular ultrasonography and noncontrast cardiac computed tomography. Results For metabolically healthy subjects, the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis increased across BMI categories (49.6%, 58.0%, and 67.7% for NW, OW, and OB, respectively), whereas fewer differences were observed for metabolically unhealthy subjects (61.1%, 69.7%, and 70.5%, respectively). When BMI and cardiometabolic abnormalities were assessed separately, the association of body size phenotypes with the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis was mostly driven by the coexistence of cardiometabolic risk factors: adjusted OR = 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90-1.19) for OW and OR = 1.07 (95% CI, 0.88-1.30) for OB in comparison with NW, whereas there was an increasing association between the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis and the number of cardiometabolic abnormalities: adjusted OR = 1.21 (95% CI, 1.05-1.40), 1.60 (95% CI, 1.33-1.93), 1.92 (95% CI, 1.48-2.50), and 2.27 (95% CI, 1.67-3.09) for 1, 2, 3, and >3, respectively, in comparison with noncardiometabolic abnormalities. Conclusions The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis varies across body size phenotypes. Pharmacologic and lifestyle interventions might modify their cardiovascular risk by facilitating the transition from one phenotype to another.

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Dietary Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids Are Associated with Higher Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity in Northern Chinese Adults, an Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000490194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 44-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yan-chuan Li ◽

Yu-zheng Li ◽

Rui Li ◽

Li Lan ◽

Chun-long Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serum Triglyceride ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Lipid Profiles ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sulfur Containing

Background/aims: Elevation of plasma sulfur-containing amino acids (SAAs) is generally associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and unfavorable lipid profiles. It is not known how dietary SAAs relate to these associations in humans. Methods: A convenient tool named internet-based dietary questionnaire for Chinese (IDQC) was used to estimate dietary SAAs intake. A total of 936 participants were randomly recruited and asked to complete the IDQC. Furthermore, 90 subjects were randomly selected to perform a subgroup study. The associations between dietary SAAs and prevalence of obesity, lipid profiles, and status of insulin resistance (IR), inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed. Results: Dietary total SAAs and cysteine of overweight/obese participants were significantly higher. Dietary total SAAs and cysteine were positively associated with BMI and waist circumference. Higher dietary total SAAs were associated with higher prevalence of overweight/obesity. Higher dietary total SAAs and cysteine also associated with higher serum triglyceride (total cholesterol), low density lipoprotein, fasting blood glucose, 2 h-postprandial glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of IR. In the subgroup study, positive associations between dietary SAAs and inflammation biomarkers were also observed. Conclusions: Dietary SAAs are associated with higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, unfavorable lipid profiles and status of IR, and inflammation.

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Plasma Clusterin as a Potential Link Between Diabetes and Alzheimer Disease

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgaa378 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (9) ◽

pp. 3058-3068 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Junghee Ha ◽

Min Kyong Moon ◽

Hyunjeong Kim ◽

Minsun Park ◽

So Yeon Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer Disease ◽

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Resistance Index ◽

White Matter Lesions ◽

Periventricular White Matter ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Observation Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Homeostatic Model Assessment ◽

The Individual

Abstract Objective Plasma clusterin, a promising biomarker of Alzheimer disease (AD), has been associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, clusterin has not been investigated considering a relationship with both DM and AD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the individual and interactive relationships of plasma clusterin levels with both diseases. Design Cross-sectional observation study. Methods We classified participants by the severity of cognitive (normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and AD) and metabolic (healthy control, prediabetes, and DM) impairments. We evaluated the cognitive and metabolic functions of the participants with neuropsychological assessments, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and various blood tests, to explore potential relationships with clusterin. Results Plasma clusterin levels were higher in participants with AD and metabolic impairment (prediabetes and DM). A two-way ANCOVA revealed no synergistic, but an additive effect of AD and DM on clusterin. Clusterin was negatively correlated with cognitive scores. It was also associated with metabolic status indicated by glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance index, and fasting C-peptide. It showed correlations between medial temporal atrophy and periventricular white matter lesions, indicating neurodegeneration and microvascular insufficiency, respectively. Further mediation analysis to understand the triadic relationship between clusterin, AD, and DM revealed that the association between DM and AD was significant when clusterin is considered as a mediator of their relationship. Conclusions Clusterin is a promising biomarker of DM as well as of AD. Additionally, our data suggest that clusterin may have a role in linking DM with AD as a potential mediator.

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Association between proinsulin, insulin, proinsulin/insulin ratio, and insulin resistance status with the metabolic syndrome

Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-27302007000700016 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 51 (7) ◽

pp. 1128-1133 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ivana Pivatto ◽

Patricia Bustos ◽

Hugo Amigo ◽

Ana Maria Acosta ◽

Antonio Arteaga

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Predictive Values ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) constitutes an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. There is evidence that proinsulin blood levels and the proinsulin/insulin ratio are associated to the MS. The purpose of this study was to compare proinsulin and insulin, insulin resistance index, and the proinsulin/insulin ratio as predictors of MS. This is a cross-sectional study involving 440 men and 556 women with a mean age of 24 years. Diagnosis of MS was made according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Blood levels of insulin and proinsulin were measured, and the insulin resistance status was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). The prevalence of MS was 10.1%. HOMA-IR was the best MS risk factor for both women and men (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.68-2.48 and 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05-1.13, respectively). HOMA-IR presented the best positive predictive value for MS: 22% and 36% for men and women, respectively, and was the best MS indicator. The proinsulin/insulin ratio did not show significant association with MS. HOMA-IR, proinsulin, and insulin presented good negative predictive values for both genders that could be used to identify an at-risk population.

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Higher toenail selenium is associated with increased insulin resistance risk in omnivores, but not in vegetarians

10.21203/rs.2.19743/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Qiuyun Gu ◽

Xueying Cui ◽

Kun Du ◽

Bian Wang ◽

Wei Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Resistance Risk

Abstract Background The relationship between selenium (Se) and insulin resistance remains unclear. We aim to explore the association between toenail Se levels and insulin resistance through a cross-sectional study comprising Chinese vegetarians and matched omnivores. Methods In this study, we enrolled 220 vegetarians and 220 omnivores matched by age and sex from Shanghai. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method was used to measure toenail Se levels. Dietary Se intakes were assessed by the 24-hour dietary recall method. Blood samples were collected to measure fasting blood glucose level and fasting insulin concentrations. Insulin resistance index（HOMA-IR）and insulin secretion index（HOMA-B）were calculated to evaluate insulin resistance. Multi-linear regression analysis was performed to determine the association between toenail Se levels and insulin resistance, after adjusting for confounders. Results The mean ages of vegetarians (76 vegans, 144 lacto-ovo-vegetarians) and omnivores were 35.96±8.73years and 35.23±8.93 years, respectively. Of these, 180 (81.8%) were female and 40 (18.2%) were male. No association was found between toenail Se levels and insulin resistance in vegetarians. However, the concentration of Se in toenails was positively correlated with fasting insulin levels ( β =1.030, 95% CI : 0.393 to 1.667) and HOMA-IR ( β =0.245, 95% CI : 0.098 to 0.392) in omnivores, after multivariate adjustment for age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, income, and daily dietary intakes (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber). This positive relationship persisted only in omnivores whose dietary Se intake was above 60 μg/d. Conclusions Higher toenail Se levels were associated with increased insulin resistance risk in Chinese omnivores whose dietary Se intake was above 60 μg/d, but not in vegetarians. These findings create awareness on the association of dietary Se intake above 60 μg/d with the risk of insulin resistance.

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Higher toenail selenium is associated with increased insulin resistance risk in omnivores, but not in vegetarians

10.21203/rs.2.19743/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Qiuyun Gu ◽

Xueying Cui ◽

Kun Du ◽

Bian Wang ◽

Wei Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Multilinear Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Resistance Risk

Abstract Background The relationship between selenium (Se) and insulin resistance remains unclear. We aim to evaluate the association between toenail Se levels and insulin resistance in China.Methods In this cross-sectional study, 220 vegetarians and 220 age-sex- matched omnivores from Shanghai were included. The toenail Se levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Dietary Se intakes were assessed by the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to examine fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin concentrations. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and insulin secretion index (HOMA-B) were calculated to assess insulin resistance. The multilinear regression models were performed, and the following covariates were included in the models: age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, income, and daily dietary intakes (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber).Results Toenail Se levels were not associated with insulin resistance among vegetarians but were positively associated with fasting insulin levels (β=1.030, 95% CI: 0.393, 1.667) and HOMA-IR (β=0.245, 95% CI: 0.098, 0.392) in omnivores. Stratifying the results by Se intake levels in the omnivores revealed a significant association among those with dietary Se intake ≥ 60 μg/d; insulin level (β=1.053, 95% CI: 0.415, 1.691) and HOMA-IR (β=13.271, 95% CI: 4.433, 22.109) but not in those with < 60 μg/d ; insulin level (β=2.146, 95% CI: -0.710, 5.002) and HOMA-IR (β=13.766, 95% CI: -46.868, 74.400).Conclusions Higher toenail Se levels were associated with increased insulin resistance risk in Chinese omnivores, but not in vegetarians.

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Associations of Plasma BACE1 Level and BACE1 C786G Gene Polymorphism with Cognitive Functions in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross- Sectional Study

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205017666200522210957 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 355-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sai Tian ◽

Rong Huang ◽

Dan Guo ◽

Hongyan Lin ◽

Jiaqi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gene Polymorphism ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logical Memory ◽

Bace1 Level

Background: β-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key enzyme involved in the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). We aimed to investigate the potential associations of plasma BACE1 levels and BACE1 gene polymorphism with different cognitive performances in T2DM patients with MCI. Methods: The recruited 186 T2DM subjects were divided into 92 MCI group and 94 healthy-cognition controls, according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical parameters and neuropsychological tests were assessed. BACE1 C786G gene polymorphism and plasma BACE1 level were determined. Results: Compared to controls, MCI patients exhibited higher plasma BACE1 levels. Plasma BACE1 levels were negatively associated with MoCA, Clock Drawing Test and Logical Memory Test scores, whereas positively associated with Trail Making Test-B time in the MCI group (all p<0.05), after adjusting fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance by C-peptide. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a significant trend towards increased MCI risk with high plasma BACE1 level in T2DM patients (OR = 1.492, p = 0.027). The plasma BACE1 levels of GG and GC genotypes were obviously higher than that of CC genotype in T2DM-MCI patients (p = 0.035; p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: Increased plasma BACE1 levels were associated with poor overall cognition functions, especially visuospatial abilities, visual/logical memory and executive functions in T2DM-MCI patients. Additionally, elevated plasma BACE1 level was a risk factor for MCI in T2DM patients, and might be influenced by BACE1 C786G gene mutations.

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Association of prehypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia with subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic Chinese: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019829 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. e019829 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bo Liu ◽

Zhihao Chen ◽

Xiaoqi Dong ◽

Guangming Qin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Intima Media Thickness ◽

Carotid Intima Media Thickness ◽

Control Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference

ObjectivesComorbid hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia is an important risk factor for carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation. We put forward the hypothesis that the subjects with comorbid prehypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia also had an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis, using carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) as the marker of the atherosclerotic process.MethodsA total of 4102 asymptomatic Chinese subjects aged 18–60 years were divided into four groups according to blood pressure (BP) and homocysteine (HCY) level: the control group without prehypertension or hyperhomocysteinemia, isolated prehypertension group, simple hyperhomocysteinemia group and prehypertension with hyperhomocysteinemia group. Serum lipids, fasting blood glucose (FBG), HCY and CIMT were measured.ResultsThere was significant difference in the positive rates of increased CIMT among four groups. Compared with the controls, the subjects in the other three groups had a higher risk of increased CIMT (isolated prehypertension group, OR 2.049, 95% CI 1.525 to 2.754; simple hyperhomocysteinemia group, OR 2.145, 95% CI 1.472 to 3.125; prehypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia group, OR 3.199, 95% CI 2.362 to 4.332). However, by multiple logistic regression analysis, only comorbid prehypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia was independently associated with increased CIMT (OR 1.485, 95% CI 1.047 to 2.108, P<0.05).ConclusionsComorbid prehypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia was an independent risk factor of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic Chinese, but isolated prehypertension or hyperhomocysteinemia was not. Therefore, combined intervention for prehypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to decrease the incident of cardiovascular disease.

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Association between mid-upper arm circumference and cardiometabolic risk in Chinese population: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-028904 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e028904 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yanan Hou ◽

Xu Jia ◽

Liping Xuan ◽

Wen Zhu ◽

Chanjuan Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Population ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Upper Body ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Arm Circumference ◽

Cardiometabolic Disorders ◽

Mid Upper Arm Circumference

ObjectivesUpper body fat has been associated with an unfavourable cardiometabolic risk. We aimed to investigate the associations between mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), a novel indicator of upper body fat, and a wide spectrum of cardiometabolic risk profiles in Chinese population.Design and settingCross-sectional analyses were performed using data from a well-defined community in 2014, Shanghai, China.ParticipantsA total of 6287 Chinese adults (2310 men and 3977 women) aged 40 years or older.Outcome measuresMultivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the associations of MUAC with cardiometabolic disorders including central obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and subclinical atherosclerosis.ResultsIn the overall participants, after multivariable adjustment, each 1 SD (3.13 cm) increment in MUAC was positively associated with central obesity (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.85 to 2.28), hypertension (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.19) and low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.22). Multivariable-adjusted ORs for subclinical atherosclerosis were gradually increased across increasing quartiles of MUAC with the lowest quartile as reference (quartile 2: OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.58; quartile 3: OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.62; quartile 4: OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.80; p for trend=0.005). Similar but more prominent associations were observed among women than men. In addition, MUAC was significantly interacted with diabetes (p for interaction=0.04) and insulin resistance (p for interaction=0.01) on subclinical atherosclerosis.ConclusionA greater MUAC was positively associated with higher risks of several cardiometabolic disorders and subclinical atherosclerosis in Chinese adults.

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Serum uric acid is associated with metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Uygur population

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h09-101 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 1032-1039 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nan F. Li ◽

Hong M. Wang ◽

Jin Yang ◽

Ling Zhou ◽

Xiao G. Yao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Model Assessment

The prevalence of hyperuricemia is low in Uygurs, who have a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, overweight–obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance (IR). This study sought to investigate the relationships between serum uric acid (UA) and these risk factors in this population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Uygurs (859 males, 1268 females) aged 20 to 70 years. Demographic data, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and fasting and postprandial blood were obtained, and biological measurements were determined. The mean of BMI, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and the prevalence of hypertension, IR, hyperglycemia, overweight–obesity, hypercholesteremia, hyper-LDL-c, and hypertriglyceridemia increased with UA but the prevalence of hypo-HDL-c decreased (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios for IR, overweight–obesity, hypercholesteremia, hyper-LDL-c, and hypertriglyceridemia against the lowest UA group increased but decreased for hypo-HDL-c (p < 0.05). The UA in the hypo-HDL-c group was lower than that of the controls; the prevalence of hypo-HDL-c in hyperuricemia subjects was lower than in those with normal UA (p < 0.05). But the opposite results were observed between overweight–obesity, hyperglycemia, IR, hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyper-LDL-c and correspondence controls, respectively (p < 0.05). In Uygur, elevated UA is associated with overweight–obesity, hypercholesteremia, hyper-LDL-c, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and IR. The HDL-c level significantly increases with UA, whereas the prevalence of hypo-HDL-c decreases. Further studies are needed to clarify why UA is positively correlated to HDL-c.

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Comparisons of different exercise interventions on glycemic control and insulin resistance in prediabetes: a network meta-analysis

BMC Endocrine Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12902-021-00846-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li Huang ◽

Yingjie Fang ◽

Lijun Tang

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Hba1c Level ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Exercise Interventions

Abstract Background In order to recommend the optimal type of exercise for type 2 diabetes prevention, different exercise interventions were compared with respect to their effects on glycemic control and insulin resistance. Methods Studies on the curative effect of aerobic exercise training (AET), resistance training (RT), or control training (CT) on prediabetes were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library databases. Body mass index (BMI); homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR); and fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin levels were used as outcome indicators. The Q statistic was calculated to evaluate heterogeneity within studies. A fixed- or random-effects model was used for pooling data based on nonsignificant or significant heterogeneities. A consistency test was conducted using a node-splitting analysis. Results A total of 13 eligible studies were included. The results of the direct meta-analysis indicated that AET or RT could significantly reduce the HbA1c level in prediabetic individuals compared to CT [AET vs. CT: standardized mean difference (SMD) = − 0.6739, 95% confidence interval (CI) = − 0.9424 to − 0.4055 to RT vs. CT: SMD = − 1.0014, 95% CI = − 1.3582 to − 0.6446]. The findings from the network meta-analysis showed that there were no statistical differences among the four comparisons for all the indicators except for lower HbA1c level (SMD = − 0.75, 95% CI = − 1.31 to − 0.19) and HOMA-IR (SMD = − 1.03, 95% CI = − 1.96 to − 0.10) in the AET group than in the CT group. In addition, prediabetic individuals in the AET + RT group showed greater control of BMI and insulin and FBG levels than those in the other groups, whereas AET was the most effective in controlling HbA1c and HOMA-IR levels in prediabetic individuals. Conclusion AET, AET + RT, and RT exerted beneficial effects on insulin resistance and glycemic control in prediabetic patients. From the existing data, AET or AET + RT is preferentially recommended for these patients, although further studies may unveil RT as a promising therapy. Benefits from all types of exercise seem to occur in an intensity-dependent manner.

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