scholarly journals Expression of SSTR2a, but not of SSTRs 1, 3, or 5 in Somatotroph Adenomas Assessed by Monoclonal Antibodies Was Reduced by Octreotide and Correlated With the Acute and Long-Term Effects of Octreotide

2013 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. E1730-E1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Casar-Borota ◽  
Ansgar Heck ◽  
Stefan Schulz ◽  
Jahn Marthin Nesland ◽  
Jon Ramm-Pettersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Somatostatin Receptors ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Pretreated Group ◽  
Octreotide Treatment

Context: Reduced expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in somatotroph adenomas and their potential down-regulation after medical treatment may explain the unsatisfactory response to octreotide in particular acromegalic patients. The expression of SSTRs other than SSTR2a has not been studied in large, unselected cohorts using novel rabbit monoclonal antibodies. Objective: We aimed to determine the expression of SSTRs 1, 2a, 3, and 5 in somatotroph adenomas, to correlate expression with clinical characteristics and the response to octreotide, and to ascertain whether preoperative octreotide treatment affected SSTR expression. Design, Setting, Patients: The study included 78 adenomas from patients operated on consecutively during 2000 to 2010. After exclusion of 13 patients, immunohistochemical analysis with rabbit monoclonal antibodies against SSTRs 1, 2a, 3, and 5 (clones UMB-7, -1, -5, and -4) was performed on 65 adenomas. Intervention: Twenty-eight patients received preoperative octreotide, and 37 patients were operated on without pretreatment. Twenty-six patients were randomized to direct surgery (n = 13) or to octreotide pretreatment (n = 13). Main Outcome Measure: SSTR expression was evaluated using a 12-grade scoring system. The responses to the octreotide test dose (GH reduction) and to 6 months of octreotide (IGF-I reduction) were measured. Results: The majority of adenomas showed membranous expression of SSTRs 2a and 5. SSTR2a expression was reduced in the pretreated group and correlated with the acute octreotide test results and the effect of octreotide treatment. In a linear regression model with SSTR2a expression as the determinant, the correlation with the acute test response improved after adjustment for medical pretreatment. Conclusion: Rabbit monoclonal antibodies are reliable markers of SSTRs in somatotroph adenomas. SSTR2a expression correlated with the response to octreotide and was reduced after octreotide treatment, indicating the need for adjustment when SSTR2a expression is correlated with baseline characteristics. Evaluation of SSTR subtypes may be an important aspect of improving the medical treatment for acromegaly.

Challenges to Overcome and Scaffolding to Build on

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-67
Author(s):  
Hao Yang ◽  
Zhiqiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Perceptions ◽  
Flipped Classroom ◽  
Public University ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Exploratory Case Study ◽  
Flipped Classrooms

While current research on the flipped classroom generally focuses on test results and (or) student/teacher perceptions as a measurement of its pedagogical efficacy, students' adaptation to it and the essential conditions for its application are rarely explored. This exploratory case study aims to rectify this by examining how university students adapted to flipped classrooms implemented in a public university in East China. The findings suggest that while the flipped model is impeded by entrenched polarity between students in terms of their learning dispositions and academic competence, students do develop a prototype of theories of learning, a sense of better self through learning from their peers and an awareness of the importance of intrinsic motivation. A gradualist approach is thus proposed for implementing flipped classrooms, which requires longitudinal studies accordingly to understand its long-term effects on learning behavior hitherto left unexplored.

scholarly journals The Effects of Trabeculectomy on Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fan Li ◽  
Guangxian Tang ◽  
Hengli Zhang ◽  
Xiaowei Yan ◽  
Lihua Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Surgical Success

Purpose. To compare long-term effects of trabeculectomy on pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods. This retrospective case-control study included 53 eyes of PXG and 76 eyes of POAG. Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of antiglaucoma medications used, surgical success rate, and occurrence of complications were observed and statistically analyzed in both groups at 3 and 6 months and at 1, 3, and 5 years after trabeculectomy. Surgical success was defined according to the following 3 criteria: (1) IOP ≤ 21 mmHg; (2) IOP ≤ 18 mmHg; (3) IOP ≤ 15 mmHg. Complete success is defined as patients met these criteria without medical treatment, and qualified success is defined as patients met these criteria with medical treatment (≤3 medications). Cumulative probabilities of success were compared using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results. For the 3 criteria, there were no statistically significant differences in complete and qualified success rates between the two groups at 3 and 6 months after trabeculectomy (P>0.05). For criterion A, complete success rates in PXG at 3 and 5 years after surgery were lower than those in POAG; for criterion B, complete and qualified success rates in PXG at 3 and 5 years after surgery were lower than those in POAG; for criterion C, complete and qualified success rates in PXG at 1, 3, and 5 years after surgery were lower than those in POAG, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions. The short-term success rates of both types of glaucoma were similar; however, the long-term success rate of PXG was significantly lower, and it was difficult to achieve long-term control of IOP at a low target level.

Effects of Post-Tightening on the Residual Bolt Force and the Sealing Performance of Flanged Connections With PTFE Gaskets (Long Term Effects at Room Temperature)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiki Hagiri ◽  
Takashi Kobayashi ◽  
Kengou Nishiura ◽  
Kazuaki Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Viscoelastic Characteristic ◽  
Sealing Performance ◽  
Nominal Size ◽  
Gasket Material

It is known that bolt forces reduce significantly after tightening bolted flanged connections in which expanded PTFE gaskets are used. Bolts are often post-tightened in practice after a while to compensate for the reduction of bolt forces. The viscoelastic characteristic of expanded PTFE gaskets is the main cause for the phenomenon. However, the long term effects of the post-tightening on the residual bolt forces and the sealing performance of flanged connections have not been clarified yet. In this study, two sets of flanged connections (2 inch in nominal size), in which PTFE gaskets were used, were prepared and tightened. One of the flanges was post-tightened after a designated time. The reduction of bolt forces and the change in the sealing performance were measured for about two months. The results were compared with those of flanges without post-tightening. Based on the test results, the effectiveness of post-tightening was discussed from the viewpoint of the residual bolt force and the sealing performance. It has been clarified that the effectiveness of post-tightening depends on gasket material and that post-tightening is effective for expanded PTFE gaskets.

scholarly journals Indicators of COVID-19 status in a cohort study of university staff and post-graduate research students, including results from home antibody testing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. S. Davis ◽  
Ewan Carr ◽  
Daniel Leightley ◽  
Valentina Vitiello ◽  
Gabriella Bergin-Cartwright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Research Students ◽  
Core Symptoms

AbstractBackgroundCohort studies of people with a history of COVID-19 infection and controls will be essential to understand the epidemiology of long-term effects. However, clinical diagnosis requires resources that are frequently restricted to the severely ill. Cohort studies may have to rely on surrogate indicators of COVID-19 illness. We describe the prevalence and overlap of five potential indicators: self-reported suspicion, self-reported core symptoms, symptom algorithm, self-reported routine test results, and home antibody testing.MethodsAn occupational cohort of staff and postgraduate students at a large London university who participated in surveys and antibody testing. Self-report items cover March to June 2020 and antibody test results from ‘lateral flow’ IgG/IgM antibody test cassettes sent to participants in June 2020.ResultsValid antibody test results were returned for 1882 participants. Of the COVID-19 indicators, the highest prevalence was core symptoms (770 participants positive, 41%), followed by participant suspicion of infection (n=509, 27%), a symptom algorithm (n=297, 16%), study antibody positive test (n=124, 6.6%) and self-report of a positive external test (n=39, 2.1%). Study antibody positive result was rare in people who had no suspicion they had experienced COVID-19 (n=4, 0.7%) or did not experience core symptoms (n=10, 1.6%). When study antibody test results were compared with earlier external antibody results in those who had reported them, the study antibody results agreed in 88% cases (kappa= 0.636), with a lower proportion testing positive on this occasion (proportion with antibodies detected 15% in study test vs 24% in external testing).DiscussionOur results demonstrate that there is some agreement between different COVID indicators, but that they a more complete story when used together. Antibody testing may provide greater certainty and be one of the only ways to detect asymptomatic cases, but is likely to under-ascertain due to weak antibody responses to mild infection, which wane over time. Cohort studies will need to review how they deal with different and sometimes conflicting indicators of COVID-19 illness in order to study the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 infection and related impacts.What is already known on this subject?Research into the effects of COVID-19 in the community is needed to respond to the pandemic. Objective testing has not been widely available and accuracy may not be high when carried out in retrospect. Many cohort studies are considering how best to measure COVID-19 infection status.What this study adds?Antibody testing is feasible, but it is possible that sensitivity may be poor. Each indicator included added different aspects to the ascertainment of COVID-19 exposure. Using combinations of self-reported and objectively measured variables, it may be possible to tailor COVID-19 indicators to the situation.

Space-exposed seed experiment developed for students

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 860-861
Author(s):  
Donna Leeper ◽  
Kelvin Bridgers ◽  
Ernest C. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Abundant Supply ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
To Receive

The SEEDS project was flown in orbit aboard the Long Duration Exposure (LDEF) for nearly six years. During this time in space, the tomato seeds received an enormously abundant supply of cosmic radiation. Upon the return of the LDEF to earth, the SEEDS project was distributed throughout the United States and 30 foreign countries for analysis. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the long term effects of cosmic rays on living tissue. At Morgan, the analysis performed varied from germination and growth rates to electron microscopy and x ray analysis.In analyzing the seeds under the electron microscope, usual observations were performed on the nutritional and epidermic layers of the seed. These layers appeared to be more porous in the space-exposed seeds than in the Earth-based control seeds. This unusual characteristic may explain the increase in the space seeds’ growth pattern. (Several test results show that the space-exposed seeds germinate sooner than the Earth-based seeds. Also, the space exposed seeds are growing at a faster rate.) The porous nutritional region may allow the the seeds to receive necessary nutrients and liquids more readily. Thus, enabling the plant to grow at a much faster rate.

Medical Treatment of Tinnitus

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Shea ◽  
John R. Emmett ◽  
Daniel J. Orchik ◽  
Kit Mays ◽  
William Webb
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Intractable Pain ◽  
Intravenous Lidocaine ◽  
Promising Direction ◽  
Temporary Relief ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Final Answer

Medical treatment is presented as the best hope of the various treatment methods available for the management of tinnitus. A test dose of 100 mg lidocaine given rapidly intravenously will give good or partial temporary relief to approximately 80% of patients with tinnitus. More permanent relief can then be achieved by the oral anticonvulsants carbamazepine or primidone but the side effects of these drugs are occasionally too severe to justify their use. Three preliminary clinical studies of the oral amide of lidocaine, tocainide hydrochloride, were conducted and results with 600 mg four times daily are very promising. Further long-term clinical trials with tocainide will be started soon. It would appear that local anesthetics when given intravenously block the multisynaptic slow pathways in tinnitus as well as in chronic pain, with which there are many other similarities. The delay in wave V in the BSER and the sudden sleep induced in patients with a good response to intravenous lidocaine further confirm the site of action of these drugs in the brainstem and reticular formation. Until tocainide is available for general use it is possible to control tinnitus with large doses of intravenous lidocaine, 100 mg given rapidly and 400 mg slowly with EKG monitoring each day for several days, and then at weekly intervals, as in the treatment of clausalgia. Because patients with disabling tinnitus, as with chronic intractable pain, are rigid, insecure, chronically depressed and fatigued, a mood-elevating tranquilizer drug combination such as perphenazine-amitriptyline is of great value in maintaining these patients. While medical treatment is not the final answer it is the best treatment available and it offers a promising direction for further study.

Long-term effects of radiotherapy for acromegaly on circulating prolactin

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ciccarelli ◽  
S. M. Corsello ◽  
P. N. Plowman ◽  
A. E. Jones ◽  
R. Touzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
External Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
External Beam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Radiotherapy Treatment ◽  
Hypothalamic Damage

Abstract. In 61 acromegalic patients, serum PRL was assessed (off medical treatment) before and 2 to 12 (mean 6.4) years after external beam radiotherapy. Before radiotherapy elevated PRL levels were present in 22 of 35 males (63%) and 12 of 26 females (46%) and were above 1000 mU/l in 11 males and 5 females. When studied for up to 5 years after radiotherapy, 22 of 23 (96%) patients who had not had surgery and who had normal PRL pre-radiotherapy showed an increased PRL level and this was also seen in 17 of 27 (63%) who had been hyperprolactinaemic initially. In contrast, 10 of 27 patients (37%) who had elevated pre-radiotherapy levels (all greater than 1000 mU/l) had a reduction in PRL values after radiotherapy. In all 11 patients who underwent surgery before radiotherapy, an increase in PRL was seen after radiotherapy. In the 21 patients followed for 10–12 years, the peak PRL value occurred 1–16 years after radiotherapy. After this, a progressive reduction of PRL to normal was seen. Normal levels were reached 4 to 10 years after radiotherapy. No correlation was found between pre-treatment PRL values and final GH values in the whole group, nor between changes in PRL and the development of impaired ACTH or TSH secretion. Thus, different patterns of PRL behaviour suggest that radiotherapy treatment may either produce hyperprolactinemia from mild hypothalamic damage or ablate PRL secreting cells if they were present in the tumour before treatment. These changes do not predict final GH results or the development of hypopituitarism after radiotherapy.

scholarly journals Long term effects of anti-VEGF agents: patho-physiological perspectives

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
M Gupta ◽  
Y Gupta ◽  
A Phougat
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Colorectal Carcinoma ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Anti Vegf ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
The Usa

Monoclonal antibodies directed against different targets have become a new tool for the treatment of various disorders. More than 20 monoclonal antibody-based therapies have been approved in the USA and hundreds more are in development. Some of these therapies are finding applications in ocular disorders. The role of anti-VEGF in the treatment of wet ARMD is now well known. Anti-VEGF, which were initially discovered to treat carcinomas like bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal carcinoma, have now found place in ophthalmology to treat disorders where neovascularization/angiogenesis leads to blindnes. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):100-105 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7834

scholarly journals Immediate and Long-Term Effects of “Learning By Teaching” on Knowledge of Cognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Gutman
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Learning By Teaching ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Dual Perspective ◽  
Practical Implications

Learning By Teaching (LBT) programs for pre-service teachers in two different environments (technological and face-to-face) were compared using 100 pre-service teachers as subjects. Both programs were based on the IMPROVE instructional method which provides explicit metacognitive steps for LBT with a dual perspective (2P): that of the teacher and that of the learner. The dependent variables Knowledge of Cognition (KC) in learning and in teaching were tested for their immediate and long-term effects in a Technology-Based System group (TBS+2P), and in a Face-to-Face group (F2F+2P). Post-test results of KC have indicated that the TBS+2P group had shown a higher level of conditional and procedural knowledge of teaching. The TBS+2P group has also performed better in measures of long-term effects of declarative knowledge in teaching. Both theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.

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