The Development of the Notochord in Chick Embryos

Development ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-621
Author(s):  
A. Jurand
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Structure Characteristic ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Larval Skeleton

The literature on the notochord, a structure characteristic of all vertebrates, is very extensive, due to the phylogenetic importance of this organ, its role in early embryonic development, and its central position in the developing vertebral column. As early as 1834 the notochord tissue was described by Müller as being similar in appearance to the parenchyma of plants. Surprisingly, however, in the chick embryo, which is so widely used by embryologists, its development has not very often been the subject of descriptive or experimental investigations. From the early days most work on this fundamental organ was done on fish and amphibians, probably because the notochord in lower vertebrates is more suitable for investigations, as it persists longer, carrying out its function as an embryonic and larval skeleton.

Early changes in limb buds of chick embryos after thalidomide treatment

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-300
Author(s):  
A. Jurand
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Thalidomide Treatment

Since the first observations of hypoplastic and aplastic thalidomide deformities in infants (McBride, 1961; Lenz, 1962), the literature on this subject has grown to many hundreds of communications. Experimental investigations in almost all cases have been undertaken to show whether thalidomide and its metabolites have any teratogenic effects in experimental animals. Numerous review papers are available on this subject, e.g. Giroud, Tuchmann-Duplessis & Mercier-Parot (1962), Somers (1963), and Salzgeber & Wolff (1964). Chick embryos did not seem for some time to be suitable for experimental production of typical thalidomide deformities. However, Kemper (1962a, b), Yang, Yang & Liang (1962). Boylen, Home & Johnson (1963) and Leone (1963) have shown that thalidomide can produce a whole range of ectromelian deformities provided that it is introduced into the egg at a particular period of embryonic development.

Heat shock causes repeated segmental anomalies in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Primmett ◽  
C.D. Stern ◽  
R.J. Keynes
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Skeletal Anomalies ◽  
Number Of Segments

A single heat shock, given to 2-day-old chick embryos, can generate multiple but discrete somite and skeletal anomalies. Each of these anomalies is restricted to one, or at the most two, consecutive segments. The anomalies are separated from each other by a distance of 6–7 somites or vertebrae, or a multiple of this distance. These results argue against the ‘clock and wavefront’ model; while they support the idea of a cellular clock, they are not consistent with a single propagating wave gating cells destined to form each segment. Heat shock also alters the size and number of segments, as well as the rostrocaudal proportions of the sclerotome. The results are consistent with the rostrocaudal fate of sclerotome cells being determined during segmentation. From our observations, we speculate on the implications for regionalization of the vertebral column.

scholarly journals Misexpression of BRE gene in the developing chick neural tube affects neurulation and somitogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xiao-Yu Wang ◽  
Manli Chuai ◽  
John Yeuk-Hon Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Early Chick Embryo

This is the first study of the role of BRE in embryonic development using early chick embryos. BRE is expressed in the developing neural tube, neural crest cells, and somites. BRE thus plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somitogenesis during early chick embryo development.

scholarly journals Ex Ovo Model for Directly Visualizing Chick Embryo Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 628-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Dorrell ◽  
Michael Marcacci ◽  
Stephen Bravo ◽  
Troy Kurz ◽  
Jacob Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Junior High Students ◽  
Chick Development

We describe a technique for removing and growing chick embryos in culture that utilizes relatively inexpensive materials and requires little space. It can be readily performed in class by university, high school, or junior high students, and teachers of any grade level should be able to set it up for their students. Students will be able to directly observe the chick’s development from 3 days post-fertilization to the point at which it would normally hatch. Observing embryonic development first hand, including the chick embryos’ natural movements, gives students a full appreciation for the complexity and wonder of development. Students can make detailed observations and drawings, and gain understanding of important principles in developmental biology. Finally, we suggest various ways in which this project can be adapted to allow students in advanced classes to design and implement their own projects for investigating teratogenic effects on development using the ex ovo model of chick development.

scholarly journals Alterations in glycosaminoglycan metabolism in β-aminopropionitrile-treated chick embryos

1973 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Joycelyn Elders ◽  
James D. Smith ◽  
W. Grady Smith ◽  
Edwin R. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Biochemical Effect ◽  
Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis ◽  
Galactosyl Transferase ◽  
Atp Generation ◽  
Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans ◽  
Glycosaminoglycan Metabolism ◽  
And Cartilage

1. Na235SO4, [1-14C]glucosamine and [1-14C]acetate were used as precursors of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans to study the biochemical effect of β-aminopropionitrile in chick embryos. The incorporation of all three precursors was decreased in the treated embryos between days 7 and 10 of embryonic development. No inhibition of incorporation of these precursors occurred between days 16 and 20 of embryonic development at the dosages of β-aminopropionitrile used. 2. β-Aminopropionitrile treatment also decreased the amount of N-acetylhexosamines in the chick embryo and decreased the percentage of the hexosamine esterified by nucleotides. Respiration was decreased by homogenates prepared from treated embryos. Likewise, UDP-xylosyl- and UDP-galactosyl-transferase activities were decreased in treated embryos and cartilage from embryos and growing chicks. 3. The data suggest that β-aminopropionitrile, in addition to the known lathyrogenic activity, either is or gives rise to a potent metabolic poison that interferes with basic cellular metabolism. The results are consistent with a decreased rate of ATP generation as an explanation for the decrease in glycosaminoglycan synthesis.

Chondrogenesis in chick embryo somites in vitro

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340
Author(s):  
M. L. Ellison ◽  
E. J. Ambrose ◽  
G. C. Easty
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cartilage Formation

During the embryonic development of vertebral cartilages, cells from the somite mesoderm differentiate into chondrocytes around the spinal cord and notochord. Grafting experiments in amphibian and chick embryos have indicated that the spinal cord and notochord have some influence on this differentiation of somite cells to cartilage (Holtzer & Detwiler, 1953; Watterson, Fowler & Fowler, 1954). Further analysis in vitro has established that, under specified culture conditions, cartilage formation from somites is, in fact, dependent on the presence of either spinal cord and/or notochord or their extracts (Grobstein & Parker, 1954; Grobstein & Holtzer, 1955; Strudel, 1962, 1963; Lash, 1963). For example, Lash (1963) showed that in his system on a liquid medium stage 16 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951, stages) somites alone formed no cartilage, but that cartilage did develop when notochord or spinal cord was cultured with the somites. This suggested that the spinal cord and notochord were ‘inducing’ somite mesoderm cells to form chondrocytes.

scholarly journals Effect of exposure to different light colors on embryonic development and neurophysiological traits in the chick embryo

2021 ◽  
pp. 1284-1289
Author(s):  
S. M. Abdulateef ◽  
M. A. Al-Bayar ◽  
A. A. Majid ◽  
S. S. Shawkat ◽  
A. Tatar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Broiler Chick ◽  
The Impact

Background and Aim: Many environmental factors exist that influence embryonic development which is missing in the poultry industry, such as light in incubation facilities or hatcheries. Light plays an important role in the growth and development of chick embryos, whereas dark environments can lead to hatching failure or embryo distortion. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the importance of light and its various colors on the growth and development of broiler chick embryos. Materials and Methods: Four treatments were used to study the impact of various light colors on the growth of embryos and their neurophysiological traits: Dark without light (D), red light (RL), blue light (BL), and green light (GL), with three replicates per treatment (25 eggs/replicate) for a total of 300 fertile Ross 308 eggs. Each treatment was assigned to one incubator (75 eggs/incubator), whereas all other conditions were kept the same. Results: The results showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in embryonic development for embryo weight, chick body weight, hatchability, and embryo index for RL, BL, and especially GL. RL, BL, and especially GL significantly increased (p<0.01) neurophysiological traits of the neurons, brain weight, and brain index. Conclusion: The use of light during the embryonic period affects the development of the embryo and its neurophysiological traits.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Alters Craniofacial Patterning during Early Embryonic Development of Chick

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Bhaval Parmar ◽  
Urja Verma ◽  
Kashmira Khaire ◽  
Dhanush Danes ◽  
Suresh Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Neural Crest Cell ◽  
Cyclooxygenase 2 ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Downstream Effector ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
And Migration

A recent study from our lab revealed that the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) exclusively reduces the level of PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) among prostanoids and hampers the normal development of several structures, strikingly the cranial vault, in chick embryos. In order to unearth the mechanism behind the deviant development of cranial features, the expression pattern of various factors that are known to influence cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) migration was checked in chick embryos after inhibiting COX-2 activity using etoricoxib. The compromised level of cell adhesion molecules and their upstream regulators, namely CDH1 (E-cadherin), CDH2 (N-cadherin), MSX1 (Msh homeobox 1), and TGF-β (Transforming growth factor beta), observed in the etoricoxib-treated embryos indicate that COX-2, through its downstream effector PGE2, regulates the expression of these factors perhaps to aid the migration of CNCCs. The histological features and levels of FoxD3 (Forkhead box D3), as well as PCNA (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen), further consolidate the role of COX-2 in the migration and survival of CNCCs in developing embryos. The results of the current study indicate that COX-2 plays a pivotal role in orchestrating craniofacial structures perhaps by modulating CNCC proliferation and migration during the embryonic development of chicks.

scholarly journals The development of blood plasma.—Part I. The genesis of coagulable material in embryo chicks

1925 ◽  
Vol 98 (692) ◽  
pp. 516-522 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Chick Embryos

Although much attention has been given to the embryonic development of blood corpuscles, the genesis of the coagulable constituents of the plasma has escaped notice. Knowledge of this subject appears to be limited to the observation of Boll (1) that the blood of chick embryos does not clot before the twelfth to fourteenth day of incubation; and of Emmel, Levison and Fisch (2) that the blood of late pig embryos clots more slowly than that of adult pigs. We shall describe the successive appearance in chick embryos of those constituents of the blood plasma which are associated respectively with the preservation of the fluidity of the blood and with its capacity to clot. We shall also briefly discuss the significance of the facts recorded.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document