scholarly journals Exposure to Di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in Utero and during Lactation Causes Long-Term Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Disruption in Male and Female Mouse Offspring

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 937-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Pocar ◽  
Nadia Fiandanese ◽  
Camillo Secchi ◽  
Anna Berrini ◽  
Bernd Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Offspring ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ethyl Hexyl ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Estrogen Synthesis ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Weight Decrease ◽  
And Function

The present study examined the effects in mice of exposure to di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) throughout pregnancy and lactation on the development and function of the pituitary-gonadal axis in male and female offspring once they have attained adulthood. Groups of two to three dams were exposed with the diet from gestational d 0.5 until the end of lactation, at 0, 0.05, 5, and 500 mg DEHP/kg · d. The experiment was repeated three times (total: seven to 10 dams per treatment). The 500-mg dose caused complete pregnancy failure, whereas exposure to doses of 0.05 and 5 mg did not affect pregnancy and litter size. In total, about 30 male and 30 female offspring per group were analyzed. Offspring of the DEHP-treated groups, compared with controls, at sexual maturity showed: 1) lower body weight (decrease 20–25%, P < 0.001); 2) altered gonad weight (testes were ∼13% lighter and ovaries ∼40% heavier; P < 0.001); 3) poor germ cell quality (semen was ∼50% less concentrated and 20% less viable, and ∼10% fewer oocytes reached MII stage, P < 0.001); 4) significant lower expression of steroidogenesis and gonadotropin-receptor genes in the gonads; and 5) up-regulated gonadotropin subunit gene expression in the pituitary. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, in maternally exposed male and female mice, DEHP acts on multiple pathways involved in maintaining steroid homeostasis. Specifically, in utero and lactational DEHP exposure may alter estrogen synthesis in both sexes. This, in turn, induces dysregulation of pituitary-gonadal feedback and alters the reproductive performance of exposed animals.

Growing healthy muscles to optimise metabolic health into adult life

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 420-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Bayol ◽  
C. R. Bruce ◽  
G. D. Wadley
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
And Function

The importance of skeletal muscle for metabolic health and obesity prevention is gradually gaining recognition. As a result, interventions are being developed to increase or maintain muscle mass and metabolic function in adult and elderly populations. These interventions include exercise, hormonal and nutritional therapies. Nonetheless, growing evidence suggests that maternal malnutrition and obesity during pregnancy and lactation impede skeletal muscle development and growth in the offspring, with long-term functional consequences lasting into adult life. Here we review the role of skeletal muscle in health and obesity, providing an insight into how this tissue develops and discuss evidence that maternal obesity affects its development, growth and function into adult life. Such evidence warrants the need to develop early life interventions to optimise skeletal muscle development and growth in the offspring and thereby maximise metabolic health into adult life.

scholarly journals High Maternal Omega-3 Supplementation Dysregulates Body Weight and Leptin in Newborn Male and Female Rats: Implications for Hypothalamic Developmental Programming

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Soniya Xavier ◽  
Jasmine Gili ◽  
Peter McGowan ◽  
Simin Younesi ◽  
Paul F. A. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Offspring Development ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Impact

Maternal diet is critical for offspring development and long-term health. Here we investigated the effects of a poor maternal diet pre-conception and during pregnancy on metabolic outcomes and the developing hypothalamus in male and female offspring at birth. We hypothesised that offspring born to dams fed a diet high in fat and sugar (HFSD) peri-pregnancy will have disrupted metabolic outcomes. We also determined if these HFSD-related effects could be reversed by a shift to a healthier diet post-conception, in particular to a diet high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs), since ω3 PUFAs are considered essential for normal neurodevelopment. Unexpectedly, our data show that there are minimal negative effects of maternal HFSD on newborn pups. On the other hand, consumption of an ω3-replete diet during pregnancy altered several developmental parameters. As such, pups born to high-ω3-fed dams weighed less for their length, had reduced circulating leptin, and also displayed sex-specific disruption in the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Collectively, our study shows that maternal intake of a diet rich in ω3 PUFAs during pregnancy may be detrimental for some metabolic developmental outcomes in the offspring. These data indicate the importance of a balanced dietary intake in pregnancy and highlight the need for further research into the impact of maternal ω3 intake on offspring development and long-term health.

scholarly journals Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. C. Lee ◽  
L. Christine Ribeiro ◽  
David S. Martin ◽  
Sara R. Zwart ◽  
Alan H. Feiveson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Low Earth Orbit ◽  
Earth Orbit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Arterial Structure ◽  
And Function

Carotid artery structure and stiffness did not change on average in astronauts during long-duration spaceflight (<12 mo), despite increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Most oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers returned to preflight levels soon after landing. Brachial artery structure and function also were unchanged by spaceflight. In this group of healthy middle-aged male and female astronauts, spaceflight in low Earth orbit does not appear to increase long-term cardiovascular health risk.

scholarly journals Resveratrol Intake During Pregnancy and Lactation Modulates the Early Metabolic Effects of Maternal Nutrition Differently in Male and Female Offspring

Endocrinology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 810-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purificación Ros ◽  
Francisca Díaz ◽  
Alejandra Freire-Regatillo ◽  
Pilar Argente-Arizón ◽  
Vicente Barrios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Sex-specific effects of low protein diet on in utero programming of renal G-protein coupled receptors

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-L. Cooke ◽  
L. Zhao ◽  
S. Gysler ◽  
E. Arany ◽  
T. R. H. Regnault
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an important risk factor for development of hypertension, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Maternal low protein (LP) intake during rat pregnancy leads to IUGR in male and female offspring, although females may be resistant to the development of effect. Current evidence suggests that changes in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in utero contribute to this programmed hypertension, via sex-specific mechanisms. The previously orphaned G-protein coupled receptor (GPR91) was identified as a central player in the development of hypertension in adult mice, through a RAS-dependent pathway. However, whether the GPR91 pathway contributes to fetal programming is unknown. Furthermore, the nature of involvement of downstream modulators of the RAS including Gqα/11α and GαS has not been investigated in IUGR-LP rats. Therefore, we postulated that renal GPR91, in conjunction with RAS, is differentially impacted in a sex-specific manner from LP-induced IUGR rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed control (C, 20% protein) or LP (8% protein) diet until embryonic day 19 (E19) or postnatal d21. At E19, GPR91 protein and mRNA were increased in both male and female LP kidneys (P<0.05), whereas renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were only increased in males (P=0.06 and P<0.05, respectively). On d21, AT1R and Gqα/11α were increased in LP males, while in LP females, AT2R protein was elevated and renin expression was decreased (P<0.05). This study demonstrates that in IUGR-LP rats, up regulation of GPR91 in fetal kidney is mirrored by increased ACE and renin in males. These in utero alterations, when combined with postnatal increases in AT1R-Gqα/11α specifically in male offspring, may predispose to the development of hypertension.

scholarly journals In utero exposure to thermal stress has long-term effects on mammary gland microstructure and function in dairy cattle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. e0206046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Skibiel ◽  
Bethany Dado-Senn ◽  
Thiago F. Fabris ◽  
Geoffrey E. Dahl ◽  
Jimena Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
In Utero ◽  
In Utero Exposure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
And Function
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