scholarly journals Fat Distribution in Women Is Associated With Depot-Specific Transcriptomic Signatures and Chromatin Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Divoux ◽  
Katalin Sandor ◽  
Dora Bojcsuk ◽  
Fanchao Yi ◽  
Meghan E Hopf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transcriptional Start Site ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Lower Body

Abstract Background Preferential accumulation of fat in the upper body (apple shape) is associated with higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome relative to lower body fat (pear shape). We previously discovered that chromatin openness partially defined the transcriptome of preadipocytes isolated from abdominal and gluteofemoral fat. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying interindividual variation in body shape are unknown. Methods Adipocyte fraction was isolated from abdominal and gluteofemoral fat biopsies of premenopausal women (age and body mass index matched) segregated initially only by their waist-to-hip ratio. We evaluated transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility using RNA sequencing and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) along with key clinical parameters. Results Our data showed that higher lower body fat mass was associated with better lipid profile and free fatty acid decrease after glucose administration. Lipid and glucose metabolic pathways genes were expressed at higher levels in gluteofemoral adipocyte fraction in pears, whereas genes associated with inflammation were higher both in abdominal and gluteofemoral apple adipocyte fraction. Gluteofemoral adipocyte chromatin from pear-shaped women contained a significantly higher number of differentially open ATAC-seq peaks relative to chromatin from the apple-shaped gluteofemoral adipocytes. In contrast, abdominal adipocyte chromatin openness showed few differences between apple- and pear-shaped women. We revealed a correlation between gene transcription and open chromatin at the proximity of the transcriptional start site of some of the differentially expressed genes. Conclusions Integration of data from all 3 approaches suggests that chromatin openness partially governs the transcriptome of gluteofemoral adipocytes and may be involved in the early metabolic syndrome predisposition associated with body shape.

scholarly journals DNA Methylation as a Marker of Body Shape in Premenopausal Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Divoux ◽  
Alexey Eroshkin ◽  
Edina Erdos ◽  
Katalin Sandor ◽  
Timothy F. Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Increased Risk

Preferential accumulation of fat in the gluteo-femoral (GF) depot (pear shape) rather than in the abdominal (A) depot (apple shape), protects against the development of metabolic diseases but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unknown. Recent data, including our work, suggest that differential epigenetic marking is associated with regulation of genes attributed to distinct fat distribution. Here, we aimed to compare the genomic DNA methylation signatures between apple and pear-shaped premenopausal women. To investigate the contribution of upper and lower body fat, we used paired samples of A-FAT and GF-FAT, analyzed on the BeadChip Methylation Array and quantified the differentially methylated sites between the 2 groups of women. We found unique DNA methylation patterns within both fat depots that are significantly different depending on the body fat distribution. Around 60% of the body shape specific DNA methylation sites identified in adipose tissue are maintained ex vivo in cultured preadipocytes. As it has been reported before in other cell types, we found only a hand full of genes showing coordinated differential methylation and expression levels. Finally, we determined that more than 50% of the body shape specific DNA methylation sites could also be detected in whole blood derived DNA. These data reveal a strong DNA methylation program associated with adipose tissue distribution with the possibility that a simple blood test could be used as a predictive diagnostic indicator of young women who are at increased risk for progressing to the apple body shape with a higher risk of developing obesity related complications.Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02728635 and https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02226640, identifiers NCT02728635 and NCT02226640.

scholarly journals Retrospective Analysis of Training Intensity Distribution Based on Race Pace Versus Physiological Benchmarks in Highly Trained Sprint Kayakers

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Matzka ◽  
Robert Leppich ◽  
Billy Sperlich ◽  
Christoph Zinner
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Fractional Analysis ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Research results on the training intensity distribution (TID) in endurance athletes are equivocal. This non-uniformity appears to be partially founded in the different quantification methods that are implemented. So far, TID research has solely focused on sports involving the lower-body muscles as prime movers (e.g. running). Sprint kayaking imposes high demands on the upper-body endurance capacity of the athlete. As there are structural and physiological differences between upper- and lower-body musculature, TID in kayaking should be different to lower-body dominant sports. Therefore, we aimed to compare the training intensity distribution during an 8-wk macrocycle in a group of highly trained sprint kayakers employing three different methods of training intensity quantification. Methods Heart rate (HR) and velocity during on-water training of nine highly trained German sprint kayakers were recorded during the final 8 weeks of a competition period leading to the national championships. The fractional analysis of TID was based on three zones (Z) derived from either HR (TIDBla-HR) or velocity (TIDBla-V) based on blood lactate (Bla) concentrations (Z1 ≤ 2.5 mmol L−1 Bla, Z2 = 2.5–4.0 mmol L−1 Bla, Z3 ≥ 4.0 mmol L−1 Bla) of an incremental test or the 1000-m race pace (TIDRace): Z1 ≤ 85% of race pace, Z2 = 86–95% and Z3 ≥ 95%. Results TIDBla-V (Z1: 68%, Z2: 14%, Z3: 18%) differed from TIDBla-HR (Z1: 91%, Z2: 6%, Z3: 3%) in each zone (all p < 0.01). TIDRace (Z1: 73%, Z2: 20%, Z3: 7%) differed to Z3 in TIDBla-V (p < 0.01) and all three TIDBla-HR zones (all p < 0.01). Individual analysis revealed ranges of Z1, Z2, Z3 fractions for TIDBla-HR of 85–98%, 2–11% and 0.1–6%. For TIDBla-V, the individual ranges were 41–82% (Z1), 6–30% (Z2) and 8–30% (Z3) and for TIDRace 64–81% (Z1), 14–29% (Z2) and 4–10% (Z3). Conclusion The results show that the method of training intensity quantification substantially affects the fraction of TID in well-trained sprint kayakers. TIDRace determination shows low interindividual variation compared to the physiologically based TIDBla-HR and TIDBla-V. Depending on the aim of the analysis TIDRace, TIDBla-HR and TIDBla-V have advantages as well as drawbacks and may be implemented in conjunction to maximize adaptation.

scholarly journals Shift in body fat distribution from lower body to upper body among urban Colombian women, 1988–1989 to 2007–2008

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1320-1328
Author(s):  
Richard L Bender ◽  
Traci A Bekelman ◽  
Paul A Sandberg ◽  
Darna L Dufour ◽  
Julio C Reina
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
Colombian Women

AbstractObjective:Body fat distribution may be a stronger predictor of metabolic risk than BMI. Yet, few studies have investigated secular changes in body fat distribution in middle-income countries or how those changes vary by socioeconomic status (SES). This study evaluated changes in body fat distribution by SES in Colombia, a middle-income country where BMI is increasing rapidly.Design:We applied factor analysis to previously published data to assess secular changes in adiposity and body fat distribution in cross-sectional samples of urban Colombian women. Anthropometry was used to assess weight, height and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh, calf).Setting:Cali, Colombia.Participants:Women (18–44 years) in 1988–1989 (n 1533) and 2007–2009 (n 577) from three SES groups.Results:We identified an overall adiposity factor, which increased between 1988–1989 and 2007–2008 in all SES groups, particularly in the middle SES group. We also identified arm, leg and trunk adiposity factors. In all SES groups, leg adiposity decreased, while trunk and arm adiposity increased.Conclusions:Factor analysis highlighted three trends that were not readily visible in BMI data and variable-by-variable analysis of skinfolds: (i) overall adiposity increased between time periods in all SES groups; (ii) the adiposity increase was driven by a shift from lower body to upper body; (iii) the adiposity increase was greatest in the middle SES group. Factor analysis provided novel insights into secular changes and socioeconomic variation in body fat distribution during a period of rapid economic development in a middle-income country.

Influence of obesity and body fat distribution on growth hormone kinetics in humans

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (5) ◽  
pp. E824-E829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke G. Langendonk ◽  
A. Edo Meinders ◽  
Jacobus Burggraaf ◽  
Marijke Frölich ◽  
Corné A. M. Roelen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Plasma Gh

We studied the kinetics of exogenous recombinant 22-kDa human growth hormone (rhGH) in premenopausal women with upper body obesity (UBO), lower body obesity (LBO), or normal body weight. A bolus of 100 mU rhGH was administered during a continuous infusion of somatostatin to suppress endogenous GH secretion. GH kinetics were investigated with noncompartmental analysis of plasma GH curves. GH peak values in response to GH infusion and plasma half-life of GH were not significantly different between normal weight and obese subjects. In contrast, GH clearance was 33% higher in LBO women and 51% higher in UBO women compared with clearance in normal weight controls. The difference in clearance between LBO and UBO was not statistically significant. Altered GH clearance characteristics contribute to low circulating GH levels in obese humans. Body fat distribution does not appear to affect GH kinetics.

scholarly journals Affective Objectification as the Perception of Intent To Be or Have an Object

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Images ◽  
High Body ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Gender Specific

The underling mechanism of sexual objectification requires identification. Cognitive objectification likely stems from gender specific motivations (Vaes et al., 2011) [1]. It is theorised that affective objectification is the adaptive subconscious (1) perception of intent to (2) be or (3) have an object (for males and females respectively). Four studies were conducted with 1800 USA participants. The studies presented visual stimuli representing a male, female, and male with female with minimal (typically provocative) clothing. Affective objectification was measured via self-report sensual affect (S1) and arousal (S1-S4). For both affective objectification measures of study S1, a significant effect of manipulating perception of intent to be an object (1) was confirmed for males between all negative manipulation conditions (relabelling the female images: ballet dancer/friend), the neutral condition (no labels), and the positive manipulation condition (relabelling the female images: nightclub dancer). All studies (S1-S4) confirmed that males were significantly more affected by a female stimulus than females (H2C). Studies S1B and S4B (supported by trends from S1A, S3 and S4A) confirmed that for males, the affect generated by an opposite sex stimulus was significantly influenced by the absence of an adjacent same sex stimulus (H2A). Furthermore, the effect was only significant and consistently observed for females with stimuli containing complete upper body exposure (no shirt; S2) and high body shape exposure (tight pants; S4), not high lower body exposure (short robe; S1-S4). All studies confirmed that males were significantly more affected by opposite sex visual stimuli than females (H2B). Similarly however, this was only consistently observed for high lower body exposure stimuli (S1-S6), not complete upper body exposure (S2) or high body shape exposure (S4). These findings support a male specific perception of intent to be a sexually accessible object (2). Moreover, study S4 found that high intent but low body shape exposure stimuli (short robe) did not produce significantly more affect for males than low intent but high body shape exposure stimuli (tight pants). The results suggest that perception of intent may be a gender specific moderator rather than the sole cause of affective objectification (innate affective biases in object recognition should be considered).

Effects of exercise and weight loss on leucine turnover in different types of obesity

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. E687-E692 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kanaley ◽  
M. W. Haymond ◽  
M. D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise

These studies were performed to determine whether protein turnover during exercise and after weight loss is influenced by obesity and body fat distribution. Leucine carbon flux was measured before, during, and after 2.5 h of bicycle exercise in 10 upper body obese, 9 lower body obese, and 6 nonobese, age-matched, premenopausal women. The obese women then followed an energy-restricted diet for 16 wk, resulting in approximately 8 kg weight loss. Baseline leucine carbon flux was greater (P < 0.01) in obese women than in nonobese women but decreased in a similar fashion in response to exercise in all groups. There were no differences between upper body and lower body obese women during exercise. After weight loss, baseline leucine carbon flux decreased (P < 0.05) similarly in both groups of obese women and was further suppressed by exercise. Thus obesity phenotype has no specific effect on either baseline protein turnover or the antiproteolytic response to moderate intensity exercise or weight loss. We conclude that the previously observed defect in insulin suppression of leucine flux in upper body obese women appears related to insulin resistance and does not represent an inherent abnormality of protein metabolism.

scholarly journals Sex and sex steroids: impact on the kinetics of fatty acids underlying body shape

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Santosa ◽  
Michael D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Regional Body Fat ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractAdult humans have a remarkable sexual dimorphism in body shape. Men tend to store relatively more fat in the upper body whereas women store more fat in the lower body. We do not have a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying these differences, but we know that people who preferentially store abdominal fat are at greater risk of metabolic disease. It is also known that the changes in sex steroid concentrations during puberty and again with advancing age are accompanied by changes in body fat distribution. The objective of this review is to describe what has been learned regarding the mechanisms underlying changes in regional body fat distribution that occur as a result of changes in sex hormones and to delineate effects of sex steroids in modulating body composition.

scholarly journals The Association of Upper Body Obesity with Insulin Resistance in the Newfoundland Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5858
Author(s):  
Sherif Youssef ◽  
Matthew Nelder ◽  
Guang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Partial Correlation Analysis ◽  
Body Adiposity

Body-fat distribution is a primary risk factor for insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Visceral fat explains only a portion of this risk. The link between upper-body fat and insulin resistance is uncertain. Furthermore, upper-body fat is not clearly defined. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can accurately quantify body fat. In this study, we explored the relationship between non-visceral upper-body adiposity and insulin resistance and other markers of metabolic syndrome. Fat proportions in the upper body, leg, and visceral regions were quantified by using DXA in 2547 adult Newfoundlanders aged 19 and older. Adjusting for remaining fat regions, we performed partial correlation analysis for each body region and insulin resistance defined by the Homeostatic Model of Assessment (HOMA). Similarly, partial correlation analysis was also performed between each fat region and other markers of metabolic syndrome, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TG), body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure. Major confounding factors, including age, caloric intake, and physical activity, were statistically controlled by using partial correlation analysis. Interactions between sex, menopausal status, and medication status were also tested. Arm adiposity was correlated with HOMA-IR (R = 0.132, p < 0.001) and HOMA-β (R = 0.134, p < 0.001). Visceral adiposity was correlated with HOMA-IR (R = 0.230, p < 0.001) and HOMA-β (R = 0.160, p < 0.001). No significant correlation between non-visceral trunk adiposity and insulin resistance was found. Non-visceral trunk adiposity was negatively correlated with HDL in men (R = −0.110, p < 0.001) and women (R = −0.117, p < 0.001). Non-visceral trunk adiposity was correlated with TG (total: R = 0.079, p < 0.001; men: R = 0.105, p = 0.012; women: R = 0.078, p = 0.001). In menopausal women, leg adiposity was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (R = −0.196, p < 0.001) and HOMA-β (R = −0.101, p = 0.012). Upper-body adiposity in the arms is an independent contributor to insulin resistance. Upper-body adiposity in the non-visceral trunk region is an independent contributor to metabolic syndrome. Leg adiposity is protective against metabolic syndrome in women.

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