Some Teratogenic Outcomes in Rats Exposed to Zinc Chloride Pre and Post Pregnancy

The aim of present study was to evaluate the possibility of teratogenicity in rats when exposed to zinc chloride (ZnCl2) pre and post pregnancy. To achieve this goal, a total of 40 mature Albino Wistar female rats were divided equally into four groups as follows: T1, dosed 0.7 mg/day ZnCl2 for two months before mating and till to the day 5th of pregnancy, the females of this group were mated with males dosed 0.7 mg/day ZnCl2 for two weeks before mating; T2, dosed 0.7 mg/day ZnCl2 for two months before mating and till to the day 16th of pregnancy and then were mated with control males (not exposed to any level of ZnCl2); T3, dosed 0.7mg/day ZnCl2 for two months before mating and till the end of pregnancy and were mated with control males; Control, dosed with water free from ZnCl2 along the period of experiment and were mated with control males. At the end of each pregnancy phase, results revealed that alpha fetoprotein serum levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in all treatment groups compared to the control group, and the most prominent increase was observed in the T3 group. All treatment groups showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in gestation, viability, and lactation indices when compared to the control group, with the T3 group showing the most significant decrease. Additionally, on days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 of lactation period, there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in mean pup body weights in treated groups compared to the control group, with T3 group having the most prominent body weight decrease. The findings of this study revealed that ZnCl2 at a daily dose of 0.7 mg may cause teratogenic defects in rats at various stages of pregnancy, particularly at the third stage. As high-risk groups, pregnant women and children should use Zn supplementation carefully, whether as a food additive or for self-medication. Simultaneously, evaluating effect of low-dose Zn supplementation over a longer duration is required.

Immunoprotective effect of an in silico designed multiepitope cancer vaccine with BORIS cancer-testis antigen target in a murine mammary carcinoma model

In our previous study, immunoinformatic tools were used to design a novel multiepitope cancer vaccine based on the most immunodominant regions of BORIS cancer-testis antigen. The final vaccine construct was an immunogenic, non-allergenic, and stable protein consisted of multiple cytotoxic T lymphocytes epitopes, IFN-γ inducing epitopes, and B cell epitopes according to bioinformatic analyzes. Herein, the DNA sequence of the final vaccine construct was placed into the pcDNA3.1 vector as a DNA vaccine (pcDNA3.1-VAC). Also, the recombinant multiepitope peptide vaccine (MPV) was produced by a transfected BL21 E. coli strain using a recombinant pET-28a vector and then, purified and screened by Fast protein liquid chromatography technique (FPLC) and Western blot, respectively. The anti-tumor effects of prophylactic co-immunization with these DNA and protein cancer vaccines were evaluated in the metastatic non-immunogenic 4T1 mammary carcinoma in BALB/c mice. Co-immunization with the pcDNA3.1-VAC and MPV significantly (P < 0.001) increased the serum levels of the MPV-specific IgG total, IgG2a, and IgG1. The splenocytes of co-immunized mice exhibited a significantly higher efficacy to produce interleukin-4 and interferon-γ and proliferation in response to MPV in comparison with the control. The prophylactic co-immunization regime caused significant breast tumors’ growth inhibition, tumors’ weight decrease, inhibition of metastasis formation, and enlarging tumor-bearing mice survival time, without any considerable side effects. Taking together, this cancer vaccine can evoke strong immune response against breast tumor and inhibits its growth and metastasis.

Effects of Multimodal Analgesic Protocol, with Buprenorphine and Meloxicam, on Mice Well-Being: A Dose Finding Study

The anesthetic or analgesic agent of choice, route and frequency of anesthetic or analgesic administration, and stressors induce distress during the perioperative period. We evaluated a multimodal analgesic protocol using buprenorphine and meloxicam on the well-being of mice. Twenty-four Slc:ICR male mice were divided into control, anesthesia + analgesia, and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. Tap water (orally: PO) and water for injection (subcutaneous: SC) were administered to the control group. Buprenorphine was administered twice (SC, 0.1 mg/kg/8 h) and meloxicam was administered thrice (PO, 5 mg/kg/24 h) to the anesthesia + analgesia and surgery + anesthesia + analgesia groups. The mice were subjected to laparotomy and assessed for several parameters. Even in absence of surgical pain, the anesthesia + analgesia group presented the same negative effects as the surgery + anesthesia + analgesia group. This multimodal analgesic protocol for mice was expected to have an analgesic effect on pain associated with laparotomy but was not sufficient to prevent food intake and weight decrease. This does not negate the need to administer analgesics, but suggests the need to focus on and care not only about the approach to relieve pain associated with surgery, but also other types of distresses to minimize negative side effects that may interfere with postoperative recovery in mice.

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Removal of eriochrome black T from water using a chitosan/zeolite composite: a kinetic study

A composite material was prepared using chitosan and chabazite for the removal of Eriochrome T black dye from water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed chabazite particles embedded in the chitosan matrix. Thermogravimetric analyses indicated that chitosan degrades chemically at temperatures above 225 °C; chabazite only experiences weight decrease due to moisture loss. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses on chitosan detected the presence of O-H, N-H, C-H, C-N and C-O bonds, protonated amino groups and saccharides. In chabazite, H2O molecules, T-O and O-T-O groups, where “T” corresponds to Si or Al atoms, isolated H-bonded O-H groups, and Si-O-Si groups were detected. In kinetic experiments, an 86 % decrease of the dye concentration in solution was achieved in approximately 500 minutes. The linearization method was used to evaluate the fit of the experimental data with the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion adsorption kinetic models. The kinetic experiments showed that the sorption mechanism corresponds to a pseudo-second order model.

Colored Anti-Hail Nets Modify the Ripening Parameters of Nebbiolo and a Smart NIRS can Predict the Polyphenol Features

In the cultivation of vines the risk of hail appears to be increasing with the ongoing climate change. The use of protective plastic nets is spreading, but there is little knowledge on the additional processing costs and on the phenological and qualitative consequences, moreover, as depending on different colors of the nets. Thus, a randomized trial was carried out in Nebbiolo, a wine of great aging, testing three plastic anti-hail nets colored in green, gray and black. Results showed that 24% more-time was necessary for the canopy management practices under the nets. The black nets advanced the ripening process, with a berry weight decrease of about 13%. A significant decrease in the seed number per berry was observed under the black nets (-45%), while a rise (+102%) was observed under the green and gray nets with a parallel increase in the pH of the juice (+13%) and in malic acid (+28%) under the green nets. The berry skin did not show any significant differences in polyphenol and anthocyanin profiles, while the plants that matured in the upper part of the vineyard showed higher level in the berry skin extractable flavan-reactive to vanillin, and total polyphenol. On the other hand, in the seeds grown under green nets an increase in the extractable polyphenol compounds was observed, sign of a delay in seed ripening, with a higher tannin polymerization ratio, preserving the malic acid, and decreasing the acidity of the berry. In conclusion, the use of colored green may be a useful tool against excessive microclimatic warming and / or irradiation. The field internal variability affects much more the ripening dynamics than the nets used. A second aim was to develop a smart NIR SCiOTM model for polyphenols and the results were in line with the favorable expectations, providing R2 predictions of about 0.74 from the skin and 0.81 from the seeds.

Ventoluft Polyherbal formulation modulates Freund’s Complete Adjuvant induced arthritis in experimental rats

Background: Ventoluft Polyherbal formulation composes multiple traditional medicinal plants composed of various anti-inflammatory agents. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Ventoluft Polyherbal formulation on Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritic male Wistar rats. Materials and methods: The study included thirty-six rats, containing six in each. Arthritis was induced by injecting FCA (0.1ml) in joints of the right sub-plantar region of rats in negative control and all test groups i.e. (20, 40, and 80mg/kg p.o) for 28 days except normal group. A positive control, indomethacin (10mg/kg, i.p.) was also tested for 28 days. During the treatment, paw volume was measured weekly once. At the end of the experiment, physical, hematological, and biochemical effects were evaluated. Results:Administration of Ventoluft at the doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg b.w. p.o exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of the paw edema and joint swelling, along with an increase in body weight, decrease in rheumatoid and spleen index factors. Conclusion: The results from hematological and biochemical parameters have shown that Ventoluft possesses potent anti-arthritic activity, Results obtained in the present study indicate that Ventoluft formulation has exhibited, dose-dependent improvement in FCA induced rheumatoid arthritis.

The phenomenon of the shrinking size of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in an anthropogenic environment (experience of 50 years of observations)

Fifty years of continuous monitoring of the bank vole population (Myodes glareolus Schreber, 1780) revealed the phenomenon of shrinking body size of individuals, manifesting in significant reduction in their regular size and mass parameters. Field observations were carried out in the Kaniv Nature Reserve (Cherkasy region, Ukraine) during the first half of summer every year. In the forest biotopes of the reserve, this species is dominant in the group of rodents. The research period covered various stages of the existence of the protected ecosystem. Its small area, location ina densely populated region of Ukraine and interaction with neighboring territories which are involved in economic activities have always caused anthropogenic pressure on the protected area. Its nature and intensity determined the changes in the protection regime and the loss of reserve status in 1951–1968. Later, the territory of the reserve experienced increasing technogenic pressure accompanied by radioactive contamination. In this work, to compare their characteristics, four complete cycles of the density dynamics of the bank vole population (from depression to depression) were selected, the duration of which was 4–5 years. The first three cycles correspond to qualitatively different periods in the existence of the ecosystem and the population of the studied species, and the last one corresponds to the relatively current situation. Over the recent 30 years, the size and mass parameters of individuals of bank voles have deсreased, - this phenomenon was called shrinking. The process was also observed to tend towards consistent increase in scale. Differentiated analysis shows that in different sex and functional groups of animals, the decrease in exterior parameters can reach 30.3%. Shrinking is especially notable in the group of adult females that are actively involved in reproduction (compared to the second cycle, considered as the control, the decrease in parameters among these is 33.2%). Juveniles of this sex lost 31.8% of their fatness. Besides, in the population of voles, the proportion of large-size individuals was significantly reduced. The group of animals that overwintered significantly reduced its representation, and its existing representatives had much smaller exterior parameters. The studies found that the shrinking process is stable over time, which does not allow it to be considered a random phenomenon or an artifact of research. This phenomenon has no correlation with the amount or availability of food. It occurs against the background of numerous changes in various aspects of population dynamics, which gives grounds to associate it with anthropogenic changes in the environment. Shrinking is believed to be realized through various mechanisms. Firstly, as a result of mortality, the largest individuals and reproducing females with the greatest energy needs disappear from the population, and secondly, the growth and weight gain of young animals is slower. As a result, decrease in the size and mass parameters of individuals reduces their specific energy needs and allows the population to bring their requirements in correspondance with the capability of the environment to support a certain number of resource consumers. An analogy was drawn with the Dehnel’s phenomenon, described for shrews of the Sorex genus, whose body size and weight decrease is an element of preparation for experiencing adverse winter conditions. Based on similar concepts, the shrinking of its elements can be considered as a specific population strategy to maintain the ecological balance.

Pre- and/or Postharvest Silicon Application Prolongs the Vase Life and Enhances the Quality of Cut Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) Flowers

Peony is an important ornamental plant and has become increasingly popular for cut flower cultivation. However, a short vase life and frequent poor vase quality severely restrict its market value. The study described herein was conducted to investigate the effects of silicon application on the vase life and quality of two cut peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) cultivars, ‘Taebaek’ and ‘Euiseong’. For pre- and/or postharvest silicon application, four experimental groups based on treatments were designed. With silicon treatment, the relevant growth attributes, including the shoot and leaf lengths, stem and bud diameters as well as the leaf width were all remarkably increased. In the postharvest storage, the addition of silicon to the holding solution in the vase was able to significantly extend vase life, delay fresh weight decrease, and improve vase quality, as characterized by the antioxidant enzyme activities and mechanical stem strength. Taken together, silicon application, regardless of the approach, was able to effectively prolong the vase life and enhance the quality of cut peony flowers.

The use of drug based on technologically processed antibodies to endocannabinoid receptor type 1 in the treatment of obesity in adults: results of a multicenter double blind placebo controlled randomized clinical trial

Aim. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Dietressa at a dose of 6 tablets per day for 24 weeks in the treatment of patients with Class 1 obesity. To compare the clinical efficacy of two treatment regimens (1 tablet 6 times per day and 2 tablets 3 times per day) for 24 weeks in the treatment of patients with Class 1 obesity. Materials and methods. A clinical trial included 493 patients with Class 1 obesity from 18 to 65 years. The proportion of patients who lose greater than or equal to 5 percent of baseline body weight, an average decrease of body weight, a change in waist circumference, dynamics of the quality of life, and the safety of the therapy were assessed. Results. A weight decrease was established among patients without regard to the studied regimens of Dietressa (in a daily dose of 6 tablets with a six- or three-time intake). The goals were achieved by 49% [53%] of patients in the first treatment regimen (statistically significant compared to placebo therapy: p=0.04) [р=0.018]), 48% (51%) in the second (p=0.004 [р=0.0004]) and 48% [52%] of patients in the combined Dietressa group (p=0.0007 [р0.0001]). The average absolute weight loss was -4.44.2 [-4.84.2] kg in the Dietressa-1 group (p=0.0001 [р0.0001]) and -4.44.4 [-4.74.4] kg in the Dietressa-2 group (p0.0001) [р0.0001]). Against the background of the conducted therapy mental component was improved on week 4 (p0.0001) and 24 (p=0.006) as well as parameter of physical health on week 4 (p=0,003) and 12 (p=0,006). Waist circumference significantly decreased every 4 weeks in patients receiving Dietressa (p0.0001 for three comparisons between weeks). A 6-month course of Dietressa therapy demonstrated a favorable safety profile. The frequency of adverse events had no significant differences between Dietressa and Placebo groups. Conclusion. The monotherapy with Dietressa is safe, and it leads to at least 5 percent reduction in body weight during 24 weeks of therapy in patients with Class 1 obesity.