Novel structural organisation of a Mus musculus DBA/2 chromosome shows a fixed position for the centromere

Chromosome 1 of the inbred mouse strain DBA/2 shows an unusual polymorphism associated with its centromeric satellite DNA sequences. The minor satellite array has undergone amplification and is present as two blocks separated by major satellite sequences. Both minor satellite blocks appear to carry the sequence motif necessary for CENP-B protein binding. Despite this apparent similarity the functional centromere, as defined by the location of CREST antigens, appears to form only within the more terminal block. The two blocks also vary in that sister chromatid association only occurs with this more terminal block.

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Epigenetic control of mammalian centromere protein binding: does DNA methylation have a role?

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.109.9.2199 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 109 (9) ◽

pp. 2199-2206

Author(s):

A.R. Mitchell ◽

P. Jeppesen ◽

L. Nicol ◽

H. Morrison ◽

D. Kipling

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

Satellite Dna ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Inbred Mouse Strain ◽

Chromosome 1 ◽

Satellite Sequences ◽

E Protein ◽

Minor Satellite ◽

Internal Block ◽

Terminal Block

Chromosome 1 of the inbred mouse strain DBA/2 has a polymorphism associated with the minor satellite DNA at its centromere. The more terminal block of satellite DNA sequences on this chromosome acts as the centromere as shown by the binding of CREST ACA serum, anti-CENP-B and anti-CENP-E polyclonal sera. Demethylation of the minor satellite DNA sequences accomplished by growing cells in the presence of the drug 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine results in a redistribution of the CENP-B protein. This protein now binds to an enlarged area on the more terminal block and in addition it now binds to the more internal block of minor satellite DNA sequences on chromosome 1. The binding of the CENP-E protein does not appear to be affected by demethylation of the minor satellite sequences. We present a model to explain these observations. This model may also indicate the mechanism by which the CENP-B protein recognises specific sites within the arrays of minor satellite DNA on mouse chromosomes.

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Population and subspecies diversity at mouse centromere satellites

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-021-07591-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Uma P. Arora ◽

Caleigh Charlebois ◽

Raman Akinyanju Lawal ◽

Beth L. Dumont

Keyword(s):

Mus Musculus ◽

Copy Number ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Satellite Sequence ◽

Chromatin Domains ◽

Major Satellite ◽

Sequence Heterogeneity ◽

Minor Satellite

Abstract Background Mammalian centromeres are satellite-rich chromatin domains that execute conserved roles in kinetochore assembly and chromosome segregation. Centromere satellites evolve rapidly between species, but little is known about population-level diversity across these loci. Results We developed a k-mer based method to quantify centromere copy number and sequence variation from whole genome sequencing data. We applied this method to diverse inbred and wild house mouse (Mus musculus) genomes to profile diversity across the core centromere (minor) satellite and the pericentromeric (major) satellite repeat. We show that minor satellite copy number varies more than 10-fold among inbred mouse strains, whereas major satellite copy numbers span a 3-fold range. In contrast to widely held assumptions about the homogeneity of mouse centromere repeats, we uncover marked satellite sequence heterogeneity within single genomes, with diversity levels across the minor satellite exceeding those at the major satellite. Analyses in wild-caught mice implicate subspecies and population origin as significant determinants of variation in satellite copy number and satellite heterogeneity. Intriguingly, we also find that wild-caught mice harbor dramatically reduced minor satellite copy number and elevated satellite sequence heterogeneity compared to inbred strains, suggesting that inbreeding may reshape centromere architecture in pronounced ways. Conclusion Taken together, our results highlight the power of k-mer based approaches for probing variation across repetitive regions, provide an initial portrait of centromere variation across Mus musculus, and lay the groundwork for future functional studies on the consequences of natural genetic variation at these essential chromatin domains.

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A repeated segment on the mouse Y chromosome is composed of retroviral-related, Y-enriched and Y-specific sequences.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/122.1.181 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 122 (1) ◽

pp. 181-192

Author(s):

E M Eicher ◽

K W Hutchison ◽

S J Phillips ◽

P K Tucker ◽

B K Lee

Keyword(s):

Y Chromosome ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Inbred Mouse Strain ◽

Phage Library ◽

Mus Spretus ◽

Lambda Phage ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Repeated Segment

Abstract We report the isolation and characterization of two recombinant clones containing DNA derived from the Y chromosome of the C57BL/10 inbred mouse strain. Both clones were isolated from a lambda phage library derived from a partial EcoRI digest of C57BL/10 male DNA using the murine retrovirus M720. Characterization of these clones showed they were derived from a repeated segment present on the C57BL/10J Y chromosome that contains sequences found elsewhere in the genome. In addition, one clone contained a sequence, designated YB10, that is unique to the Y chromosome and present in approximately 500 copies on the C57BL/10J Y chromosome. Analysis of Southern blots containing DNAs prepared from females and males of representative species from four subgenera of Mus probed with pYB10 and the 3'LTR from one of the Y-associated retroviruses (MuRVY) revealed that, with the exception of a single fragment observed in both female and male DNA of Mus saxicola, hybridization to pYB10 was observed only to male DNA of the species Mus spretus, Mus hortulanus, Mus musculus, Mus domesticus and Mus abbotti. In addition, the pattern and intensity of hybridization to YB10 and the MuRVY-LTR indicated that sequence of divergence was followed by amplification of Y chromosome sequences containing YB10 and MuRVY. The divergence and amplification occurred separately in each of the ancestral lineages leading to M. spretus, M. hortulanus, M. abbotti, M. musculus and M. domesticus. We suggest that acquisition and amplification of DNA sequences by the mammalian Y chromosome has contributed to its evolution and may imply that the mammalian Y chromosome is evolving at a faster rate than the rest of the genome.

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Y chromosome evolution in the subgenus Mus (genus Mus).

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/122.1.169 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 122 (1) ◽

pp. 169-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P K Tucker ◽

B K Lee ◽

E M Eicher

Keyword(s):

Y Chromosome ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Fragment Size ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Size Variation ◽

Inbred Mouse Strain ◽

Sequence Divergence ◽

Mus Spretus

Abstract A 305 base pair DNA sequence isolated from the Y chromosome of the inbred mouse strain C57BL/10 was used to investigate the pattern and tempo of evolution of Y chromosome DNA sequences for five species in the subgenus Mus, including Mus spretus, Mus hortulanus, Mus abbotti, Mus musculus and Mus domesticus. Variation in hybridization patterns between species was characterized by differences in fragment lengths of both intensely and faintly hybridizing fragments, whereas variation in hybridization patterns within species was characterized primarily by differences in fragment lengths of faintly hybridizing fragments. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on fragment size variation within and among species. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from these analyses partly agree with the phylogenetic relationships obtained from biochemical and mitochondrial DNA data. We conclude that a set of DNA sequences common to the Y chromosomes of a closely related group of species in the subgenus Mus has evolved rapidly as reflected by sequence divergence and sequence amplification.

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THE Ah PHENOTYPE. SURVEY OF FORTY-EIGHT RAT STRAINS AND TWENTY INBRED MOUSE STRAINS

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/100.1.79 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 79-87

Author(s):

Daniel W Nebert ◽

Nancy M Jensen ◽

Hisashi Shinozuka ◽

Heinz W Kunz ◽

Thomas J Gill

Keyword(s):

Specific Activity ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Inbred Mouse Strain ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Ah Receptor ◽

Inbred Mouse Strains ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Rat Strains ◽

Specific Activities ◽

Inbred Rat

ABSTRACT Forty-four inbred and four randombred rat strains and 20 inbred mouse strains were examined for their Ah phenotype by determining the induction of liver microsomal aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity (EC 1.14.14.1) by intraperitoneal treatment with either β-naphthoflavone or 3-methylcholanthrene. All 48 rat strains were found to be Ah-responsive. The maximally induced hydroxylase specific activities of the ALB/Pit, MNR/Pit, MR/Pit, SHR/Pit, and Sprague-Dawley strains were of the same order of magnitude as the basal hydroxylase specific activities of the ACI/Pit, F344/Pit, OKA/Pit, and MNR/N strains. Six of the 20 mouse strains were Ah-nonresponsive (i.e. lacking the normal induction response and presumably lacking detectable amounts of the Ah receptor). The basal hydroxylase specific activities of the BDL/N, NFS/N, STAR/N, and ST/JN mouse strains were more than twice as high as the maximally induced hydroxylase specific activity of the CBA/HT strain.——To date, 24 Ah-nonresponsive mouse strains have been identified, out of a total of 68 known to have been characterized. The reasons for not finding a single Ah-nonresponsive inbred rat strain—as compared with about one Ah-nonresponsive inbred mouse strain found for every three examined—remain unknown.

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EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL IRRADIATION ON FITNESS AND SKELETAL VARIATION IN AN INBRED MOUSE STRAIN

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/50.5.1159 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 1159-1178

Author(s):

A G Searle

Keyword(s):

Mouse Strain ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Inbred Mouse Strain ◽

Low Level

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Dysregulated expression of the T cell cytokine Eta-1 in CD4-8- lymphocytes during the development of murine autoimmune disease.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.172.4.1177 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 172 (4) ◽

pp. 1177-1183 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

R Patarca ◽

F Y Wei ◽

P Singh ◽

M I Morasso ◽

H Cantor

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

B Cells ◽

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Cell Clone ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Inbred Mouse Strain ◽

Mouse Strains ◽

Effector Cells ◽

T Cell Clone

The development of autoimmune disease in the MRL/MpJ-lpr inbred mouse strain depends upon the maturation of a subset of T lymphocytes that may cause sustained activation of immunological effector cells such as B cells and macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that abnormal effector cell activation reflects constitutive overexpression of a T cell cytokine. We found that a newly defined T cell cytokine, Eta-1, is expressed at very high levels in T cells from MRL/l mice but not normal mouse strains and in a CD4-8- 45R+ T cell clone. The Eta-1 gene encodes a secreted protein that binds specifically to macrophages, possibly via a cell adhesion receptor, resulting in alterations in the mobility and activation state of this cell type (Patarca, R., G. J. Freeman, R. P. Singh, et al. 1989. J. Exp. Med. 170:145; Singh, R. P., R. Patarca, J. Schwartz, P. Singh, and H. Cantor. 1990. J. Exp. Med. 171:1931). In addition, recent studies have indicated that Eta-1 can enhance secretion of IgM and IgG by mixtures of macrophages and B cells (Patarca, R., M. A. Lampe, M. V. Iregai, and H. Cantor, manuscript in preparation). Dysregulation of Eta-1 expression begins at the onset of autoimmune disease and continues throughout the course of this disorder. Maximal levels of Eta-1 expression and the development of severe autoimmune disease reflect the combined contribution of the lpr gene and MRL background genes.

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Inflammatory responses of C57BL/6NKorl mice to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis: comparison between three C57BL/6 N sub-strains

Laboratory Animal Research ◽

10.1186/s42826-021-00084-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sou Hyun Kim ◽

Doyoung Kwon ◽

Seung Won Son ◽

Tae Bin Jeong ◽

Seunghyun Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Dextran Sulfate ◽

Dextran Sulfate Sodium ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Inbred Mouse ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Inbred Mouse Strain ◽

Drug Safety Evaluation ◽

Factor Α

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic human diseases that are challenging to cure and are often unable to be resolved. The inbred mouse strain C57BL/6 N has been used in investigations of IBD as an experimental animal model. The purpose of the current study was to compare the inflammatory responsiveness of C57BL/6NKorl mice, a sub-strain recently established by the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS), with those of C57BL/6 N mice from two different sources using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Results Male mice (8 weeks old) were administered DSS (0, 1, 2, or 3%) in drinking water for 7 days. DSS significantly decreased body weight and colon length and increased the colon weight-to-length ratio. Moreover, severe colitis-related clinical signs including diarrhea and rectal bleeding were observed beginning on day 4 in mice administered DSS at a concentration of 3%. DSS led to edema, epithelial layer disruption, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokine induction (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β) in the colon tissues. However, no significant differences in DSS-promoted abnormal symptoms or their severity were found between the three sub-strains. Conclusions These results indicate that C57BL/6NKorl mice responded to DSS-induced colitis similar to the generally used C57BL6/N mice, thus this newly developed mouse sub-strain provides a useful animal model of IBD.

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Polymerase chain reaction based mapping of rye involving repeated DNA sequences

Genome ◽

10.1139/g92-093 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 621-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Peter M. Rogowsky ◽

Ken W. Shepherd ◽

Peter Langridge

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Chromosome 1 ◽

Repeated Dna ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Pcr Marker ◽

Banding Patterns ◽

Repeated Dna Sequences ◽

Cereal Rye ◽

Polymerase Chain

A novel type of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker was developed for the mapping of cereal rye (Secale cereale). Primer pairs were synthesized targeting the insertion sites of three individual copies of the R173 family of rye specific repeated DNA sequences. While one primer was derived from a sequence within the respective R173 element, the second primer corresponded to a flanking region. The complex banding patterns obtained in rye allowed not only the mapping of the three R173 elements to certain chromosome regions of 1RS (the short arm of rye chromosome 1) but also the mapping of an additional 3–10 easily identifiable bands per primer pair to other rye chromosomes. Linkage mapping of a polymorphic 1R band derived from three rye cultivars demonstrated the presence of nonallelic, dominant markers in two independent crosses. Because of the high copy number of the R173 family (15 000 copies per diploid rye genome), its dispersion over the entire length of all chromosomes and the high number of markers obtained per primer pair, PCR markers based on the R173 family provide an almost unlimited source for well-spaced markers in rye mapping.Key words: polymerase chain reaction, mapping, repetitive DNA sequences, wheat, rye.

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