Sustaining olfaction at low salinities: mapping ion flux associated with the olfactory sensilla of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (20) ◽  
pp. 3145-3152 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Gleeson ◽  
K. Hammar ◽  
P.J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Olfactory Sensilla ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Ion Movement ◽  
Ion Efflux ◽  
Net Flux

To test the hypothesis of a diffusion-generated, ionic/osmotic microenvironment within the olfactory sensilla (aesthetascs), flux gradients of Ca(2+) and K(+) associated with the external surfaces of these sensilla were spatially mapped using self-referencing, ion-selective microelectrodes. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) acclimated to low-salinity conditions (15% sea water and fresh water) showed a net efflux of ions from the aesthetascs. The region of maximum flux associated with each aesthetasc conformed to that predicted from structural data and corresponded to the permeable region of the cuticle separating the olfactory dendrites from the external environment. Estimates of net flux from the entire tuft of aesthetascs for both Ca(2+) and K(+) fell within the predicted range on the basis of comparisons with (22)Na(+) flux measured previously and assuming a passive diffusion model of ion movement from the hemolymph to the sensillar lymph and, ultimately, to the external environment. The maximum concentrations of these ions measured deep within the tuft are discussed in the light of a potential across the aesthetascs that may limit ion efflux at low salinities.

Perireceptor mechanisms sustaining olfaction at low salinities: insight from the euryhaline blue crab Callinectes sapidus

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Gleeson ◽  
M Wheatly ◽  
C Reiber
Keyword(s):  
Blue Crab ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Olfactory Response ◽  
Olfactory Sensilla ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Fluid Compartments

As the blue crab Callinectes sapidus moves from sea water to fresh water, the 'exposed' chemosensory dendrites in the olfactory sensilla (aesthetascs) undergo changes in length that are positively correlated with environmental salinity. In this study, we demonstrate the following. (1) The responses of the olfactory receptor cells of freshwater-acclimated crabs are reduced relative to those of seawater-acclimated animals, but increase with a time course comparable to the increase in dendrite length when these crabs are transferred to sea water. (2) The olfactory response of seawater-acclimated crabs is lost and the chemosensory dendrites osmotically ablated if the aesthetascs are acutely exposed to low salinity. However, maintaining iso-osmotic conditions with mannitol preserves both the physiological response and the structural integrity of the dendrites. (3) The flux of [14C]thiocyanate and 22Na between the hemolymph and sensillar lymph of the aesthetascs indicates continuity between these fluid compartments. (4) There is a net efflux of Na+ from the hemolymph through the aesthetascs in freshwater-acclimated crabs, and measurements of electrical potential across the antennules suggest that this efflux largely derives from passive diffusion. (5) Dendrites in the aesthetascs of crabs acclimated to brackish water are intermediate in length between those of freshwater- and seawater-acclimated animals. Together, our findings suggest that, at low salinities, the efflux of Na+ (and probably other ions) from the hemolymph generates an ionic/osmotic microenvironment within the aesthetascs that sustains the structural and functional integrity of the olfactory dendrites. We propose that the length of these dendrites, and consequently the olfactory response, is constrained by the distance over which this microenvironment can be effectively maintained.

Sustaining olfaction at low salinities: evidence for a paracellular route of ion movement from the hemolymph to the sensillar lymph in the olfactory sensilla of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

2000 ◽  
Vol 301 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Gleeson ◽  
Lorraine M. McDowell ◽  
Henry C. Aldrich ◽  
Katherine Hammar ◽  
Peter J. S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Blue Crab ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
Olfactory Sensilla ◽  
Ion Movement

scholarly journals The response of the limpet, Patella vulgata L., to waters of different salinities

1957 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Normal Response ◽  
Patella Vulgata ◽  
Low Salinity

Patella vulgata gives a positive response to splashing with sea water or water of high salinity, and a negative response to fresh water or water of low salinity. The intensity of the positive response broadly corresponds with the salinity of the water used. There is a greater response to splash and a greater tolerance to reduced salinity in limpets from high-tide than in those from low-tide regions. A positive response is given to NaCl solutions of concentrations approximately equivalent to sea water, while a supra-normal response is given to concentrations somewhat above that of sea water. The perception of salinity is by receptors in the cephalic tentacles and mantle fringe.

scholarly journals Submarine melting at the terminus of a temperate tidewater glacier, LeConte Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman J. Motyka ◽  
Lewis Hunter ◽  
Keith A. Echelmeyer ◽  
Cathy Connor
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Mixing Models ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Tidewater Glacier ◽  
Temperature Depth

AbstractHeat, fresh- and sea-water balances indicate that the late-summer rate of submarine melting at the terminus of tidewater LeConte Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., in 2000 was about 12 m d−1 w.e., averaged over the submerged face. This is 57% of the estimated total ice loss at the terminus (calving plus melting) at this time. Submarine melting may thus provide a significant contribution to the overall ablation of a tidewater glacier. Oceanographic measurements (conductivity–temperature–depth) made 200–500m from the terminus identified an isohaline (27 ppt) and isothermal (7.2°C) layer extending from 130 m depth to the fjord floor. Capping this is a 40 m thick overflow plume, distinguished by high outflow rates, low salinity (22–25 ppt) and lower temperatures (5–6°C). Mixing models indicate that fresh water comprised about 11% of this plume; it originates mostly as subglacial discharge whose buoyancy drives convection at the terminus. Deep, warm saline waters are incorporated into the plume as it ascends, causing substantial melting of ice along the submarine face. The calving terminus undergoes seasonal changes that coincide with changes in subglacial discharge and fjord water temperatures, and we suggest that these fluctuations in terminus position are directly related to changes in submarine melting.

Postmoult Uptake of Calcium by the Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) in Water of low Salinity

1992 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS S. NEUFELD ◽  
JAMES N. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Moult Cycle ◽  
Transepithelial Potential ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

After moulting, blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) acclimated to a salinity of 2‰ were able to calcify as rapidly and accumulate as much calcium as crabs in sea water. Immediately after moult, the total masses of calcium, magnesium and strontium present in the whole body were 4.6, 15.6 and 3.0%, respectively, of their intermoult values. During the time of most rapid calcification, calcium uptake was 5.4±1.4mmoll−1, which is comparable to the maximum rate found in seawater-acclimated crabs. The concentrations of bound and free calcium in the blood changed very little with acclimation salinity, remaining at approximately 3 and 8mmoll−1, respectively, both during intermoult and 1 day postmoult. Free calcium changed relatively little through the moult cycle, varying between 6.9 and 8.1mmoll−1, but bound calcium rose to a peak of 6.4mmoll−1 prior to moult then dropped to 2.6mmoll−1 after moult, concurrent with a decrease of approximately 80% in the protein concentration of the blood. The concentration of total magnesium in the blood increased from a premoult low of 9.0mmoll−1 to a postmoult high of 11.7mmoll−1 and remained elevated throughout the period of rapid mineralization. During the postmoult period of rapid calcium uptake, the internal-to-external concentration ratio for total calcium was 6.6 to 1. The activity ratio, however, was only 2.5 to 1 because 28% of the calcium in the blood was bound to protein, and because the lower ionic strength of the medium resulted in a 2.5-fold higher activity coefficient for the water compared to blood. The transepithelial potential at postmoult (−5.4±0.7mV) was significantly more negative than at intermoult (−3.1±0.6mV). In artificial 2‰ sea water, the transepithelial potential (−9.3±0.7mV) was higher than the equilibrium potential for calcium (−12.0±0.5mV), implicating active transport in the uptake of calcium.

LUMINESCENCE OF THE BLACK SEA MICROSCOPIC FUNGI CULTURES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Olga Mashukova ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Yuriy Tokarev ◽  
Nadejda Kopytina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Control Culture ◽  
Chemical Stimulation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Given ◽  
First Time

We studied for the first time luminescence characteristics of the some micromycetes, isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black sea from the 27 m depth. Luminescence parameters were registered at laboratory complex “Svet” using mechanical and chemical stimulations. Fungi cultures of genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium were isolated on ChDA medium which served as control. Culture of Penicillium commune gave no light emission with any kind of stimulation. Culture of Acremonium sp. has shown luminescence in the blue – green field of spectrum. Using chemical stimulation by fresh water we registered signals with luminescence energy (to 3.24 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.42 s, which 3 times exceeded analogous magnitudes in a group, stimulated by sea water (p < 0.05). Under chemical stimulation by ethyl alcohol fungi culture luminescence was not observed. Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus possessed the most expressed properties of luminescence. Stimulation by fresh water culture emission with energy of (3.35 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.96 s. Action of ethyl alcohol to culture also stimulated signals, but intensity of light emission was 3–4 times lower than under mechanical stimulation. For sure the given studies will permit not only to evaluate contribution of marine fungi into general bioluminescence of the sea, but as well to determine places of accumulation of opportunistic species in the sea.

Reosquido Desalinasi Metode Evaporasi dengan Ultraviolet Berbasis Mikrokontroller

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Azis ◽  
Nuryake Fajaryati
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Heater Element ◽  
The Third ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Arduino Uno

This research aims to create a Reosquido desalination tool for evaporation methods using a microcontroller. This tool can control the temperature to speed up the evaporation process in producing fresh water. The method applied to Reosquido desalination uses Evaporation. The first process before evaporation is the detection of temperature in sea water that will be heated using an element heater. The second process of temperature measurement is to turn off and turn on the Arduino Uno controlled heater, when the temperature is less than 80 ° then the heater is on. The third process is evaporation during temperatures between 80 ° to 100 °, evaporation water sticks to the glass roof which is designed by pyramid. Evaporated water that flows into the reservoir is detected by its solubility TDS value. The fourth process is heater off when the temperature is more than 100 °. Based on the results of the testing, the desalination process using a microcontroller controlled heater can speed up the time up to 55% of the previous desalination process tool, namely manual desalination prsoes without using the heater element controlled by the temperature and controlled by a microcontroller which takes 9 hours. Produces fresh water as much as 30ml from 3000ml of sea water, so that it can be compared to 1: 100.

Solar Water Distillation Using Two Different Phase Change Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 2409-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Naga Sarada ◽  
Banoth Hima Bindu ◽  
Sri Rama R. Devi ◽  
Ravi Gugulothu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Solar Still ◽  
Water Distillation ◽  
The World

In recent years with the exacerbation of energy shortage, water crisis increases around the world. With the continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the use of various sources of renewable energy is increasingly becoming important for sustainable development. Due to the rising oil price and environmental regulations, the demand of utilizing alternative power sources increased dramatically. Alternative energy and its applications have been heavily studied for the last decade. Energy and water are essential for mankind that influences the socioeconomic development of any nation. Pure water resources become more and more scarce every day as rivers, lakes wells and even seawater pollution rapidly increases. Solar energy is one promising solution to secure power and potable water to future generation. The process of distillation can be used to obtain fresh water from salty, brackish or contaminated water. Water is available in different forms such as sea water, underground water, surface water and atmospheric water. Clean water is essential for good health. The search for sustainable energy resources has emerged as one of the most significant and universal concerns in the 21st century. Solar energy conversion offers a cost effective alternative to our traditional usages. Solar energy is a promising candidate in many applications. Among the alternative energy sources used for electricity production, wind and solar energy systems have become more attractive in recent years. For areas where electricity was not available, stand alone wind and solar systems have been increasingly used. The shortage of drinking water in many countries throughout the world is a serious problem. Humankind has depended for ages on river, sea water and underground water reservoirs for its fresh water needs. But these sources do not always prove to be useful due to the presence of excessive salinity in the water. To resolve this crisis, different methods of solar desalination have been used in many countries. Distillation is a well known thermal process for water purification, most importantly, water desalination. Most of the conventional water distillation processes are highly energy consuming and require fossil fuels as well as electric power for their operation. Single basin solar still is a popular solar device used for converting available brackish or waste water into potable water. Because of its lower productivity, it is not popularly used. Numbers of works are under taken to improve the productivity and efficiency of the solar still. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering and spacecraft thermal control applications. The use of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings has been investigated within the past decade. The experimental results computed in the field of water distillation process using solar energy in the presence of energy storage materials sodium sulphate and sodium acetate are discussed in this paper. Keywords: solar energy, saline water, distillation, phase change material.

Food-deprivation affects seawater acclimation in tilapia: hormonal and metabolic changes

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (11) ◽  
pp. 2467-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Vijayan ◽  
J Morgan ◽  
T Sakamoto ◽  
E Grau ◽  
G Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

We tested the hypothesis that nutritional state affects seawater acclimation by transferring either fed or food-deprived (2 weeks) male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from fresh water to full-strength sea water. Food-deprivation resulted in a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, cortisol, glucose, total amino acid, glutamate, serine and alanine, and in hepatic pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, whereas the prolactin-188 to prolactin-177 ratio (tPRL188:tPRL177) and plasma prolactin-188 (tPRL188), lactate, arginine and hepatic glycogen content and hepatic alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities were lower than in the fed group. Seawater transfer significantly increased the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, growth hormone (GH), glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine levels as well as gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and hepatic PK and LDH activities, whereas plasma tPRL177, tPRL188, glycine and lysine concentrations were significantly lower than in fish retained in fresh water. There was a significant interaction between nutritional state and salinity that affected the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Cl-, GH, glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, alanine, glycine, arginine and hepatic PK, LDH, AlaAT, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and HOAD activities. These results, taken together, indicate that food-deprived fish did not regulate their plasma Cl- levels, despite an enhancement of plasma hormonal and metabolic responses in sea water. Our study also suggests the possibility that plasma prolactin and essential amino acids may be playing an important role in the seawater acclimation process in tilapia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document