Lipid Metabolism Links Nutrient-Exercise Timing to Insulin Sensitivity in Men Classified as Overweight or Obese

Abstract Context Pre-exercise nutrient availability alters acute metabolic responses to exercise, which could modulate training responsiveness. Objective To assess acute and chronic effects of exercise performed before versus after nutrient ingestion on whole-body and intramuscular lipid utilization and postprandial glucose metabolism. Design (1) Acute, randomized, crossover design (Acute Study); (2) 6-week, randomized, controlled design (Training Study). Setting General community. Participants Men with overweight/obesity (mean ± standard deviation, body mass index: 30.2 ± 3.5 kg⋅m-2 for Acute Study, 30.9 ± 4.5 kg⋅m-2 for Training Study). Interventions Moderate-intensity cycling performed before versus after mixed-macronutrient breakfast (Acute Study) or carbohydrate (Training Study) ingestion. Results Acute Study—exercise before versus after breakfast consumption increased net intramuscular lipid utilization in type I (net change: –3.44 ± 2.63% versus 1.44 ± 4.18% area lipid staining, P < 0.01) and type II fibers (–1.89 ± 2.48% versus 1.83 ± 1.92% area lipid staining, P < 0.05). Training Study—postprandial glycemia was not differentially affected by 6 weeks of exercise training performed before versus after carbohydrate intake (P > 0.05). However, postprandial insulinemia was reduced with exercise training performed before but not after carbohydrate ingestion (P = 0.03). This resulted in increased oral glucose insulin sensitivity (25 ± 38 vs –21 ± 32 mL⋅min-1⋅m-2; P = 0.01), associated with increased lipid utilization during exercise (r = 0.50, P = 0.02). Regular exercise before nutrient provision also augmented remodeling of skeletal muscle phospholipids and protein content of the glucose transport protein GLUT4 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Experiments investigating exercise training and metabolic health should consider nutrient-exercise timing, and exercise performed before versus after nutrient intake (ie, in the fasted state) may exert beneficial effects on lipid utilization and reduce postprandial insulinemia.

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Lipid metabolism links nutrient-exercise timing to insulin sensitivity in men classified as overweight or obese

10.1101/742627 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.M. Edinburgh ◽

H.E Bradley ◽

N-F. Abdullah ◽

S.L. Robinson ◽

O.J. Chrzanowski-Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Whole Body ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Type I ◽

Muscle Adaptation ◽

Fed State ◽

Exercise Timing

AbstractContextPre-exercise nutrient availability alters acute metabolic responses to exercise, which could modulate training responsiveness. We hypothesised that in men with overweight/obesity, acute exercise before versus after nutrient ingestion would increase whole-body and intramuscular lipid utilization, translating into greater increases in oral glucose insulin sensitivity over 6-weeks of training.Design and ParticipantsWe showed in men with overweight/obesity (mean±SD for BMI: 30.2±3.5 kg×m-2 for acute, crossover study, 30.9±4.5 kg×m-2 for randomized, controlled, training study) a single exercise bout before versus after nutrient provision increased lipid utilisation at the whole-body level, but also in both type I (p<0.01) and type II muscle fibres (p=0.02). We then used a 6-week training intervention to show sustained, 2-fold increases in lipid utilisation with exercise before versus after nutrient provision (p<0.01).Main Outcome MeasuresPostprandial glycemia was not differentially affected by exercise training before vs after nutrient provision (p>0.05), yet plasma was reduced with exercise training before, but not after nutrient provision (p=0.03), resulting in increased oral glucose insulin sensitivity when training was performed before versus after nutrient provision (25±38 vs −21±32 mL×min-1×m-2; p=0.01) and this was associated with increased lipid utilisation during exercise (r=0.50, p=0.02). Regular exercise prior to nutrient provision augmented remodelling of skeletal muscle phospholipids and protein content of the glucose transport protein GLUT4 (p<0.05).ConclusionsExperiments investigating exercise training and metabolic health should consider nutrient-exercise timing, and exercise performed before versus after nutrient intake (i.e., in the fasted state) may exert beneficial effects on lipid utilisation and reduce postprandial insulinemia.PrécisExercise in the fasted-versus fed-state increased intramuscular and whole-body lipid use, translating into increased muscle adaptation and insulin sensitivity when regularly performed over 6 weeks.

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Bone Marrow Metabolism Is Impaired in Insulin Resistance and Improves After Exercise Training

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgaa516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (12) ◽

pp. e4290-e4303

Author(s):

Ronja Ojala ◽

Kumail K Motiani ◽

Kaisa K Ivaska ◽

Milja Arponen ◽

Jari-Joonas Eskelinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Bone Turnover ◽

Whole Body ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Anatomical Location ◽

Acid Uptake ◽

Mineral Density

Abstract Context Exercise training improves bone mineral density, but little is known about the effects of training on bone marrow (BM) metabolism. BM insulin sensitivity has been suggested to play an important role in bone health and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Objective To study the effects of exercise training on BM metabolism. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Clinical research center. Participants Sedentary healthy (n = 28, 40–55 years, all males) and insulin resistant (IR) subjects (n = 26, 43–55 years, males/females 16/10) Intervention Two weeks of sprint interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training Main outcome measures We measured femoral, lumbar, and thoracic BM insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) and fasting free fatty acid uptake (FFAU) using positron-emission tomography and bone turnover markers from plasma. Results At baseline, GU was highest in lumbar, followed by thoracic, and lowest in femoral BM (all Ps < 0.0001). FFAU was higher in lumbar and thoracic than femoral BM (both Ps < 0.0001). BM FFAU and femoral BM GU were higher in healthy compared to IR men and in females compared to males (all Ps < 0.05). Training increased femoral BM GU similarly in all groups and decreased lumbar BM FFAU in males (all Ps < 0.05). Osteocalcin and PINP were lower in IR than healthy men and correlated positively with femoral BM GU and glycemic status (all Ps < 0.05). Conclusions BM metabolism differs regarding anatomical location. Short-term training improves BM GU and FFAU in healthy and IR subjects. Bone turnover rate is decreased in insulin resistance and associates positively with BM metabolism and glycemic control. Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT01344928.

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Effect of training on insulin binding to rat skeletal muscle sarcolemmal vesicles

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.5.e570 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 250 (5) ◽

pp. E570-E575

Author(s):

G. K. Grimditch ◽

R. J. Barnard ◽

S. A. Kaplan ◽

E. Sternlicht

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Insulin Binding ◽

Whole Body ◽

Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽

Binding Studies ◽

Muscle Enzyme ◽

Intravenous Glucose ◽

High Affinity

We examined the hypothesis that the exercise training-induced increase in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity is mediated by adaptations in insulin binding to sarcolemmal (SL) insulin receptors. Insulin binding studies were performed on rat skeletal muscle SL isolated from control and trained rats. No significant differences were noted between groups in body weight or fat. An intravenous glucose tolerance test showed an increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity with training, and specific D-glucose transport studies on isolated SL vesicles indicated that this was due in part to adaptations in skeletal muscle. Enzyme marker analyses revealed no differences in yield, purity, or contamination of SL membranes between the two groups. Scatchard analyses indicated no significant differences in the number of insulin binding sites per milligram SL protein on the high-affinity (15.0 +/- 4.1 vs. 18.1 +/- 6.4 X 10(9)) or on the low-affinity portions (925 +/- 80 vs. 884 +/- 106 X 10(9)) of the curves. The association constants of the high-affinity (0.764 +/- 0.154 vs. 0.685 +/- 0.264 X 10(9) M-1) and of the low affinity sites (0.0096 +/- 0.0012 vs. 0.0102 +/- 0.0012 X 10(9) M-1) also were similar. These results do not support the hypothesis that the increased sensitivity to insulin after exercise training is due to changes in SL insulin receptor binding.

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Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9060637 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 637

Author(s):

Shengyan Sun ◽

Zhaowei Kong ◽

Qingde Shi ◽

Haifeng Zhang ◽

On-Kei Lei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Training Group ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Carbohydrate Restriction ◽

Obese Women ◽

Low Carbohydrate Diet

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 4-week low-carbohydrate diet (LC) with or without exercise training on cardiometabolic health-related profiles in overweight/obese women. Methods: Fifty overweight/obese Chinese women (age: 22.2 ± 3.3 years, body mass index (BMI): 25.1 ± 3.1 kg·m−2) were randomized to either a LC control group (LC-CON, n = 16), a LC and high-intensity interval training group (LC-HIIT, n = 17), or a LC and moderate-intensity continuous training group (LC-MICT, n = 17). All groups consumed LC for 4 weeks, while the LC-HIIT and LC-MICT groups followed an additional five sessions of HIIT (10 × 6 s cycling sprints and 9 s rest intervals, 2.5 min in total) or MICT (cycling continuously at 50–60% of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) for 30 min) weekly. Blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin sensitivity, and several metabolic or appetite regulating hormones were measured before and after intervention. Results: Significant reductions in body weight (− ~2.5 kg, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.772) and BMI (− ~1 unit, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.782) were found in all groups. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by 5–6 mmHg (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.370); fasting insulin, leptin, and ghrelin levels were also significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while insulin sensitivity was improved. However, there were no significant changes in fasting glucose, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory peptide levels. Furthermore, no group differences were found among the three groups, suggesting that extra training (i.e., LC-HIIT and LC-MICT) failed to trigger additional effects on these cardiometabolic profiles. Conclusions: The short-term carbohydrate restriction diet caused significant weight loss and improved blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in the overweight/obese women, although the combination with exercise training had no additional benefits on the examined cardiometabolic profiles. Moreover, the long-term safety and effectiveness of LC needs further study.

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Determinants of changes in blood glucose response to short-term exercise training in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20070422 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 115 (9) ◽

pp. 273-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Matthew D. Hordern ◽

Louise M. Cooney ◽

Elaine M. Beller ◽

Johannes B. Prins ◽

Thomas H. Marwick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Training Group ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Short Term

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a 4-week exercise training intervention on blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, BMI (body mass index) and cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with Type 2 diabetes, and to identify and establish criteria for patients who are more likely to improve their blood glucose from short-term exercise training. A randomized, controlled trial of exercise training, comprising two supervised and one non-supervised sessions of individualized cardiorespiratory and resistance exercise per week, was performed in 132 healthy patients with Type 2 diabetes (exercise training group, n=68), with the aim of accumulating a minimum of 150 min of moderate-intensity exercise for 4 weeks. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipid profile, blood glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity [calculated by HOMAIR (homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and QUICKI (quantitative insulin check index)], β-cell function (calculated by HOMAβ-Cell), HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) and V̇O2max (maximal oxygen consumption) were measured at baseline and at 4 weeks. The exercise training group had significant improvements in V̇O2max, BMI and triacylglycerols (triglycerides). There were no significant changes in blood glucose, HOMAIR, QUICKI or HOMAβ-Cell. Decreases in blood glucose were significantly predicted by baseline blood glucose and HbA1c, with these variables accounting for 15.9% of the change in blood glucose (P<0.001). ROC (receiver operator characteristic) curve analysis revealed that patients with a blood glucose >8.85 mmol/l (sensitivity=73%, specificity=78%) and HbA1c >7.15% (sensitivity=79%, specificity=60%) were more likely to achieve a clinically significant decrease in blood glucose. In conclusion, in apparently healthy patients with Type 2 diabetes, a 4-week exercise intervention improved cardiorespiratory fitness, BMI and triacylglycerols. Elevated blood glucose and HbA1c predicted improvements in blood glucose.

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Effect of metformin on substrate utilization after exercise training in adults with impaired glucose tolerance

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0433 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 427-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Steven K. Malin ◽

Barry Braun

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Glucose Kinetics

Metformin attenuates the higher insulin sensitivity that occurs with exercise training. Sixteen people with prediabetes trained for 10 weeks while taking metformin (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8). Substrate utilization was assessed using glucose kinetics and indirect calorimetry. After training, exercise whole-body fat oxidation was higher and glycogen use lower (p < 0.05), with no differences between groups. Blood glucose use was unchanged. Training-induced enhancement of insulin sensitivity (clamp) correlated with higher peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.70; p < 0.05), but was independent of glucose kinetic and substrate metabolism.

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Short-term interval training alters brain glucose metabolism in subjects with insulin resistance

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1177/0271678x17734998 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 1828-1838 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sanna M Honkala ◽

Jarkko Johansson ◽

Kumail K Motiani ◽

Jari-Joonas Eskelinen ◽

Kirsi A Virtanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Interval Training ◽

Insulin Level ◽

Whole Body ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Acid Uptake ◽

Short Term ◽

Continuous Training ◽

Sedentary Subjects

Brain insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) is increased in obese and insulin resistant subjects but normalizes after weight loss along with improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to study whether short-term exercise training (moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) or sprint interval training (SIT)) alters substrates for brain energy metabolism in insulin resistance. Sedentary subjects ( n = 21, BMI 23.7–34.3 kg/m2, age 43–55 y) with insulin resistance were randomized into MICT ( n = 11, intensity≥60% of VO2peak) or SIT ( n = 10, all-out) groups for a two-week training intervention. Brain GU during insulin stimulation and fasting brain free fatty acid uptake (FAU) was measured using PET. At baseline, brain GU was positively associated with the fasting insulin level and negatively with the whole-body insulin sensitivity. The whole-body insulin sensitivity improved with both training modes (20%, p = 0.007), while only SIT led to an increase in aerobic capacity (5%, p = 0.03). SIT also reduced insulin-stimulated brain GU both in global cortical grey matter uptake (12%, p = 0.03) and in specific regions ( p < 0.05, all areas except the occipital cortex), whereas no changes were observed after MICT. Brain FAU remained unchanged after the training in both groups. These findings show that short-term SIT effectively decreases insulin-stimulated brain GU in sedentary subjects with insulin resistance.

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