scholarly journals Associations of Hair Cortisol Concentrations with General and Organ Fat Measures in Childhood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florianne O L Vehmeijer ◽  
Susana Santos ◽  
Romy Gaillard ◽  
Yolanda B de Rijke ◽  
Trudy Voortman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Fat Mass Index ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fat Fraction

Abstract Context Stress may lead to an adverse body fat distribution from childhood onwards. Objective To examine the associations of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) at 6 years with general and organ fat measures, risk of overweight, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) at 10 years and to assess whether these were independent of adiposity measures at 6 years. Design, Setting and participants HCCs were measured in hair of 6-year-old children (n = 2042) participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. Main Outcome Measures Body mass index (BMI), fat mass index measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and visceral fat index, pericardial fat index, liver fat fraction measured by magnetic resonance imaging and risk of overweight and NAFLD were obtained at 10 years. Results The associations of higher HCC at 6 years, with higher BMI, fat mass index, and increased risk of overweight at age 10 years are explained by the relationships observed at 6 years. HCCs at 6 years were associated with a higher liver fat fraction (difference 0.11 liver fat fraction standard deviation score; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03, 0.18) and a higher risk of NAFLD at 10 years (odds ratio 1.95; 95% CI 1.06, 3.56), independent of fat mass index at 6 years. HCCs were not associated with pericardial or visceral fat indices. Conclusions Higher HCCs at 6 years were associated with higher BMI, fat mass index, liver fat fraction, and higher risks of overweight and NAFLD at 10 years. Only the associations for liver fat fraction and NAFLD were independent of fat mass index at 6 years.

scholarly journals Elevated Circulating Glutamate Is Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis Independently of Established Risk Markers: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Lehn-Stefan ◽  
Andreas Peter ◽  
Jürgen Machann ◽  
Fritz Schick ◽  
Elko Randrianarisoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Liver Fat Content ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Objective Elevated plasma glutamate levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Because plasma glutamate levels are also strongly associated with visceral adiposity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and high circulating levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), it is unknown to what extent elevated circulating glutamate is an independent marker of an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Methods Plasma levels of glutamate and BCAAs were measured in 102 individuals who were precisely phenotyped for body fat mass and distribution (magnetic resonance [MR] tomography), liver fat content (1H-MR spectroscopy), insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp [N = 57]), and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT). Results Plasma glutamate levels, adjusted for age, sex, body fat mass, and visceral fat mass, correlated positively with liver fat content and cIMT (all std β ≥ .22, all P ≤ .023) and negatively with insulin sensitivity (std β ≤ –.31, P ≤ .002). Glutamate levels also were associated with cIMT, independently of additional adjustment for liver fat content, insulin sensitivity and BCAAs levels (std β ≥ .24, P ≤ .02). Furthermore, an independent positive association of glutamate and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels was observed (N = 50; std β = .39, P = .03). Although glutamate, adjusted for age, sex, body fat mass, and visceral fat mass, also correlated positively with cIMT in this subgroup (std β = .31, P = .02), after additional adjustment for the parameters liver fat content, insulin sensitivity, BCAAs, or IL-6 levels, adjustment for IL-6 most strongly attenuated this relationship (std β = .28, P = .05). Conclusions Elevated plasma glutamate levels are associated with increased cIMT, independently of established CVD risk factors, and this relationship may in part be explained by IL-6-associated subclinical inflammation.

scholarly journals Influence of methyltestosterone postmenopausal therapy on plasma lipids, inflammatory factors, glucose metabolism and visceral fat: a randomized study

2006 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenora M Camarate S M Leão ◽  
Mônica Peres C Duarte ◽  
Dalva Margareth B Silva ◽  
Paulo Roberto V Bahia ◽  
Cláudia Medina Coeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: There has been a growing interest in treating postmenopausal women with androgens. However, hyperandrogenemia in females has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: We aimed to assess the effects of androgen replacement on cardiovascular risk factors. Design: Thirty-seven postmenopausal women aged 42–62 years that had undergone hysterectomy were prospectively enrolled in a double-blind protocol to receive, for 12 months, percutaneous estradiol (E2) (1 mg/day) combined with either methyltestosterone (MT) (1.25 mg/day) or placebo. Methods: Along with treatment, we evaluated serum E2, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index, lipids, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein; glucose tolerance; insulin resistance; blood pressure; body-mass index; and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat mass as assessed by computed tomography. Results: A significant reduction in SHBG (P < 0.001) and increase in free testosterone index (P < 0.05; Repeated measures analysis of variance) were seen in the MT group. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lowered to a similar extent by both regimens, but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased only in the androgen group. MT-treated women showed a modest rise in body weight and gained visceral fat mass relative to the other group (P < 0.05), but there were no significant detrimental effects on fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance. Conclusion: This study suggests that the combination of low-dose oral MT and percutaneous E2, for 1 year, does not result in expressive increase of cardiovascular risk factors. This regimen can be recommended for symptomatic postmenopausal women, although it seems prudent to perform baseline and follow-up lipid profile and assessment of body composition, especially in those at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Comparison of liver enzymes and sonological grading in nonalcoholic fatty liver

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Bishnu Jwarchan ◽  
Subita Lalchan ◽  
Anil Dhakal ◽  
Ramesh R Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Diffuse Liver Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Social

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of diffuse liver disease with a global prevalence of 25.24% and progresses to fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Diagnosing NAFLD requires demonstration of increased liver fat and ultrasound imaging is widely used for screening. Specific blood tests to diagnose NAFLD and NASH are not yet available and alanine transaminase (ALT) has been used as a marker in population based studies. Aims and Objective: This study was aimed to compare the liver enzymes and sonological grading in NAFLD. Materials and Methods: A prospective hospital based observational study was carried out in 85 patients presenting to medical outpatient department (OPD) with ultrasonogical evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) from January 2016 to December 2016. The patients were sent for liver enzymes and serum ALT,aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were particularly correlated with the grade of NAFL.Data were collected on a preformed proformaand analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: In our study, mean age of the patients was 46.08 years and most of the patients were in age group of 40-60 years. Females (65.88%) were more affected than males (34.12%). There were 71 (83.5%) patients with grade 1 NAFL and 14 (16.5%) patients with grade 2 NAFL. The level of serum ALT increased with higher grades of NAFL. The mean ALT in grade 1 NAFL was 29.14±19.41 and in grade 2 NAFL was 42.19±2157; p= 0.027. Comparison of serum AST and GGT with ultrasonological grading did not show statistical difference. Conclusion: Serum ALT levels correlated with the ultrasonological grades of NAFLD (p = 0.027) whereas AST and ALT did not show statistical correlation with grades of fatty liver. Our study suggests for large sample size study for AST and GGT values relationship with ultrasonological grades.

scholarly journals Reductions in visceral fat during weight loss and walking are associated with improvements inV˙o 2 max

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Lynch ◽  
Barbara J. Nicklas ◽  
Dora M. Berman ◽  
Karen E. Dennis ◽  
Andrew P. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tissue Area ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

The accumulation of visceral fat is independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether the loss of visceral adipose tissue area (VAT; computed tomography) is related to improvements in maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) during a weight loss (250–350 kcal/day deficit) and walking (3 days/wk, 30–40 min) intervention. Forty obese [body fat 47 ± 1 (SE) %], sedentary (V˙o 2 max 19 ± 1 ml · kg−1 · min−1) postmenopausal women (age 62 ± 1 yr) participated in the study. The intervention resulted in significant declines in body weight (−8%), total fat mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; −17%), VAT (−17%), and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (−17%) with no change in lean body mass (all P < 0.001). Women with an average 10% increase in V˙o 2 max reduced VAT by an average of 20%, whereas those who did not increaseV˙o 2 max decreased VAT by only 10%, despite comparable reductions in body fat, fat mass, and subcutaneous adipose tissue area. The decrease in VAT was independently related to the change in V˙o 2 max( r 2 = 0.22; P < 0.01) and fat mass ( r 2 = 0.08; P = 0.05). These data indicate that greater improvements inV˙o 2 max with weight loss and walking are associated with greater reductions in visceral adiposity in obese postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals High Visceral Fat Mass and High Liver Fat Are Associated with Resistance to Lifestyle Intervention*

Obesity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Thamer ◽  
Juergen Machann ◽  
Norbert Stefan ◽  
Michael Haap ◽  
Silke Schäfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
High Liver

scholarly journals Young Adult LEW.1WR1 Rats, a Model of Liver FAT10 Overexpression, Develop Insulin Resistance and Fatty Liver With Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A514-A514
Author(s):  
Madushika M Wimalarathne ◽  
Luis D Mercado ◽  
Quiana C Wilkerson Vidal ◽  
James Wolfsberger ◽  
Victoria J McConnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
Insulin Tolerance

Abstract As human lifespan increases, comorbid conditions that impact quality of life have become a serious problem. FAT10 has been identified as a gene that when knocked out, improves age associated metabolic dysfunctions and increased longevity in mice (1). There is increased Fat10 expression in the liver in obesity (2,5). Providing evidence that fat10 expression may be important for triggering the transition to metabolic dysfunction in aging. Adult LEW.1WR1(1WR1) rats have increased body mass without excess abdominal fat mass compared to control rats (3). Yet, it was unclear where the excess mass was stored. We hypothesized that the 1WR1 rat would develop increased liver fat mass as a product of increased insulin resistance in response to increased liver fat10 expression over time. To test this hypothesis, we did insulin tolerance tests(7 weeks & 15 weeks), triglyceride assays, and histological analysis of the liver(23 weeks), in 1WR1 rats(n=7) and Wistar Furth (WF) rats(n=7) on control diets. We analyzed images using histological scoring for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from the literature (4). We also assessed the slides for Mallory Denk bodies (MBs). The body mass of 1WR1 rats were increased compared to WF rat groups starting from the age of 7 weeks (391.4∓8.572g vs. 271.8∓11.62g; p &lt;0.0006). 1WR1 rats became more insulin resistant with age, the 1WR1 rat group has increased AUC of 7 and 15 week Insulin Tolerance Tests (401.5∓23.54 vs. 245.3∓10.20 7w ITT1; p= 0.0728, 15w ITT2 328.2∓14.86 vs. 217.8∓9.; p &lt;0.0003) compared to WF rats. 1WR1 rats have increased liver mass (11.85g∓0.7699g vs. 7.235g∓0.3864g; p=0.0006) liver triglyceride levels compared to WF rats (192.8∓21.8 mg/mL vs. 130.1∓13.075 mg/mL; p=0.0728). 1WR1 rats have increased steatosis scores(1.857∓0.2608 vs. 1.143∓0.1429;p= 0.0862) yet significantly reduced inflammatory foci level (2∓0.8165 vs. 3∓0;p= 0.007), most 1WR1 hepatocytes are enlarged (ballooned) and contained MBs compared to WF rats suggesting 1WR1 rats have already passed the early inflammation stage. Adult 1WR1 rats developed reduced insulin sensitivity and lipid accumulation in the liver. These data support our hypothesis that 1WR1 rats would develop increased liver fat and impaired insulin resistance in response to aging and show that this process may be inflammation driven. (1) Canaan et al.,PNAS. April 2014; 111 (14): 5313-5318.(2)Vidal et al., FASEB.2020, 34: 1-1,(3) Collins et al., J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(1),(4).Kleiner et al., Hepatology, 2005; 41 (6): 1313–1321,(5).Dali-Youcef et al., Hepatol Commun. 2019;3(9):1205-1220.

scholarly journals The importance of visceral fat mass in obese pregnant women and relation with pregnancy outcomes

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Balani ◽  
Steve Hyer ◽  
Antoinette Johnson ◽  
Hassan Shehata
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Group 1

Background Maternal obesity is a well established risk factor for gestational diabetes but it is not known if the pattern of maternal fat distribution predicts adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods Body composition was assessed by bioimpedance using Inbody 720® in 302 consecutive obese pregnant women attending a weight management clinic. The relation of visceral fat mass and total percentage body fat with the development of gestational diabetes and perinatal outcomes was evaluated. Results Women developing gestational diabetes (Group 1; n = 72) were older, had higher body mass indices and greater central obesity (waist:hip ratio, visceral fat mass) compared with those remaining normoglycaemic. Visceral fat mass, but not percentage body fat, correlated with fasting glucose in all patients ( r = 0.2, p < 0.001) and particularly those in Group 1 ( r = 0.35, p = 0.002). Visceral fat mass, but not percentage body fat, also correlated strongly with glycaemia, particularly in Group 1 ( r = 0.47, p < 0.0001). Visceral fat mass also showed a weak but significant correlation with baby weight ( r = 0.17, p = 0.01). Discussion Central obesity, as assessed by early pregnancy waist:hip ratio and particularly by visceral fat mass, is a predictor of gestational diabetes in addition to classical risk factors and may help identify those obese patients at increased risk of complications.

scholarly journals Infant breastfeeding and childhood general, visceral, liver, and pericardial fat measures assessed by magnetic resonance imaging

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 722-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Vogelezang ◽  
Susana Santos ◽  
Eline M van der Beek ◽  
Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld ◽  
Liesbeth Duijts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Pericardial Fat ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Fat Fraction ◽  
Family Based ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Although a longer duration of breastfeeding has been associated with a lower risk of childhood obesity, the impact on specific organ fat depots is largely unknown. Objective We examined the associations of any breastfeeding, duration and exclusiveness of breastfeeding, and of age at introduction of solid foods with measures of general, visceral, and organ adiposity at 10 y. Design In a population-based prospective cohort study in 4444 children, we obtained information on infant feeding by questionnaires. At the mean age of 9.8 y, we estimated body mass index from height and weight; fat mass index and fat-free mass index by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; and visceral fat index, pericardial fat index, and liver fat fraction by MRI. MRI scans were performed in a subgroup of 2646 children. Results After adjustment for age and sex, we observed associations of infant feeding with all general, visceral, and organ fat outcomes, except for pericardial fat index, at the age of 10 y. After further adjustment for family-based sociodemographic, maternal lifestyle-related, and childhood factors, only the associations of shorter breastfeeding duration and nonexclusive breastfeeding with a lower fat-free mass index remained significant (P < 0.05). The associations of infant feeding with visceral fat index and liver fat fraction were attenuated to nonsignificant. Maternal education was found to be the strongest confounder. Conclusion Our results suggest that the assoiations of any breastfeeding, duration and exclusiveness of breastfeeding, and age at the introduction of solid foods with general, visceral, and organ fat measures at the age of 10 y are largely explained by family-based sociodemographic factors.

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