scholarly journals Differential Expression of a Cutaneous Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone System

Endocrinology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 941-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Slominski ◽  
Alexander Pisarchik ◽  
Desmond J. Tobin ◽  
Joseph E. Mazurkiewicz ◽  
Jacobo Wortsman
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Preferential Expression ◽  
Eccrine Glands ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Skin Function ◽  
Human And Mouse

Abstract We completed the mapping of a cutaneous CRH signaling system in two species with widely different determinants of skin functions, humans and mice. In human skin, the CRH receptor (CRH-R) 1 was expressed in all major cellular populations of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis with CRH-R1α being the most prevalent isoform. The CRH-R2 gene was expressed solely in hair follicle keratinocytes and papilla fibroblasts, whereas CRH-R2 antigen was localized predominantly in hair follicles, sebaceous and eccrine glands, muscle and blood vessels. In mouse skin, the CRH-R2 gene and protein were widely expressed in all cutaneous compartments and in cultured normal and malignant melanocytes. CRH-binding protein mRNA was present in dermal fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and sc fat of human skin and undetectable in mouse skin. The urocortin II gene was expressed equally in mouse and human skin. Taken together with our previous investigations, the present studies document the preferential expression of CRH-R1 in human skin, which mirrors CRH-R2 expression patterns in human and mouse skin. They are likely reflecting different functional activities of human and mouse skin. The adnexal location of CRH-R2 suggests a role for the receptor in hair growth. The differential interspecies CRH signaling expression pattern probably reflects adaptation to species-specific skin function determinants.

scholarly journals Comparison of human and mouse tissues with focus on genes with no 1-to-1 homology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Jeong ◽  
Manolis Kellis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Therapy Targets ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Tissues Expression ◽  
Human And Mouse

We assembled a panel of 28 tissue pairs of human and mouse with RNA-Seq data on gene expression. We focused on genes with no 1-to-1 homology, because they pose special challenges. In this way, we identified expression patterns that identify and explain differences between the two species and suggest target genes for therapeutic applications. Here we mention three examples. One pattern is observed by defining the aggregate expression of immunoglobulin genes (which have no homology) as a measure of different levels of an immune response. In Lung, we used this statistic to find genes that have significantly higher expression in low/moderate response, and thus they may be therapy targets: increasing their expression or mimicking their function with medications may help in recovery from inflammation in the lungs. Some of the observed associations are common to human and mouse; other associations involve genes involved in cell-to-cell signaling or in regeneration but were not known to be important in Lung. Second pattern is that in the Small Intestine, mouse expresses much less antimicrobial defensins, while it has much higher expression of enzymes that are found to improve adaptive immune response. Such enzymes may be tested if they improve probiotic supplements that help in gut inflammation and other diseases. Another pattern involves a many-to-many homology group of defensins that did not have a described function. In human tissues, expression of its genes was found only in a study of a disease of hair covered skin, but several of its genes are highly expressed in two tissues of our panel: mouse Skin and to a lesser degree mouse Vagina. This suggests that those genes or their homologs in other species may provide non-antibiotic medications for hair covered skin and other tissues with microbiome that includes fungi.

Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

1992 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Choudhry ◽  
M. B. Hodgins ◽  
T. H. Van der Kwast ◽  
A. O. Brinkmann ◽  
W. J. A. Boersma
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Epidermal Keratinocytes ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Dermal Papillae

ABSTRACT A mouse monoclonal antibody against the N-terminal region of human androgen receptor (AR) was used to identify receptors by immunoperoxidase staining in frozen serial sections of skin from scalp, face, limb and genitalia of men and women aged 30–80 years. AR staining was restricted to cell nuclei. In sebaceous glands, AR were identified in basal and differentiating sebocytes. The percentage of receptor-positive basal sebocyte nuclei in the temple/forehead region was greater in males (65%) than in females (29%). AR staining was restricted to the cells of dermal papillae in anagen and telogen hair follicles. The percentage of dermal papillae containing AR was greater in males (58%) than in females (20%). The number of positively stained dermal papillae was lowest in female scalp skin. In 163 hair follicles sectioned, AR were absent from germinative matrix, outer root sheath (including the bulge region), inner root sheath, hair shaft and hair bulb, and from the capillaries present in some large dermal papillae. AR were present in pilosebaceous duct keratinocytes, suggesting that androgens may influence pilosebaceous duct keratinization. AR were also identified in interfollicular epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts although, in both cell types, intensity and frequency of staining were greatest in genital skin. AR were identified in luminal epithelial cells of apocrine glands in genital skin and in certain cells of the secretory coils of eccrine sweat glands in all body sites. This study indicates that androgens regulate sebaceous gland and hair growth by acting upon two different types of target cells, the epithelial sebocytes of sebaceous glands and the mesenchymal cells of the hair follicle dermal papilla. AR staining in either cell type was not influenced by age in adults. The distribution of AR in human skin is consistent with the diverse effects of androgens on the structure and function of skin and its appendages. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 133, 467–475

The top skin-associated genes: a comparative analysis of human and mouse skin transcriptomes

2014 ◽  
Vol 395 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Arne Gerber ◽  
Bettina Alexandra Buhren ◽  
Holger Schrumpf ◽  
Bernhard Homey ◽  
Albert Zlotnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Human And Mouse

Abstract The mouse represents a key model system for the study of the physiology and biochemistry of skin. Comparison of skin between mouse and human is critical for interpretation and application of data from mouse experiments to human disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on structure and immunology of mouse and human skin. Moreover, we present a systematic comparison of human and mouse skin transcriptomes. To this end, we have recently used a genome-wide database of human gene expression to identify genes highly expressed in skin, with no, or limited expression elsewhere – human skin-associated genes (hSAGs). Analysis of our set of hSAGs allowed us to generate a comprehensive molecular characterization of healthy human skin. Here, we used a similar database to generate a list of mouse skin-associated genes (mSAGs). A comparative analysis between the top human (n=666) and mouse (n=873) skin-associated genes (SAGs) revealed a total of only 30.2% identity between the two lists. The majority of shared genes encode proteins that participate in structural and barrier functions. Analysis of the top functional annotation terms revealed an overlap for morphogenesis, cell adhesion, structure, and signal transduction. The results of this analysis, discussed in the context of published data, illustrate the diversity between the molecular make up of skin of both species and grants a probable explanation, why results generated in murine in vivo models often fail to translate into the human.

Bacterial DNA on the skin surface overrepresents the viable skin microbiome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M Acosta ◽  
Katherine A Little ◽  
Benjamin P Bratton ◽  
Xuming Mao ◽  
Aimee S Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Human And Mouse

The skin microbiome provides vital contributions to human health and was historically assumed to be a well-mixed community that coats the skin surface. However, its spatial organization and viability remain unclear. Here we apply culturing, imaging, and molecular approaches to both human and mouse skin samples, and find that the skin surface is colonized by far few viable bacteria than would be predicted by its levels of bacterial DNA. Instead, viable skin-associated bacteria are primarily present in hair follicles and other cutaneous invaginations. Furthermore, we establish that a relatively small number of bacterial families dominate each skin site and that traditional sequencing methods overestimate the skin microbiome's richness and diversity. These findings address multiple outstanding questions in skin microbiome biology with significant implications for future efforts to study and manipulate it.

scholarly journals Dermal fibroblasts: the terminology, heterogeneity of subpopulations and common properties

Morphologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
I. V. Tverdokhlib ◽  
Yu. V. Silkina
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
Deep Dermis ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Superficial Dermis ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Adult Human Skin

Dermal fibroblasts are a dynamic and diverse population of cells whose functions in skin in many respects remain unknown. Normal adult human skin contains at least three distinct subpopulations of fibroblasts, which occupy unique niches in the dermis. Fibroblasts from each of these niches exhibit distinctive differences when cultured separately. Specific differences in fibroblast histophysiology are evident in papillary dermal fibroblasts, which reside in the superficial dermis, and reticular fibroblasts, which reside in the deep dermis. Both of these subpopulations of fibroblasts differ from the fibroblasts that are associated with hair follicles. Fibroblasts engage in fibroblast-epidermal interactions during hair development and in interfollicular regions of skin. They also play an important role in cutaneous structural transformations.

scholarly journals Pep-1 as a Novel Probe for the In Situ Detection of Hyaluronan

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Zmolik ◽  
Mark E. Mummert
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Weak Staining ◽  
Granular Layers ◽  
In Situ Detection ◽  
Human And Mouse

Hyaluronan (HA) is expressed by most tissues, including skin. Localization of HA in the skin is assessed by histology with HA-binding protein (HABP) serving as the probe. Reports have suggested that HA expression in skin is altered in a number of diseases. However, interlaboratory variations in HABP staining profiles, even in normal skin, suggest a need to standardize methods and/or identify new probes. We report the staining patterns of a HA-binding peptide (termed “Pep-1”) in human and mouse skin. After acetone fixation, Pep-1 stained HA in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis, whereas staining in the dermis was weak and diffuse in both human and mouse skin. HABP staining of the epidermis and dermis were comparable in human skin but failed to stain the vital epidermis of mouse skin. In human skin, Pep-1 stained the basal, spinous, and granular layers, whereas HABP failed to stain the basal layer. Precipitation of HA in situ resulted in dermal staining but weak staining in the epidermis for HABP and Pep-1. Our results may suggest that Pep-1 is sensitive to HA conformation. Furthermore, Pep-1 may represent a new probe to study HA expression in the skin.

scholarly journals Single-cell transcriptomes of the aging human skin reveal loss of fibroblast priming

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llorenç Solé-Boldo ◽  
Günter Raddatz ◽  
Sabrina Schütz ◽  
Jan-Philipp Mallm ◽  
Karsten Rippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Skin Cell ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dermal Cell ◽  
And Function

SummaryFibroblasts are the main dermal cell type and are essential for the architecture and function of human skin. Important differences have been described between fibroblasts localized in distinct dermal layers, and these cells are also known to perform varied functions. However, this phenomenon has not been analyzed comprehensively yet. Here we have used single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze >15,000 cells from a sun-protected area in young and old donors. Our results define four main fibroblast subpopulations that can be spatially localized and functionally distinguished. Importantly, intrinsic aging reduces this fibroblast ‘priming’, generates distinct expression patterns of skin aging-associated genes, and substantially reduces the interactions of dermal fibroblasts with other skin cell types. Our work thus provides comprehensive evidence for a functional specialization of human dermal fibroblasts and suggests that the age-related loss of fibroblast priming contributes to human skin aging.

Roles for PDGF-A and sonic hedgehog in development of mesenchymal components of the hair follicle

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (12) ◽  
pp. 2611-2621 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Karlsson ◽  
C. Bondjers ◽  
C. Betsholtz
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dermal Papilla ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Dermal Papillae

Skin appendages, such as hair, develop as a result of complex reciprocal signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. These interactions are not well understood at the molecular level. Platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) is expressed in the developing epidermis and hair follicle epithelium, and its receptor PDGF-Ralpha is expressed in associated mesenchymal structures. Here we have characterized the skin and hair phenotypes of mice carrying a null mutation in the PDGF-A gene. Postnatal PDGF-A−/− mice developed thinner dermis, misshapen hair follicles, smaller dermal papillae, abnormal dermal sheaths and thinner hair, compared with wild-type siblings. BrdU labeling showed reduced cell proliferation in the dermis and in the dermal sheaths of PDGF-A−/− skin. PDGF-A−/− skin transplantation to nude mice led to abnormal hair formation, reproducing some of the features of the skin phenotype of PDGF-A−/− mice. Taken together, expression patterns and mutant phenotypes suggest that epidermal PDGF-A has a role in stimulating the proliferation of dermal mesenchymal cells that may contribute to the formation of dermal papillae, mesenchymal sheaths and dermal fibroblasts. Finally, we show that sonic hedgehog (shh)−/− mouse embryos have disrupted formation of dermal papillae. Such embryos fail to form pre-papilla aggregates of postmitotic PDGF-Ralpha-positive cells, suggesting that shh has a critical role in the assembly of the dermal papilla.

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