Allometric scaling relationships of jumping performance in the striped marsh frog Limnodynastes peronii

We constructed a force platform to investigate the scaling relationships of the detailed dynamics of jumping performance in striped marsh frogs (Limnodynastes peronii). Data were used to test between two alternative models that describe the scaling of anuran jumping performance; Hill's model, which predicts mass- independence of jump distance, and Marsh's model, which predicts that jump distance increases as M(0.2), where M is body mass. From the force platform, scaling relationships were calculated for maximum jumping force (F(max)), acceleration, take-off velocity (U(max)), mass-specific jumping power (P(max)), total jumping distance (D(J)) and total contact time for 75 L. peronii weighing between 2.9 and 38. 4 g. F(max) was positively correlated with body mass and was described by the equation F(max)=0.16M(0.61), while P(max) decreased significantly with body mass and was described by the equation P(max)=347M(−)(0.46). Both D(J) and U(max) were mass-independent over the post-metamorph size range, and thus more closely resembled Hill's model for the scaling of locomotion. We also examined the scaling relationships of jumping performance in metamorph L. peronii by recording the maximum jump distance of 39 animals weighing between 0.19 and 0.58 g. In contrast to the post-metamorphic L. peronii, D(J) and U(max) were highly dependent on body mass in metamorphs and were described by the equations D(J)=38M(0.53) and U(max)=1.82M(0.23), respectively. Neither model for the scaling of anuran jumping performance resembled data from metamorph L. peronii. Although the hindlimbs of post-metamorphic L. peronii scaled geometrically (body mass exponent approximately 0.33), the hindlimbs of metamorphs showed greater proportional increases with body mass (mass exponents of 0.41-0.42).

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Allometric Analysis of Physical Performance Measures in Older Adults

Physical Therapy ◽

10.2522/ptj.20060034 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (9) ◽

pp. 1263-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yong-Hao Pua

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Body Mass ◽

Performance Measures ◽

Human Performance ◽

Allometric Scaling ◽

The Body ◽

Allometric Analysis ◽

Mass Exponents ◽

Ankle Dorsiflexor

Abstract Background and Purpose. Body mass is a confounding variable in human performance, and adjusting physical performance measures for body mass differences would allow meaningful individual and group comparisons. The purpose of this study was to allometrically determine the relationship between body mass and handgrip and ankle dorsiflexor performance on the Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUGT). Subjects. One hundred thirty-one subjects (33 male and 98 female) participated. Methods. All physical performance measures were adjusted for the influence of body mass, sex, and age using an allometric scaling procedure. Results. For handgrip force, the body mass exponent from allometric analysis was 0.63. For the TUGT, the body mass exponent was 0.073. For ankle dorsiflexor force and torque, the body mass exponents were 0.82 and 0.91, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion. The body mass exponents for handgrip force and the TUGT agree with previous clinical data and theoretical expectations. Studies investigating normalized handgrip force in older adults should consider an allometric scaling approach. [Pua YH. Allometric analysis of physical performance measures in older adults. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1263–1270.]

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Allometric scaling of intraspecific space use

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2015.0673 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 20150673 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carolyn M. Rosten ◽

Rodolphe E. Gozlan ◽

Martyn C. Lucas

Keyword(s):

Home Range ◽

Body Mass ◽

Allometric Scaling ◽

Space Use ◽

Predatory Fish ◽

Metabolic Scaling ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Scaling Relationships ◽

Population Scale ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Allometric scaling relationships enable exploration of animal space-use patterns, yet interspecific studies cannot address many of the underlying mechanisms. We present the first intraspecific study of home range (HR) allometry relative to energetic requirements over several orders of magnitude of body mass, using as a model the predatory fish, pike Esox lucius . Analogous with interspecific studies, we show that space use increases more rapidly with mass (exponent = 1.08) than metabolic scaling theories predict. Our results support a theory that suggests increasing HR overlap with body mass explains many of these differences in allometric scaling of HR size. We conclude that, on a population scale, HR size and energetic requirement scale allometrically, but with different exponents.

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Morphological determinants of jumping performance in the Iberian green frog

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/cz/zoz062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 417-424

Author(s):

Gregorio Moreno-Rueda ◽

Abelardo Requena-Blanco ◽

Francisco J Zamora-Camacho ◽

Mar Comas ◽

Guillem Pascual

Keyword(s):

Body Size ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽

Hind Limb ◽

Limb Length ◽

Age Classes ◽

Jumping Performance ◽

Hind Limbs ◽

Selective Forces ◽

Pelophylax Perezi

Abstract Predation is one of the main selective forces in nature, frequently selecting potential prey for developing escape strategies. Escape ability is typically influenced by several morphological parameters, such as morphology of the locomotor appendices, muscular capacity, body mass, or fluctuating asymmetry, and may differ between sexes and age classes. In this study, we tested the relationship among these variables and jumping performance in 712 Iberian green frogs Pelophylax perezi from an urban population. The results suggest that the main determinant of jumping capacity was body size (explaining 48% of variance). Larger frogs jumped farther, but jumping performance reached an asymptote for the largest frogs. Once controlled by structural body size, the heaviest frogs jumped shorter distances, suggesting a trade-off between fat storage and jumping performance. Relative hind limb length also determined a small but significant percentage of variance (2.4%) in jumping performance—that is, the longer the hind limbs, the greater the jumping capacity. Juveniles had relatively shorter and less muscular hind limbs than adults (for a given body size), and their jumping performance was poorer. In our study population, the hind limbs of the frogs were very symmetrical, and we found no effect of fluctuating asymmetry on jumping performance. Therefore, our study provides evidence that jumping performance in frogs is not only affected by body size, but also by body mass and hind limb length, and differ between age classes.

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Rumen–reticulum characteristics, scaling relationships, and ontogeny in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/cjz-2012-0122 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (11) ◽

pp. 1351-1358 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

R.S. Luna ◽

A. Duarte ◽

F.W. Weckerly

Keyword(s):

Odocoileus Virginianus ◽

Body Mass ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Minor Role ◽

Digestive Efficiency ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Scaling Relationships ◽

Organ Mass ◽

A Minor

Scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity are valuable to predicting digestive efficiency. Interspecific scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity have consistently estimated a slope of 1.0; however, intraspecific scaling relationships between body mass and gut capacity have been highly variable. We examined the influence of demands of growth and production on scaling relationships of body mass and rumen–reticulum characteristics in white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) because little is known about how juvenile and subadult ruminants accommodate increased digesta masses. We sampled 108 animals over a 2-year period and assessed the influence of body mass, time of kill, crude protein (%), and acid detergent fiber (%) in the rumen, lactation, sex, and back fat on rumen–reticulum organ mass, rumen–reticulum capacity, wet mass of the digesta, and the dry mass of the digesta. Juvenile and subadult white-tailed deer had rumen–reticulum organ masses, capacity, and digesta masses that were similar to adults because body mass and rumen–reticulum scaling relationships all had scalars similar to 1.0. Thus, under the confines of our study, ontogeny plays only a minor role in the physiological characteristics of the rumen–reticulum and the scaling relationships of body mass and rumen–reticulum capacity.

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Postactivation potentiation improves jumps performance in children ages 6 to 8 years old

Archivos de Medicina del Deporte ◽

10.18176/archmeddeporte.00043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 192-196

Author(s):

C Gerber ◽

P Sirieiro ◽

I Nasser ◽

C Taber ◽

H Miranda

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Postactivation Potentiation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Jumping Performance ◽

Jump Test ◽

Low Load ◽

Vertical Jumps

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of postactivation potentiation (PAP) in vertical and horizontal jump performance in pre-pubertal children. Material and method: One hundred and nineteen children (65 girls and 54 boys; 6.8 ± 0.7 years old; 124.5 ± 6.4 cm; 25.2 ± 5.1 kg) participated in this study. This was a transversal cross-sectional study which incorporated a within-subjects repeatedmeasures design, where participants completed all protocols. The experimental procedure required four total testing, separated by one week, using a counterbalanced. This study investigated jumping performance associated with weighted jumps, lowload vertical jumps, and horizontal jumps. During two sessions the participants performed vertical jumps with and without PAP, the other two sessions the same procedures were performed for horizontal jumps. The PAP protocol consisted of one set of five weighted countermovement jumps with low-load (10% of body mass) and a rest interval of four minutes prior to the jump tests. Paired t-tests were used between conditions (PAP and control) in the vertical jump and horizontal jump test. In addition, Cohen’s d effect size and 95% confidence interval was used. Results: Significant jump height was observed in the vertical jump in the PAP condition compared to the control condition (p = 0.007). Similar results were observed for the horizontal jump tests, with significant longer distance observed in the PAP condition (p = 0.036). Conclusions: Pre-pubertal children can benefit from the effects of PAP in vertical and horizontal jumping performance when preceded by low-load ballistic movements. A protocol implementing low-loads, determined by a relative percentage of body mass is effective to promote PAP for young children.

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Normalizing Lower Extremity Strength Data for Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.25.3.195 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 195-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tishya A. L. Wren ◽

Jack R. Engsberg

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Body Mass ◽

Allometric Scaling ◽

Plantar Flexion ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Spastic Diplegia ◽

Strength Data ◽

Lower Extremity Strength

The traditional method for normalizing quantitative strength data is to divide force or torque by body mass. We have previously shown that this method is not appropriate for able-bodied children and young adults and that normalization using allometric scaling is more effective. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of applying existing normalization equations for lower extremity strength to children, adolescents, and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and, if appropriate, to develop CP-specific normalization equations using allometric scaling. We measured the maximum torque generated during hip abduction/adduction, knee extension/flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion in 96 subjects with spastic diplegia CP ages 4–23 years. Traditional mass normalization (Torque/Mass1.0) and allometric scaling equations from children without disability (Torque/Mass1.6for hip and knee; Torque/Mass1.4for ankle) were not effective in eliminating the influence of body mass. Normalization using CP-specific allometric scaling equations was effective using both muscle-specific and common (Torque/Mass0.8for ankle plantar flexors; Torque/Mass1.4for all others) scaling relationships. For the first time, normalization equations have been presented with demonstrated effectiveness in adjusting strength measures for body size in a group of children, adolescents, and young adults with CP.

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Clutch Mass, Offspring Mass, and Clutch Size: Body Mass Scaling and Taxonomic and Environmental Variation

10.1093/oso/9780190620271.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 68-97

Author(s):

Douglas S. Glazier

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Body Size ◽

Clutch Size ◽

Body Mass ◽

Life History Evolution ◽

Offspring Size ◽

Egg Mass ◽

Mass Scaling ◽

Scaling Relationships ◽

Clutch Mass

In this chapter, I show how clutch mass, offspring (egg) mass, and clutch size relate to body mass among species of branchiopod, maxillipod, and malacostracan crustaceans, as well as how these important life history traits vary among major taxa and environments independently of body size. Clutch mass relates strongly and nearly isometrically to body mass, probably because of physical volumetric constraints. By contrast, egg mass and clutch size relate more weakly and curvilinearly to body mass and vary in inverse proportion to one another, thus indicating a fundamental trade-off, which occurs within many crustacean taxa as well. In general, offspring (egg) size and number and their relationships to body mass appear to be more ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable than clutch mass. The body mass scaling relationships of egg mass and clutch size show much more taxonomic and ecological variation (log-log scaling slopes varying from near 0 to almost 1 among major taxa) than do those for clutch mass, a pattern also observed in other animal taxa. The curvilinear body mass scaling relationships of egg mass and number also suggest a significant, size-related shift in how natural selection affects offspring versus maternal fitness. As body size increases, selection apparently predominantly favors increases in offspring size and fitness up to an asymptote, beyond which increases in offspring number and thus maternal fitness are preferentially favored. Crustaceans not only offer excellent opportunities for furthering our general understanding of life history evolution, but also their ecological and economic importance warrants further study of the various factors affecting their reproductive success.

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