The somatic sex determines the requirement for ovarian tumor gene activity in the proliferation of the Drosophila germline

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.N. Nagoshi ◽  
J.S. Patton ◽  
E. Bae ◽  
P.K. Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Ovarian Tumor ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Somatic Gonad ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Female Germline

Gametogenesis in Drosophila requires sex-specific interactions between the soma and germline to control germ cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. To determine what genetic components are involved in this interaction, we examined whether changes in the sexual identity of the soma affected the function of the ovarian tumor (otu) and ovo genes. These genes are required cell autonomously in the female germline for germ cell proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in otu and ovo cause a range of ovarian defects, including agametic ovaries and tumorous egg cysts, but do not affect spermatogenesis. We demonstrate that XY germ cells do not require otu when developing in testes, but become dependent on otu function for proliferation when placed in an ovary. This soma-induced requirement can be satisfied by the induced expression of the 98 × 10(3) M(r) OTU product, one of two isoforms produced by differential RNA splicing. These results indicate that the female somatic gonad can induce XY germ cells to become ‘female-like’ because they require an oogenesis-specific gene. In contrast, the requirement for ovo is dependent on a cell autonomous signal derived from the X:A ratio. We propose that differential regulation of the otu and ovo genes provides a mechanism for the female germline to incorporate both somatic and cell autonomous inputs required for oogenesis.

scholarly journals The Controversy, Challenges, and Potential Benefits of Putative Female Germline Stem Cells Research in Mammals

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zezheng Pan ◽  
Mengli Sun ◽  
Xia Liang ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Fangyue Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Female Germline

The conventional view is that female mammals lose their ability to generate new germ cells after birth. However, in recent years, researchers have successfully isolated and cultured a type of germ cell from postnatal ovaries in a variety of mammalian species that have the abilities of self-proliferation and differentiation into oocytes, and this finding indicates that putative germline stem cells maybe exist in the postnatal mammalian ovaries. Herein, we review the research history and discovery of putative female germline stem cells, the concept that putative germline stem cells exist in the postnatal mammalian ovary, and the research progress, challenge, and application of putative germline stem cells in recent years.

Examination of the dynamics of global DNA methylation pattern establishment during spermatogenesiss

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Kirsten Niles ◽  
Sophie La Salle ◽  
Christopher Oakes ◽  
Jacquetta Trasler
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Methylation Pattern ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Global Methylation ◽  
Dna Methylation Pattern ◽  
Methylation Patterns

Background: DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification involved in gene expression, genome stability, and genomic imprinting. In the male, methylation patterns are initially erased in primordial germ cells (PGCs) as they enter the gonadal ridge; methylation patterns are then acquired on CpG dinucleotides during gametogenesis. Correct pattern establishment is essential for normal spermatogenesis. To date, the characterization and timing of methylation pattern acquisition in PGCs has been described using a limited number of specific gene loci. This study aimed to describe DNA methylation pattern establishment dynamics during male gametogenesis through global methylation profiling techniques in a mouse model. Methods: Using a chromosome based approach, primers were designed for 24 regions spanning chromosome 9; intergenic, non-repeat, non-CpG island sequences were chosen for study based on previous evidence that these types of sequences are targets for testis-specific methylation events. The percent methylation was determined in each region by quantitative analysis of DNA methylation using real-time PCR (qAMP). The germ cell-specific pattern was determined by comparing methylation between spermatozoa and liver. To examine methylation in developing germ cells, spermatogonia from 2 day- and 6 day-old Oct4-GFP (green fluorescent protein) mice were isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting. Results: As compared to liver, four loci were hypomethylated and five loci were hypermethylated in spermatozoa, supporting previous results indicating a unique methylation pattern in male germ cells. Only one region was hypomethylated and no regions were hypermethylated in day 6 spermatogonia as compared to mature spermatozoa, signifying that the bulk of DNA methylation is established prior to type A spermatogonia. The methylation in day 2 spermatogonia, germ cells that are just commencing mitosis, revealed differences of 15-20% compared to day 6 spermatogonia at five regions indicating that the most crucial phase of DNA methylation acquisition occurs prenatally. Conclusion: Together, these studies provide further evidence that germ cell methylation patterns differ from those in somatic tissues and suggest that much of methylation at intergenic sites is acquired during prenatal germ cell development. (Supported by CIHR)

scholarly journals Regulation of GDNF expression in Sertoli cells

Reproduction ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parag Parekh ◽  
Thomas Xavier Garcia ◽  
Marie-claude Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Myoid Cells ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
Ability To Drive

Sertoli cells regulate male germ cell proliferation and differentiation and are a critical component of the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche, where homeostasis is maintained by the interplay of several signaling pathways and growth factors. These factors are secreted by Sertoli cells located within the seminiferous epithelium, and by interstitial cells residing between the seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells and peritubular myoid cells produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which binds to the RET/GFRA1 receptor complex at the surface of undifferentiated spermatogonia. GDNF is known for its ability to drive SSC self-renewal and proliferation of their direct cell progeny. Even though the effects of GDNF are well studied, our understanding of the regulation its expression is still limited. The purpose of this review is to discuss how GDNF expression in Sertoli cells is modulated within the niche, and how these mechanisms impact germ cell homeostasis.

scholarly journals Overexpression of peroxisomal testis-specific 1 protein induces germ cell apoptosis and leads to infertility in male mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1766-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Kaczmarek ◽  
Maja Studencka ◽  
Andreas Meinhardt ◽  
Krzysztof Wieczerzak ◽  
Sven Thoms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
Male Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

 Peroxisomal testis-specific 1 gene (Pxt1) is the only male germ cell–specific gene that encodes a peroxisomal protein known to date. To elucidate the role of Pxt1 in spermatogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing a c-MYC-PXT1 fusion protein under the control of the PGK2 promoter. Overexpression of Pxt1 resulted in induction of male germ cells’ apoptosis mainly in primary spermatocytes, finally leading to male infertility. This prompted us to analyze the proapoptotic character of mouse PXT1, which harbors a BH3-like domain in the N-terminal part. In different cell lines, the overexpression of PXT1 also resulted in a dramatic increase of apoptosis, whereas the deletion of the BH3-like domain significantly reduced cell death events, thereby confirming that the domain is functional and essential for the proapoptotic activity of PXT1. Moreover, we demonstrated that PXT1 interacts with apoptosis regulator BAT3, which, if overexpressed, can protect cells from the PXT1-induced apoptosis. The PXT1-BAT3 association leads to PXT1 relocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In summary, we demonstrated that PXT1 induces apoptosis via the BH3-like domain and that this process is inhibited by BAT3.

428 PRODUCTION OF GERM-LINEAGE CELL AND FUNCTIONAL GAMETES FROM MULTI-POTENT SPERMATOGONIAL STEM CELLS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
J. E. Lim ◽  
J. H. Eum ◽  
H. J. Kim ◽  
H. S. Lee ◽  
J. H. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Spermatogonial Stem Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Genetically Modified Mice

Multi-potent spermatogonial stem cells (mSSC), derived from uni-potent SSC, are a type of reprogrammed cells with similar characteristics to embryonic stem cells (ESC). Similar to ESC, mSSC are capable of differentiating into 3-germ layers in vitro and teratoma formation in vivo. Additionally, mSSC proliferate rapidly and can be transfected more easily than SSC. In contrast to previous reports, we have found that mSSC also have germ-cell-specific micro (mi)RNA and gene expression profiles. Therefore, the aims of this study were to compare the efficiency of mSSC v. ESC to differentiate into germ lineage and produce male gametes, as well as to develop a novel system for the production of genetically modified mice. Mouse mSSC were transfected with a lentiviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and testis-specific gene and maintained in the ESC-culture medium containing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Embryonic bodies (EB) were formed after the cells were detached from the feeder cells. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 (10 ng mL˜1) and retinoic acid (RA, 0.1 μM) were added to the ESC-culture medium for 3 days in order to induce differentiation into germ lineage cells. Then, these cells were changed to germ cell-culture medium (Stem-Pro™ containing GDNF; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and cultured for 3 days. After 6 days, cultured cells were sorted by magnetic activating cell sorting system using specific marker for germ cells, CD-9. Isolated germ lineage cells were transplanted into a busulfan-treated mouse testis for the production of male germ cells. Three to 6 weeks later, the testis and epididymis were collected, and half of the sample was used to perform histological analysis and the other half for the production of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-derived embryos. The statistical significance of differences between the 2 groups was evaluated by Student’s t-test Immunocytochemical and flow cytometrical analysis performed 6 days after differentiation showed that the ratio of germ cell-specific markers in EB derived from mSSC was higher than those from ESC. Moreover, after 3 to 6 weeks of transplantation the testis produced sperms and germ cells expressing GFP. We have successfully produced embryos by ICSI and offspring by embryo transfer into uteri of poster mothers. These results demonstrate that mSSC can be easily differentiated into germ lineage cells compared with ESC and have the potential to generate functional gametes. Therefore, the differentiation and transgenesis of mSSC may be a useful model for production of genetically modified mice. This work was supported by a grant of the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (A084923).

scholarly journals Optimization of In Vitro Culture Conditions of Sturgeon Germ Cells for Purpose of Surrogate Production

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Xie ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Martin Pšenička ◽  
Huan Ye ◽  
Christoph Steinbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii ◽  
Acipenser Ruthenus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Optimal Culture Condition

To expand germ cell populations and provide a consistent supply for transplantation, we established basal culture conditions for sturgeon germ cells and subsequently increased their mitotic activity by eliminating gonad somatic cells, supplementing with growth factor, and replacing fetal bovine serum (FBS). The initial basal culture conditions were Leibovitz’s L-15 medium (pH 8.0) supplemented with 5% FBS (p < 0.001) at 21 °C. Proliferation of germ cells was significantly enhanced and maintained for longer periods by elimination of gonad somatic cells and culture under feeder-cell free conditions, with addition of leukemia inhibitory factor and glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (p < 0.001). A serum-free culture medium improved germ cell proliferation compared to the L-15 with FBS (p < 0.05). Morphology remained similar to that of fresh germ cells for at least 40 d culture. Germline-specific gene expression analysis revealed no significant changes to germ cells before and after culture. Sterlet Acipenser ruthenus germ cells cultured more than 40 days showed development after transplant into Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii. Polymerase chain reaction showed 33.3% of recipient gonads to contain sterlet cells after four months. This study developed optimal culture condition for sturgeon germ cells. Germ cells after 40 d culture developed in recipient gonads. This study provided useful information for culture of sturgeon germ cells.

Effect of Zinc Ions on Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Male Germ Cells and Some Germ Cell-Specific Gene Expression in Rams

2012 ◽  
Vol 150 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolai ◽  
Roozali Batavani ◽  
Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad ◽  
Mohammadali Sedighi-Gilani
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Zinc Ions ◽  
Male Germ Cells ◽  
Specific Gene Expression

scholarly journals A Huge Dermoid Cyst in Postmenopausal Women with Third Degree Uterine Prolapse

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Shrivastava ◽  
Anuradha Kakani ◽  
Indradeep Bannerjee
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Dermoid Cyst ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Ovarian Tumor ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Uterine Prolapse ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors

ABSTRACT Germ cell tumors are derived from primordial germ cells of the ovary. Approximately 25 to 30% of all ovarian tumors are of germ cell origin and of these, 95% are benign and only 3 to 4% are malignant. They are seen mostly in women in their second and third decades of life and very rarely in postmenopausal women. There are many reported cases of ovarian tumor in postmenopausal women but a huge dermoid cyst in postmenopausal women causing prolapse uterus is very rare. Here, we are presenting a rare case of large dermoid cyst in a 58-year-old postmenopausal multiparous woman with third degree uterine prolapse. How to cite this article Kakani A, Bannerjee I, Shrivastava D. A Huge Dermoid Cyst in Postmenopausal Women with Third Degree Uterine Prolapse. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2013;1(1):43-44.

Genome imprinting and development in the mouse

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Azim Surani ◽  
Rashmi Kothary ◽  
Nicholas D. Allen ◽  
Prim B. Singh ◽  
Reinald Fundele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Cell Selection ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Selective Elimination ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Development in mammals is influenced by genome imprinting which results in differences in the expression of some homologous maternal and paternal alleles. This process, initiated in the germline, can continue following fertilization with interactions between oocyte cytoplasmic factors and the parental genomes involving modifier genes. Further epigenetic modifications may follow to render the ‘imprints’ heritable through subsequent cell divisions during development. Imprinting of genes can be critical for their dosage affecting embryonic growth, cell proliferation and differentiation. The cumulative effects of all the imprinted genes are observed in androgenones (AC) and parthenogenones (PG), which reveal complementary phenotypes with respect to embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. The presence of PG cells in chimeras causes growth retardation, while that of AG cells enhanced growth. AG cells apparently have a higher cell proliferation rate and, unlike PG cells, are less prone to selective elimination. However, the PG germ cells are exempt from cell selection. In chimeras, PG cells are more likely to be found in ectodermal derivatives such as epidermis and brain in contrast to AG cells which make pronounced contributions to many mesodermal derivatives such as muscle, kidney, dermis and skeleton. The presence of androgenetic cells in chimeras also results in the disproportionate elongation of the anterior–posterior axis and sometimes in the abnormal development of skeletal elements along the axis. Genetic studies highlight the influence of subsets of imprinted genes, and identify those that are critical for development.

Regulatory and functional interactions between the somatic sex regulatory gene transformer and the germline genes ovo and ovarian tumor

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hinson ◽  
R.N. Nagoshi
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Ovarian Tumor ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Tumor Promoter ◽  
Germline Genes ◽  
Germline Differentiation ◽  
Tumor Expression ◽  
Female Germline

In Drosophila, compatibility between the sexually differentiated state of the soma and the sex chromosome constitution of the germline is required for normal gametogenesis. In this study, we defined important aspects of the soma-germline interactions controlling early oogenesis. In particular, the sex-specific germline activity of the ovarian tumor promoter was found to be dependent upon somatic factors controlled by the somatic sex differentiation gene transformer. This regulation defines whether there is sufficient ovarian tumor expression in adult XX germ cells to support oogenesis. In addition, the ovarian tumor function required for female germline differentiation is dependent on the activity of another germline gene, ovo, whose regulation is transformer-independent. These and other data indicate that ovarian tumor plays a central role in coordinating regulatory inputs from the soma (as regulated by transformer) with those from the germline (involving ovo). We also demonstrate that transformer-dependent interactions influence whether XX germ cells require ovarian tumor or ovo functions to undergo early gametogenic differentiation. These results are incorporated into a model hypothesizing that the functions of ovarian tumor and ovo are dependent on an early sex determination decision in the XX germline that is at least partially controlled by somatic transformer activity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document